Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Development Of Analytical Techniques For The Characterization Of Natural And Anthropogenic Compounds In Fine Particulate Matter
Download Development Of Analytical Techniques For The Characterization Of Natural And Anthropogenic Compounds In Fine Particulate Matter full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Development Of Analytical Techniques For The Characterization Of Natural And Anthropogenic Compounds In Fine Particulate Matter ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Development of Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Natural and Anthropogenic Compounds in Fine Particulate Matter by : Andrea Piazzalunga
Download or read book Development of Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Natural and Anthropogenic Compounds in Fine Particulate Matter written by Andrea Piazzalunga and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Airborne Particulate Matter by : Saurabh Sonwani
Download or read book Airborne Particulate Matter written by Saurabh Sonwani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about airborne particulate matter, sources, chemistry and health and contained a complete information about their emission source, transport, atmospheric chemistry, distribution at local, regional and global levels, and their level in indoor and outdoor settings. Primary and secondary particulate matters in the ambient atmosphere also describe in detail. Analytical techniques, statistical tools and mathematical models used in airborne particulate research is also described. This book also covers the important aspects of the particulate matter chemistry in atmosphere, and their adverse impact on plant and human health. A detailed insight about the harmful impact of airborne particulate matter (biogenic and anthropogenic both) on different human system is described in detail. The toxicological significance of particulate matter on human body was also mentioned. The mitigation, management and regulatory policies to control ambient particulate matter is also provided. This book is also written in simple language with helpful photographs, diagrams, tables and flowcharts which will make the reader comfortable in understanding the concepts a more relatively easier way. Overall, the present book is a valuable tool for students working in the fields of Atmospheric Science, Environmental Science, Biological Sciences, Epidemiology and Agriculture Science. This book also a unique resource for environmental consultants, researchers, policymakers and other professionals involved in air quality, plant and human health.
Book Synopsis Enabling the Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of Organics in Complex Mixtures to Understand Atmospheric Aerosols by : Gabriel Avram Isaacman
Download or read book Enabling the Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of Organics in Complex Mixtures to Understand Atmospheric Aerosols written by Gabriel Avram Isaacman and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particles in the atmosphere are known to have negative health effects and important but highly uncertain impacts on global and regional climate. A majority of this particulate matter is formed through atmospheric oxidation of naturally and anthropogenically emitted gases to yield highly oxygenated secondary organic aerosol (SOA), an amalgamation of thousands of individual chemical compounds. However, comprehensive analysis of SOA composition has been stymied by its complexity and lack of available measurement techniques. In this work, novel instrumentation, analysis methods, and conceptual frameworks are introduced for chemically characterizing atmospherically relevant mixtures and ambient aerosols, providing a fundamentally new level of detailed knowledge on their structures, chemical properties, and identification of their components. This chemical information is used to gain insights into the formation, transformation and oxidation of organic aerosols. Biogenic and anthropogenic mixtures are observed in this work to yield incredible complexity upon oxidation, producing over 100 separable compounds from a single precursor. As a first step toward unraveling this complexity, a method was developed for measuring the polarity and volatility of individual compounds in a complex mixture using two-dimensional gas chromatography, which is demonstrated in Chapter 2 for describing the oxidation of SOA formed from a biogenic compound (longifolene: C15H24). Several major products and tens of substantial minor products were produced, but none could be identified by traditional methods or have ever been isolated and studied in the laboratory. A major realization of this work was that soft ionization mass spectrometry could be used to identify the molecular mass and formula of these unidentified compounds, a major step toward a comprehensive description of complex mixtures. This was achieved by coupling gas chromatography to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photo-ionization. Chapters 3 and 4 describe this new analytical technique and its initial application to determine the structures of unknown compounds and formerly unresolvable mixtures, including a complete description of the chemical composition of two common petroleum products related to anthropogenic emissions: diesel fuel and motor oil. The distribution of hydrocarbon isomers in these mixtures - found to be mostly of branched, cyclic, and saturated - is described with unprecedented detail. Instead of measuring average bulk aerosol properties, the methods developed and applied in this work directly measure the polarity, volatility, and structure of individual components to allow a mechanistic understanding of oxidation processes. Novel characterizations of these complex mixtures are used to elucidate the role of structure and functionality in particle-phase oxidation, including in Chapter 4 the first measurements of relative reaction rates in a complex hydrocarbon particle. Molecular structure is observed to influence particle-phase oxidation in unexpected and important ways, with cyclization decreasing reaction rates by ~30% and branching increasing reaction rates by ~20-50%. The observed structural dependence is proposed to result in compositional changes in anthropogenic organic aerosol downwind of urban areas, which has been confirmed in subsequent work by applying the techniques described here. Measurement of organic aerosol components is extended to ambient environments through the development of instrumentation with the unprecedented capability to measure hourly concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of individual highly oxygenated organic compounds in the atmosphere. Chapters 5 and 6 describe development of new procedures and