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Development Of A Weakly Coupled Hybrid Simulation Method For Seismic Assessment And Its Application To Reinforced Concrete Building Structure
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Book Synopsis Development of a Weakly-Coupled Hybrid Simulation Method for Seismic Assessment and Its Application to Reinforced Concrete Building Structure by : Georgios Giotis
Download or read book Development of a Weakly-Coupled Hybrid Simulation Method for Seismic Assessment and Its Application to Reinforced Concrete Building Structure written by Georgios Giotis and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid simulation methods have attracted significant interest from researchers in structural engineering to accurately assess the seismic performance of structures. To implement hybrid simulations in a testing facility, it is necessary to properly control the boundary conditions of physically tested specimens. The objective of this study is to propose and implement a methodology for performing hybrid simulations when a limited number of actuators are available and the full control of the boundary conditions is not possible. The developed methodology is employed to evaluate the seismic performance of a RC structure where one of the first storey columns is experimentally tested with testing equipment which can control only two DOF instead of the three required for columns subjected to planar motions. The seismic assessment is performed for the cases of an intact, repaired and retrofitted structure, where externally applied Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) fabric is used for repairing and retrofitting.
Book Synopsis Development and Application of Nonlinear Dissipative Device in Structural Vibration Control by : Zheng Lu
Download or read book Development and Application of Nonlinear Dissipative Device in Structural Vibration Control written by Zheng Lu and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue " Development and Application of Nonlinear Dissipative Device in Structural Vibration Control" that was published in Applied Sciences
Book Synopsis Hybrid Simulation of the Seismic Response of Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls by : Catherine Alexandra Whyte
Download or read book Hybrid Simulation of the Seismic Response of Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls written by Catherine Alexandra Whyte and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most industrial and nuclear facilities rely on reinforced concrete structural walls as their primary seismic lateral-force-resisting components. These walls commonly have an aspect ratio smaller than 0.5 and have a very high stiffness and strength. There is a significant uncertainty regarding the behavior of these walls under earthquake loading, their failure modes, and their expected strengths and deformation capacities. Hybrid simulation is an effective experimental method to examine these issues: it enables simulation of the seismic response of squat and thick shear walls without the need to recreate the, often very large, mass associated with the rest of the prototype structure. A new method for hybrid simulation of the earthquake response of stiff specimens using a high-precision displacement encoder was developed and verified in this study. This method was implemented for hybrid simulation of seismic response of two large-scale squat reinforced concrete shear walls. In order to examine the response of squat reinforced concrete walls to earthquake ground motion and to investigate the effect of ground motion sequence, two nominally identically 8 in thick models of a prototype 36 in thick structural wall, typically found in nuclear facility structures, were tested. Each wall experienced a different ground motion level loading sequence. After an initial combined shear and flexural response, a sliding shear failure occurred at the base of the walls. This response was quasi-brittle: the walls rapidly lost strength with small increments of post-peak strength deformation. A nominally identical specimen was tested at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Though the quasi-static cyclic test method has been shown to accurately predict the seismic failure modes of ductile, often flexure-dominated, specimens, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the predictive ability of the quasi-static cyclic test method when the tested specimens have brittle or quasi-brittle failure modes. In these cases, the effect of load magnitude history is so significant that it alters the deformation demand and the sequence of seismic failure modes. The quasi-static cyclic test at Buffalo was