Developmental Neurobiology Of Vision

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Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds

Author : Harris Philip Zeigler
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262240369
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds by : Harris Philip Zeigler

Download or read book Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds written by Harris Philip Zeigler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive and current review of considerable progress made over the past decade in analyzing neural and behavioral mechanisms mediating visually guided behavior in birds.The visual capacities of birds rival even those of primates, and their visual system probably reflects the operation of a ground plan common to all vertebrates. This book provides the first comprehensive and current review of considerable progress made over the past decade in analyzing neural and behavioral mechanisms mediating visually guided behavior in birds.The book's five major sections deal with the visual world of birds, the organization of avian visual systems, the development and plasticity of visual structure and function, visuomotor control mechanisms, and cognitive processes. The introduction to each section discusses the nature and significance of the problem areas, providing a context for the chapters to follow, which review the current status of research on a specific problem. The contributors are an international assemblage of researchers, representing a wide variety of disciplines, ranging from ornithology to neurophysiology and including ethology, experimental psychology, anatomy, and developmental neurobiology. For the ethologist, avian behavior is the source of a wide variety of species-typical fixed action patterns; for the experimental psychologist, birds are the subject of choice for studies of conditioning, learning, and cognitive processes; for the neurobiologist they provide model systems for studying developmental processes, sensory mechanisms, orientation, and motor control. For these reasons, research on the avian brain and behavior occupies an increasingly important place in contemporary behavioral biology.

Developmental Neurobiology of Vision

Author : R. D. Freeman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468436058
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Neurobiology of Vision by : R. D. Freeman

Download or read book Developmental Neurobiology of Vision written by R. D. Freeman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains summaries of most of the invited presentations given by lecturers and participants at the NATO Advanced Study Institute, "Develop mental Neurobiology of Vision," held in Rethymnon, Crete, Greece 18-27 Sep tember 1978. The purpose of this meeting was to enable a relatively small international group of scientists and students to hold discussions and to present their views on current problems in the field. It was intended that the results of the exchanges would be conveyed to others in the native countries of the parti cipants. An attempt was made to obtain broad representation of disciplines within the area of the Institute and this is reflected in the diversity of the chapters in this book. Considerable interest has been generated in recent years concerning the development and plasticity of vision. Perhaps not unexpectedly, along with the high level of activity in this field, there have been so me controversial findings.

The New Visual Neurosciences

Author : John S. Werner
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262019167
Total Pages : 1693 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Visual Neurosciences by : John S. Werner

Download or read book The New Visual Neurosciences written by John S. Werner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-10-25 with total page 1693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of contemporary research in the vision sciences, reflecting the rapid advances of recent years. Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This essential reference to contemporary visual neuroscience covers the extraordinary range of the field today, from molecules and cell assemblies to systems and therapies. It provides a state-of-the art companion to the earlier book The Visual Neurosciences (MIT Press, 2003). This volume covers the dramatic advances made in the last decade, offering new topics, new authors, and new chapters. The New Visual Neurosciences assembles groundbreaking research, written by international authorities. Many of the 112 chapters treat seminal topics not included in the earlier book. These new topics include retinal feature detection; cortical connectomics; new approaches to mid-level vision and spatiotemporal perception; the latest understanding of how multimodal integration contributes to visual perception; new theoretical work on the role of neural oscillations in information processing; and new molecular and genetic techniques for understanding visual system development. An entirely new section covers invertebrate vision, reflecting the importance of this research in understanding fundamental principles of visual processing. Another new section treats translational visual neuroscience, covering recent progress in novel treatment modalities for optic nerve disorders, macular degeneration, and retinal cell replacement. The New Visual Neurosciences is an indispensable reference for students, teachers, researchers, clinicians, and anyone interested in contemporary neuroscience. Associate Editors Marie Burns, Joy Geng, Mark Goldman, James Handa, Andrew Ishida, George R. Mangun, Kimberley McAllister, Bruno Olshausen, Gregg Recanzone, Mandyam Srinivasan, W.Martin Usrey, Michael Webster, David Whitney Sections Retinal Mechanisms and Processes Organization of Visual Pathways Subcortical Processing Processing in Primary Visual Cortex Brightness and Color Pattern, Surface, and Shape Objects and Scenes Time, Motion, and Depth Eye Movements Cortical Mechanisms of Attention, Cognition, and Multimodal Integration Invertebrate Vision Theoretical Perspectives Molecular and Developmental Processes Translational Visual Neuroscience