hardware for the calibration and analysis of oxygenates using the Semi-Volatile Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (SV-TAG), a custom instrument for in situ quantification of gas- and particle-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere. High time resolution measurement of oxygenated compounds is achieved through a reproducible and quantitative methodology for in situ "derivatization"--Replacing highly polar functional groups that cannot be analyzed by traditional gas chromatography with less polar groups. Implementation of a two-channel sampling system for the simultaneous collection of particle-phase and total gas-plus-particle phase samples allows for the first direct measurements of gas/particle partitioning in the atmosphere, significantly advancing the study of atmospheric composition and variability, as well as the processes governing condensation and re-volatilization. This work presents the first in situ measurements of a large suite of highly oxygenated biogenic oxidation products in both the gas- and particle-phase. Isoprene, the most ubiquitous biogenic emission, oxidizes to form 2-methyltetrols and C5 alkene triols, while [alpha]-pinene, the most common monoterpene, forms pinic, pinonic, hydroxyglutaric, and other acids. These compounds are reported in Chapter 7 with unprecedented time resolution and are shown for the first time to have a large gas-phase component, contrary to typical assumptions. Hourly comparisons of these products with anthropogenic aerosol components elucidate the interaction of human and natural emissions at two rural sites: the southeastern, U.S. and Amazonia, Brazil. Anthropogenic influence on SOA formation is proposed to occur through the increase in liquid water caused by anthropogenic sulfate. Furthermore, these unparalleled observations of gas/particle partitioning of biogenic oxidation products demonstrate that partitioning of oxygenates is unexpectedly independent of volatility: many volatile, highly oxygenated compounds have a large particle-phase component that is poorly described by traditional models. These novel conclusions are reached in part by applying the new frameworks developed in previous chapters to understand the properties of unidentified compounds, demonstrating the importance of detailed characterization of atmospheric organic mixtures. Comprehensive analysis of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and oxidation product mixtures is coupled in this work with high time-resolution measurement of individual organic components to yield significant insights into the transformations of organic aerosols. Oxidation chemistry is observed in both laboratory and field settings to depend on molecular properties, volatility, and atmospheric composition. However, this work demonstrates that these complex processes can be understood through the quantification of individual known and unidentified compounds, combined with their classification into descriptive frameworks.
Book Synopsis Urban Airborne Particulate Matter by : Fathi Zereini
Download or read book Urban Airborne Particulate Matter written by Fathi Zereini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-02-16 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the most up-to-date research and information regarding the origin, chemistry, fate and health impacts of airborne particulate matter in urban areas, a topic which has received a great deal of attention in recent years due to documented relationships between exposure and health effects such as asthma. With internationally recognised researchers and academics presenting their work and key concepts and approaches from a variety of disciplines, including environmental and analytical chemistry, biology, toxicology, mineralogy and the geosciences, this book addresses the topic of urban airborne particulate matter in a comprehensive, multidisciplinary manner. Topics and research addressed in the book range from common methodological approaches used to sample and analyse the composition of airborne particulates to our knowledge regarding their potential to impact human health and the various policy approaches taken internationally to regulate particulate matter levels.
Book Synopsis Advanced Fine Particulate Characterization Methods by :
Download or read book Advanced Fine Particulate Characterization Methods written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The characterization and control of emissions from combustion sources are of significant importance in improving local and regional air quality. Such emissions include fine particulate matter, organic carbon compounds, and NO(subscript x) and SO2 gases, along with mercury and other toxic metals. This project involved four activities including Further Development of Analytical Techniques for PM10 and PM{sub 2.5} Characterization and Source Apportionment and Management, Organic Carbonaceous Particulate and Metal Speciation for Source Apportionment Studies, Quantum Modeling, and High-Potassium Carbon Production with Biomass-Coal Blending. The key accomplishments included the development of improved automated methods to characterize the inorganic and organic components particulate matter. The methods involved the use of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis for the inorganic fraction and a combination of extractive methods combined with near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure to characterize the organic fraction. These methods have direction application for source apportionment studies of PM because they provide detailed inorganic analysis along with total organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) quantification. Quantum modeling using density functional theory (DFT) calculations was used to further elucidate a recently developed mechanistic model for mercury speciation in coal combustion systems and interactions on activated carbon. Reaction energies, enthalpies, free energies and binding energies of Hg species to the prototype molecules were derived from the data obtained in these calculations. Bimolecular rate constants for the various elementary steps in the mechanism have been estimated using the hard-sphere collision theory approximation, and the results seem to indicate that extremely fast kinetics could be involved in these surface reactions. Activated carbon was produced from a blend of lignite coal from the Center Mine in North Dakota and sunflower hulls for the biomass material to be carbonized. The ability to remove mercury from a bituminous coal's derived flue gas was low. Removals of only 15% were attained while injecting 6 lb/Macf of activated carbon upstream of an electrostatic precipitator. Poisoning of sites on the activated carbon by SO2 and SO3 contributed to the poor mercury capture performance.