compared to the hybrid seismic response simulation experiments at Berkeley to evaluate its effectiveness with capturing the wall response to ground motion sequences. The findings from the hybrid simulation tests were that displacement control hybrid simulation using a high-precision encoder for displacement feedback is an effective way to perform large-scale hybrid tests of stiff specimens. This new method is useful to address the shortcomings with understanding the dynamic behavior of these types of specimens. The results of the two wall hybrid simulation tests indicate that different earthquake magnitude sequences do not have a significant effect on the force-deformation response and the failure mode sequence of squat walls. After comparing the hybrid simulation test results to the quasi-static cyclic test at Buffalo, the quasi-static cyclic test was determined to be adequate for testing the quasi-brittle wall specimens. It effectively captured the global response of the squat shear walls in earthquake ground motion sequences. Comparison of wall response to code based predictive equations showed that the code equations overpredict the peak shear strength of these squat rectangular walls by factors as large as 2. Modifications to code recommendations for the initial stiffness and peak shear strength of these walls are offered, and a definition for the "essentially elastic" region, used in nuclear facility design, is also suggested.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances and Applications of Hybrid Simulation by : Wei Song
Download or read book Recent Advances and Applications of Hybrid Simulation written by Wei Song and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-01-13 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Computational Methods, Seismic Protection, Hybrid Testing and Resilience in Earthquake Engineering by : Gian Paolo Cimellaro
Download or read book Computational Methods, Seismic Protection, Hybrid Testing and Resilience in Earthquake Engineering written by Gian Paolo Cimellaro and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a tribute to the research contribution of Professor Andrei Reinhorn in the field of earthquake engineering. It covers all the aspects connected to earthquake engineering starting from computational methods, hybrid testing and control, resilience and seismic protection which have been the main research topics in the field of earthquake engineering in the last 30 years. These were all investigated by Prof. Reinhorn throughout his career. The book provides the most recent advancements in these four different fields, including contributions coming from six different countries giving an international outlook to the topics.
Book Synopsis The Implementation of a Versatile Pseudodynamic Hybrid Simulation for Seismic Evaluation of Structural Systems by : Chelsea Griffith
Download or read book The Implementation of a Versatile Pseudodynamic Hybrid Simulation for Seismic Evaluation of Structural Systems written by Chelsea Griffith and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pseudodynamic hybrid simulation technique was developed to evaluate structural seismic performance by physically testing the critical portion with the remaining structure simulated using a numerical model in the computer. An incremental approach was adopted in developing the control scheme to suit multiple testing facilities and test specimens. First the small scale, predictable specimen was utilized to investigate techniques of improving stability, slowing down the loading rate and triggering the accurate force measurement in a series of at benchmark scale experiments in the Laboratory of Earthquake and Structural Simulation at Western Michigan University (WMU). A step/hold command scheme was developed and results matched well to those obtained from the purely numerical simulations of the analytical model setup based on the cyclic tests. Then a series of open and closed loop PSD hybrid simulations of increasing amplitude were conducted at large scale in the Structural Engineering Laboratory at University of Alabama. A ramp/hold displacement command scheme with flexible definition on the ramp phase were developed to the address the excessive vibrations due to the very high speed actuator. The final control scheme was applied the large scale PSD hybrid simulation of a two story wood frame building with a physical first story wood shear wall and numerical second story and reasonable seismic response were achieved. The results of this study serve as a basis for developing the simulation technique for the large scale hybrid simulation that that will be conducted at the NEES equipment site at the University of Buffalo.