Developmental Neurobiology

Author : Greg Lemke
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123751675
Total Pages : 771 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (237 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Neurobiology by : Greg Lemke

Download or read book Developmental Neurobiology written by Greg Lemke and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-05-22 with total page 771 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developmental Neuroscience is one of the six core disciplines in Neuroscience, and yet no single volume, non-textbook reference exists on the market that provides researchers with more in-depth, high-level information on developmental neurobiology. Currently, anyone interested in the field at a higher level must sift through review articles published frequently and the more specific handbooks that focus on aspects of development rather than the field as a whole. This reference is the first of its kind to fill this need. It pulls together the relevant articles on the topic from the 10-volume Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Academic Press, 2008) and serves as an affordable and immediate resource for scientists, postdocs, graduate students with an interest beyond the basic textbook materials on the subject. - The first and only comprehensive, single-volume reference for developmental neuroscience that goes beyond the basic textbook information - The 93 chapters cover topics ranging from cell fate determination, path finding, synapse generation, neural stem cells, to neurodegeneration and regeneration, carefully selected from the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience by one of the great developmental neuroscientists, Greg Lemke - The best researchers in the field provide their conclusions in the context of the latest experimental results

Development of the Visual System

Author : Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262121545
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of the Visual System by : Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium

Download or read book Development of the Visual System written by Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of the Visual System presents a selection of current studies that clearly illustrate principles of visual system development. These range from retinal development in fish and frogs to the effects of abnormal visual experience on the primary visual cortex of the cat. The book is unique in addressing four specific and fundamental aspects of development: cell lineage and cell fate, specificity and targeting of axons, specification of visual cortex, and correlates of the critical period. Encompassing technical advances in cellular and molecular biology and in video imaging and microscopy, contributions in each of these areas provide new information at the cellular and molecular levels to complement the now classic descriptions of visual development previously available at the level of neural systems.ContributorsKaren L. Allendoerfer, David M. Altshuler, Antonella Antonini, Seymour Benzer, Edward M. Callaway, Constance L. Cepko, Hollis T. Cline, Max S. Cynader, N. W. Daw, Scott E. Fraser, K. Fox, Eckhard Friauf, Anirvan Ghosh, R. W. Guillery, William A. Harris, Christine E. Holt, Lawrence C. Katz, Susan McConnell, Pamela A. Raymond, Thomas A. Reh, Carla J. Shatz, Michael P. Stryker, Claudia A. 0. Stuermer, Mriganka Sur, David L. Turner, T. N. Wiesel

From Neurons to Neighborhoods

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309069882
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis From Neurons to Neighborhoods by : National Research Council

Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444641513
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development by :

Download or read book Neurocognitive Development: Normative Development written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-09-22 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is one of a two-volume work on neurocognitive development, focusing separately on normative and non-normative development. The normative volume focuses on neurology, biology, genetics, and psychology of normative cognitive development. It covers the development of intellectual abilities, visual perception, motor function, language, memory, attention, executive function, social cognition, learning abilities, and affect and behavior. The book identifies when and how these functions develop, the genetics and neurophysiology of their operation, and their evaluation and assessment in clinical practice. This book will serve as a comprehensive reference to researchers in cognitive development in neuroscience, psychology, and medicine, as well as to clinicians and allied health professionals focused on developmental disabilities (child neurologists, pediatric neuropsychologists, child psychiatrists, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists.) - Summarizes research on normative neurocognitive development - Includes intellectual abilities, language, memory, attention, motor function, and more - Discusses genetics and environmental influences on development - Provides interdisciplinary information of use to both researchers and clinicians

Discovering the Brain

Author : National Academy of Sciences
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309045290
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Discovering the Brain by : National Academy of Sciences

Download or read book Discovering the Brain written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Developmental Psychobiology and Developmental Neurobiology

Author : Elliott M. Blass
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461321131
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Psychobiology and Developmental Neurobiology by : Elliott M. Blass

Download or read book Developmental Psychobiology and Developmental Neurobiology written by Elliott M. Blass and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Systems Approaches to Developmental Neurobiology

Author : Pamela A. Raymond
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146847281X
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Systems Approaches to Developmental Neurobiology by : Pamela A. Raymond