Book Synopsis Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers by : Peter H. McMurry
Download or read book Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers written by Peter H. McMurry and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-11-29 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment was commissioned by NARSTO, a cooperative public-private sector organization of Canada, Mexico and the United States. It is a concise and comprehensive discussion of the current understanding by atmospheric scientists of airborne particulate matter (PM). Its goal is to provide policy makers who implement air-quality standards with this relevant and needed scientific information. The primary audience for this volume will be regulators, scientists, and members of industry, all of whom have a stake in effective PM management. It will also inform exposure and health scientists, who investigate causal hypotheses of health impacts, characterize exposure, and conduct epidemiological and toxicological studies.
Book Synopsis Guidelines for the Application of Analytical Techniques for Fine and Course Particulate Matter Samples by : Willis Robert D.
Download or read book Guidelines for the Application of Analytical Techniques for Fine and Course Particulate Matter Samples written by Willis Robert D. and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) is a powerful tool in the characterization and source apportionment of environmental particulate matter (PM), providing size, chemistry, and morphology of particles as small as a few tenths of a micrometer. Such information can reveal information about emission sources which cannot be determined through bulk chemical analysis. Automated SEMs capable of routinely analyzing hundreds of particles per hour have dramatically increased the throughput of SEM/EDX, making it feasible to conduct statistically meaningful analyses of PM samples and to generate large data sets for source apportionment studies. The National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) of the U.S. EPA has been developing and evaluating the use of SEM/EDX to characterize ambient and source-derived particles. The present document, which evolved over several years as a product of research carried out in support of the U.S. EPA/NERL SEM/EDX Laboratory, is intended to provide guidelines for researchers using SEM/EDX for aerosol characterization and source apportionment. Topics include laboratory procedures for sample handling, sample preparation, guidelines for successful manual and automated SEM/EDX analyses, data interpretation, issues relating to data quality and method validation and case studies highlighting the use of SEM/EDX in PM research
Book Synopsis Environmental Geochemistry by : Benedetto DeVivo
Download or read book Environmental Geochemistry written by Benedetto DeVivo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories, Second Edition, reviews the role of geochemistry in the environment and details state-of-the-art applications of these principles in the field, specifically in pollution and remediation situations. Chapters cover both philosophy and procedures, as well as applications, in an array of issues in environmental geochemistry including health problems related to environment pollution, waste disposal and data base management. This updated edition also includes illustrations of specific case histories of site characterization and remediation of brownfield sites. - Covers numerous global case studies allowing readers to see principles in action - Explores the environmental impacts on soils, water and air in terms of both inorganic and organic geochemistry - Written by a well-respected author team, with over 100 years of experience combined - Includes updated content on: urban geochemical mapping, chemical speciation, characterizing a brownsfield site and the relationship between heavy metal distributions and cancer mortality
Book Synopsis Measurement and Characterization of Low Volatility Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere by : Jonathan Pfeil Franklin
Download or read book Measurement and Characterization of Low Volatility Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere written by Jonathan Pfeil Franklin and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic aerosol is a central topic in environmental science due to its role in climate forcing and negative health effects. The transformation of organic species from primary gas phase emissions to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is highly complex and poorly understood, proving difficult for even stateof- the-art computational models to predict. This thesis describes the in-depth characterization and redesign of a previously developed technique for the quantification of intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), which are compounds with saturation vapor pressures of 103-107 [mu]g/m3. This analytical technique, the thermal-desorption electron ionization mass spectrometer (TD-EIMS) provides a volatility separated, bulk measurement of IVOCs and will be used to investigate the primary emissions as well as production and evolution of IVOCs in a series of experiments described in this thesis. Primary emissions of IVOCs have been previously measured in vehicle exhaust and have been theorized as a significant precursor to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban atmospheres. IVOCs are predominately emitted during cold start periods, but maintain a similar chemical composition across all engine states. As emissions controls have tightened, emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons and primary particulate matter have decreased, however emissions of IVOCs have only decreased significantly (as much as 80%) between the newest ULEV and SULEV emissions control tiers. Laboratory studies examining the atmospheric oxidation of common biogenic and anthropogenic SOA precursors in environmental "smog" chambers show different production and evolution profiles of IVOCs. The comparison of IVOCs measured by the TD-EIMS with other analytical techniques sampling in parallel show the TD-EIMS may detect a previously characterized fraction of carbon. Production of secondary low volatility organic compounds can also occur in low oxygen systems, such as in planetary atmospheres or in the process of soot formation. Ultraviolet light or heat can form radical hydrocarbon species, which, in low oxygen environments, will react with other hydrocarbon or radical species, undergoing oxidation by molecular growth. Particles made from ethane and ethylene are composed of very saturated compounds. The particles produced from the photolysis of acetylene are fundamentally different showing significantly larger molecule sizes and substantially higher degrees of unsaturation. The results from this thesis demonstrate measurements of the production and evolution of primary and secondary low volatility organic gases by new analytical techniques and provide a new insight to the complex chemical processes in the atmosphere leading to the production of secondary organic aerosol.