Book Synopsis Data-driven Frameworks for Hybrid Analysis of Structures Under Seismic Loading by : Fardad Mokhtari Dizaji
Download or read book Data-driven Frameworks for Hybrid Analysis of Structures Under Seismic Loading written by Fardad Mokhtari Dizaji and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerical simulation and hybrid simulation are extensively used in earthquake engineering to evaluate the seismic response of structures under seismic loading. Despite the advances in computing power and the development of efficient integration algorithms in the past, numerical simulation techniques suffer from a high computational cost and the uncertainty associated with the definition of constitutive material models, boundary conditions, and mesh density, in particular in highly nonlinear, large or complex structures. On the other hand, the results of hybrid simulation can become biased when only one or limited number of potential critical components, seismic fuses, are physically tested due to laboratory or cost constraints. The recent progress in machine learning algorithms and applications in engineering has motivated novel and innovative simulation techniques achieved by leveraging data in various fields of engineering including seismic engineering where complexities arising from the stochastic nature of the phenomenon can be tackled by making use of available experimental and numerical data towards the development of more reliable simulation models and dynamic analysis frameworks. Furthermore, to better exploit the potential of data-driven models, such models can efficiently be incorporated into the physics-based and experimental techniques, leading to improved seismic response assessment methods. This M.Sc. thesis proposes two new hybrid analysis frameworks by integrating emerging data-driven techniques into the conventional structural response assessment techniques, namely numerical simulation and hybrid testing, to perform the nonlinear structural analysis under seismic loading. The first framework, referred to as the hybrid data-driven and physics-based simulation (HyDPS) technique, combines the well-understood components of the structure modeled numerically with the critical components of the structure, e.g., seismic fuses, simulated using the proposed data-driven PI-SINDy model. The data-driven model is developed for steel buckling-restrained braces based on experimental data to mathematically estimate the underlying relationship between displacement history and restoring force. The second framework incorporates the data-driven model into the conventional seismic hybrid simulation framework where the experimental test data of one of the critical components (physical twin), e.g., steel buckling-restrained brace, produced during hybrid simulation can be used in real-time to predict the nonlinear cyclic response of the other critical components of the system (digital twins) that are not physically tested. This framework features a novel multi-element seismic hybrid simulation technique achieved by recursively updating the force-deformation response of the digital twin. The performance of the proposed data-driven hybrid analysis frameworks is verified using past experimental test data and nonlinear response history analyses performed under representative earthquake ground motion accelerations. The results reveal that integrating data-driven techniques into conventional seismic analysis methods, namely numerical simulation and hybrid simulation, yields a more efficient seismic simulation tool that can be used to examine the seismic response of structural systems.
Book Synopsis Real-time Seismic Hybrid Simulation Procedures for Reliable Structural Performance Testing by :
Download or read book Real-time Seismic Hybrid Simulation Procedures for Reliable Structural Performance Testing written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased need for experimental verification of the seismic performance of conventional and novel structural systems has resulted in highly sophisticated dynamic test procedures. Hybrid simulation, including pseudo-dynamic testing of experimental substructures, offers an efficient method for assessment of dynamic and rate-dependent behavior of large-scale structural systems subjected to earthquake excitation. Compared to earthquake simulations using shake tables, hybrid simulation may have significant advantages in terms of cost, scale, geometry, and required physical mass of structures and components that can be tested. However, recent hybrid simulations have been limited to simplified structural models with only a few degrees of freedom. This is primarily due to the fact that hybrid simulation is a relatively new test method that is still being improved through research. Currently, the major challenges for using hybrid simulation in large and complex structural systems are the lack of robust simulation algorithms, and the sensitivity of the results to experimental errors in the presence of high-frequency modes. The main motivation for this research is to develop reliable test procedures that can be easily applied to fast and real-time hybrid simulations of large and complex structural systems. It is also attempted to develop test procedures that are effective for geographically distributed hybrid simulations. In this dissertation, recent developments to improve the accuracy and stability of hybrid simulation are described using the state-of-the-art pseudo-dynamic hybrid simulation system at the Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory, University at Buffalo. In particular, delay compensation procedures are examined, and new methods are proposed. These methods are based on the correction of tracking errors in force measurement signal, and using the numerical integration procedure for prediction and compensation of command displacement signal. A new online procedure is proposed for estimation of delay during the simulation, and is shown to have better performance compared to existing online delay estimation methods. Furthermore, two numerical integration procedures are introduced for hybrid simulation, which are shown to improve the stability and accuracy properties of the simulation. The proposed integration algorithms use experimental measurements to iterate within implicit scheme and also take advantage of a new approach to estimate the tangent stiffness matrix of experimental substructures. For assessment of the reliability of hybrid simulation results, energy-based error monitors are proposed to examine the severity of experimental and numerical errors. These measures are then used to demonstrate the improved accuracy offered by new algorithms proposed here through analytical and numerical studies, and numerical and experimental simulations.