Download or read book Systems Approaches to Developmental Neurobiology written by Pamela A. Raymond and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is appropriate at the outset of this book to pose a question that was often asked --of the organizers before the meeting took place and later among those who participated in the meeting -- "What is meant by 'Systems Approaches' in the study of developmental neurobiology?" The answer, as we originally conceived it, can be succinctly summarized by the word "interactions". That brief epithet was expanded during the general discussion portion of the meeting, where the following definition was offered: "Systems approaches in developmental neurobiology are unified by attention to the emergent properties of the developing system under investigation and by a focus on the aspects of development of the nervous system that depend on interactions among its various elements, be they molecular, intracellular or multicellular. " As opposed to ignoring complexity or trying to wish it away, those of us who utilize a systems approach embrace the principle that complexity is what makes the nervous system special. We have come to recognize that wherever we look, we find interactions which are to be probed and eventually. understood. Even the so-called "simple systems", a term that has been used to describe many invertebrate preparations, are embraced under the above definition, since with further study it is becoming increasing clear that such systems are not as simple as once thought. We also include molecular genetics under the systems rubric. After all, genes regulate other genes which regulate others, and so it goes.

Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, second edition

Author : Charles A. Nelson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262141043
Total Pages : 985 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (621 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, second edition by : Charles A. Nelson

Download or read book Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, second edition written by Charles A. Nelson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-07-11 with total page 985 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of an essential resource to the evolving field of developmental cognitive neuroscience, completely revised, with expanded emphasis on social neuroscience, clinical disorders, and imaging genomics. The publication of the second edition of this handbook testifies to the rapid evolution of developmental cognitive neuroscience as a distinct field. Brain imaging and recording technologies, along with well-defined behavioral tasks—the essential methodological tools of cognitive neuroscience—are now being used to study development. Technological advances have yielded methods that can be safely used to study structure-function relations and their development in children's brains. These new techniques combined with more refined cognitive models account for the progress and heightened activity in developmental cognitive neuroscience research. The Handbook covers basic aspects of neural development, sensory and sensorimotor systems, language, cognition, emotion, and the implications of lifelong neural plasticity for brain and behavioral development. The second edition reflects the dramatic expansion of the field in the seven years since the publication of the first edition. This new Handbook has grown from forty-one chapters to fifty-four, all original to this edition. It places greater emphasis on affective and social neuroscience—an offshoot of cognitive neuroscience that is now influencing the developmental literature. The second edition also places a greater emphasis on clinical disorders, primarily because such research is inherently translational in nature. Finally, the book's new discussions of recent breakthroughs in imaging genomics include one entire chapter devoted to the subject. The intersection of brain, behavior, and genetics represents an exciting new area of inquiry, and the second edition of this essential reference work will be a valuable resource for researchers interested in the development of brain-behavior relations in the context of both typical and atypical development.

Development of Perception

Author : Richard Aslin
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323151752
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of Perception by : Richard Aslin

Download or read book Development of Perception written by Richard Aslin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives, Volume 2, The Visual System, is the second of two-part series covering vision, audition, olfaction, taste, tactile sensitivity, and sensory-motor activity during ontogenesis. The focus is on approaches to perceptual development that incorporate a psychobiological perspective. The present volume brings together several topics of critical importance to the process of understanding the visual system. The book is organized into three parts. Part A addresses the theoretical and interpretive issues involved in designing and drawing conclusions from research on the development of the visual system. Part B on animal studies of visual development covers the neural and behavioral characteristics of the cat and monkey visual system during the early postnatal period. Part C examines visual development in human infants. Together, these three parts offer a comprehensive coverage of major issues in the structure and function of the developing mammalian visual system. Each chapter emphasizes the behavioral consequences of developing visual functions.

Visual Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Pediatric Patient

Author : Pam Schnell
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975111451
Total Pages : 1100 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis Visual Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Pediatric Patient by : Pam Schnell

Download or read book Visual Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Pediatric Patient written by Pam Schnell and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-10-29 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second comprehensive edition of Visual Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of the Pediatric Patient combines basic concepts of vision development with clinical diagnosis and treatment of vision disorders in infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents. Heavily updated, with new sections on timely issues and topics, the book is ideal for anyone who needs to know the practical aspects of evaluation and care of pediatric patients.