Author :National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1100 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter by : National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.)
Download or read book Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter written by National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, PM25̣, in Pittsburgh Using Time-series Techniques and Meteorology by : Galina Zubkova
Download or read book Analysis of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter, PM25̣, in Pittsburgh Using Time-series Techniques and Meteorology written by Galina Zubkova and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fine Particulates in Air by : Nora F. Savage
Download or read book Fine Particulates in Air written by Nora F. Savage and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China by : Chinese Academy of Sciences
Download or read book Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China written by Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-02-04 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China.
Book Synopsis Determination of Fine Particulate Matter Composition and Development of the Organic Aerosol Monitor by : Paul Michael Cropper
Download or read book Determination of Fine Particulate Matter Composition and Development of the Organic Aerosol Monitor written by Paul Michael Cropper and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the complexity of PM it is poorly characterized. A large fraction of PM is composed of organic compounds, but these compounds are not regularly monitored due to limitations in current sampling techniques. The GC-MS Organic Aerosol Monitor (OAM) combines a collection device with thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to quantitatively measure the carbonaceous components of PM on an hourly averaged basis. A compact GC and simple pre-concentrator were developed for the system to decouple separation from manual injection and enhance separation of environmentally-relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. The GC-MS OAM is fully automated and has been successfully deployed in the field. It uses a chemically deactivated filter for collection followed by thermal desorption and GC-MS analysis. Laboratory tests show that detection limits range from 0.2 to 3 ng for many atmospherically relevant compounds. The GC-MS OAM was deployed in the field for semi-continuous measurement of the organic markers, levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during winter (January to March), 2015 and 2016. Results illustrate the significance of this monitoring technique to more fully characterize the organic components of PM and identify sources of pollution.
Author :CONCAWE. Special Task Force on the Study of Air Pollution, Sampling and Survey Techniques Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :120 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (847 download)
Book Synopsis Techniques for the Analysis of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere by : CONCAWE. Special Task Force on the Study of Air Pollution, Sampling and Survey Techniques
Download or read book Techniques for the Analysis of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere written by CONCAWE. Special Task Force on the Study of Air Pollution, Sampling and Survey Techniques and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction by : Fernando Pacheco-Torgal
Download or read book Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction written by Fernando Pacheco-Torgal and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-04-04 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the environmental impact of existing construction and building materials comes under increasing scrutiny, the search for more eco-efficient solutions has intensified. Nanotechnology offers great potential in this area and is already being widely used to great success. Nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction is an authoritative guide to the role of nanotechnology in the development of eco-efficient construction materials and sustainable construction.Following an introduction to the use of nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction materials, part one considers such infrastructural applications as nanoengineered cement-based materials, nanoparticles for high-performance and self-sensing concrete, and the use of nanotechnology to improve the bulk and surface properties of steel for structural applications. Nanoclay-modified asphalt mixtures and safety issues relating to nanomaterials for construction applications are also reviewed before part two goes on to discuss applications for building energy efficiency. Topics explored include thin films and nanostructured coatings, switchable glazing technology and third generation photovoltaic (PV) cells, high-performance thermal insulation materials, and silica nanogel for energy-efficient windows. Finally, photocatalytic applications are the focus of part three, which investigates nanoparticles for pollution control, self-cleaning and photosterilisation, and the role of nanotechnology in manufacturing paints and purifying water for eco-efficient buildings.Nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction is a technical guide for all those involved in the design, production and application of eco-efficient construction materials, including civil engineers, materials scientists, researchers and architects within any field of nanotechnology, eco-efficient materials or the construction industry. - Provides an authoritative guide to the role of nanotechnology in the development of eco-efficient construction materials and sustainable construction - Examines the use of nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction materials - Considers a range of important infrastructural applications, before discussing applications for building energy efficiency
Book Synopsis Casarett and Doull's Toxicology by : Curtis D. Klaassen
Download or read book Casarett and Doull's Toxicology written by Curtis D. Klaassen and published by McGraw-Hill Book Company Limited. This book was released on 1996 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated and revised edition delineates the basic concepts and fundamental principles needed to grasp current issues in modern toxicology. In addition, new contributions help to redefine the book's scope and coverage, and illuminate new and emerging areas of toxicologic interest.