Management of Visual Impairment in Childhood

Author : Alistair Fielder
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521451505
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Visual Impairment in Childhood by : Alistair Fielder

Download or read book Management of Visual Impairment in Childhood written by Alistair Fielder and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-11-18 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management of visual impairment in childhood requires input from such a wide range of medical and nonmedical disciplines that the delivery of coordinated and appropriate care presents serious problems. This book is a practical guide to the day-to-day management of children with this difficult problem. Written in accessible language with a minimum of jargon, it is intended for both a medical and nonmedical audience: pediatricians, ophthalmologists, optometrists, educators, and social workers. The authors cover a wide range of topics, including the epidemiology of childhood blindness, prevention, visual assessment in early life, the ophthalmic and neurological causes of visual impairment, the effects of impairment on development, behavior, and the family, community and ophthalmic management, management of the multiply-impaired child, access to the educational curriculum, and the challenge of technology.

Visual Development

Author : Nigel W. Daw
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475769407
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Visual Development by : Nigel W. Daw

Download or read book Visual Development written by Nigel W. Daw and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first introductory-level text in its field, Visual Development offers a comprehensive understanding of the development of the visual system and the effects of visual deprivation. The material is treated from the behavioral, anatomical, and physiological points of view. Complete with ample illustrations and a helpful glossary, this text is invaluable for graduate students, optometry students, and ophthalmology residents as well as for experts in related fields.

Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309439981
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-01-15 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to see deeply affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world around them. For most people, eyesight is part of everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Functioning eyes and vision system can reduce an adult's risk of chronic health conditions, death, falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems. In children, properly maintained eye and vision health contributes to a child's social development, academic achievement, and better health across the lifespan. The public generally recognizes its reliance on sight and fears its loss, but emphasis on eye and vision health, in general, has not been integrated into daily life to the same extent as other health promotion activities, such as teeth brushing; hand washing; physical and mental exercise; and various injury prevention behaviors. A larger population health approach is needed to engage a wide range of stakeholders in coordinated efforts that can sustain the scope of behavior change. The shaping of socioeconomic environments can eventually lead to new social norms that promote eye and vision health. Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow proposes a new population-centered framework to guide action and coordination among various, and sometimes competing, stakeholders in pursuit of improved eye and vision health and health equity in the United States. Building on the momentum of previous public health efforts, this report also introduces a model for action that highlights different levels of prevention activities across a range of stakeholders and provides specific examples of how population health strategies can be translated into cohesive areas for action at federal, state, and local levels.

Infant Development

Author : Alan Slater
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780863771262
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (712 download)

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Book Synopsis Infant Development by : Alan Slater

Download or read book Infant Development written by Alan Slater and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides detailed up to date and authoritative accounts of major areas of infant development. The 11 chapters are subdivided into three sections: Perceptual Development (4 chapters); Cognitive Development (3 chapters); Social Interaction, Early Language and Emotion (4 chapters). While written by different contributors the book is a well?integrated account of current developments in our understanding of infant development. Integration of the chapters is assisted by the editors' linking sections which introduce each of the three major sections of the book. The book begins with an account of the development of basic visual functions in early infancy and of visual memory and perceptual capabilities of the infant. This is followed by recent research into infants' ability to detect and respond to events and encounters, a theme which emphasises the continuity of perceptual and cognitive development. Cognitive development is further pursued by an account of the complex area of object permanence, and the development of spatial awareness, and how infants learn to solve problems. In the final section early social and language development are explored. Infants learn language in a social context and the social structuring of infant cognition and language is next considered. The final chapter considers the role of emotion in infant development from a psychoanalytic perspective. The book presupposes no detailed knowledge of infancy on the part of the reader, but at the same time the reader is guided to an understanding of the topical and lively controversies that represent the current state of the art and which make the field of infant development such a lively and interesting area of study.lopment of spatial awareness, and how infants learn to solve problems. In the final section early social and language development are explored. Infants learn language in a social context and the social structuring of infant cognition and language is next considered. The final chapter considers the role of emotion in infant development from a psychoanalytic perspective. The book presupposes no detailed knowledge of infancy on the part of the reader, but at the same time the reader is guided to an understanding of the topical and lively controversies that represent the current state of the art and which make the field of infant development such a lively and interesting area of study.