Book Synopsis Recommendations for Seismic Design of Hybrid Coupled Wall Systems by : Sherif El-Tawil
Download or read book Recommendations for Seismic Design of Hybrid Coupled Wall Systems written by Sherif El-Tawil and published by Amer Society of Civil Engineers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report synthesizes the existing information on hybrid coupled wall (HCW) systems into helpful recommendations pertaining to their seismic analysis and design.
Book Synopsis Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures by : Srinivasan Chandrasekaran
Download or read book Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures written by Srinivasan Chandrasekaran and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tools to Safeguard New Buildings and Assess Existing OnesNonlinear analysis methods such as static pushover are globally considered a reliable tool for seismic and structural assessment. But the accuracy of seismic capacity estimates-which can prevent catastrophic loss of life and astronomical damage repair costs-depends on the use of the correct b
Book Synopsis Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes by : P. Fajfar
Download or read book Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes written by P. Fajfar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings, arising from an international workshop, present research results and ideas on issues of importance to seismic risk reduction and the development of future seismic codes.
Book Synopsis Theory of Nonlinear Structural Analysis by : Gang Li
Download or read book Theory of Nonlinear Structural Analysis written by Gang Li and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive book focusing on the Force Analogy Method, a novel method for nonlinear dynamic analysis and simulation This book focusses on the Force Analogy Method, a novel method for nonlinear dynamic analysis and simulation. A review of the current nonlinear analysis method for earthquake engineering will be summarized and explained. Additionally, how the force analogy method can be used in nonlinear static analysis will be discussed through several nonlinear static examples. The emphasis of this book is to extend and develop the force analogy method to performing dynamic analysis on structures under earthquake excitations, where the force analogy method is incorporated in the flexural element, axial element, shearing element and so on will be exhibited. Moreover, the geometric nonlinearity into nonlinear dynamic analysis algorithm based on the force analogy method is included. The application of the force analogy method in seismic design for buildings and structural control area is discussed and combined with practical engineering.
Book Synopsis Performance-Based Robust Nonlinear Seismic Analysis with Application to Reinforced Concrete Bridge Systems by : Xiao Liang
Download or read book Performance-Based Robust Nonlinear Seismic Analysis with Application to Reinforced Concrete Bridge Systems written by Xiao Liang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) approach, developed at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, aims to robustly decompose the performance assessment and design process into four logical stages that can be studied and resolved in a systematic and consistent manner. However, two key challenges are experienced in this approach, namely the accurate seismic structural analysis and the selection and modification of ground motions (GMs). This dissertation investigates these two challenges with application to reinforced concrete (RC) bridge systems. In nonlinear structural dynamics, the most accurate analytical simulation method is the nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA). It involves the use of different types of direct integration algorithms and nonlinear equation solvers where their stability performance and convergence behaviors are of great significance. Lyapunov stability theory, the most complete framework for stability analysis of dynamical systems, is introduced in this study. Based on this theory, a new nonlinear equation solver is developed and its convergence performance was theoretically formulated and verified by several examples. Stability is one of the most important properties of direct integration algorithms that must be considered for efficient and reliable NTHA simulations. Two Lyapunov-based approaches are proposed to perform stability analysis for nonlinear structural systems. The first approach transforms the stability analysis to a problem of existence, that can be solved via convex optimization. The second approach is specifically applicable to explicit algorithms for nonlinear single-degree of freedom and multi-degree of freedom systems considering strictly positive real lemma. In this approach, the stability analysis of the formulated nonlinear system is transformed to investigating the strictly positive realness of its corresponding transfer function matrix. Ground motion selection and modification (GMSM) procedures determine the necessary input excitations to the NTHA simulations of structures. Therefore, proper selection of the GMSM procedures is vital and an important prerequisite for the accurate and robust NTHA simulation and thus for the entire PBEE approach. Although many GMSM procedures are available, there is no consensus regarding a single accurate method and many studies focused on evaluating these procedures. In this dissertation, a framework for probabilistic evaluation of the GMSM procedures is developed in the context of a selected large earthquake scenario with bidirectional GM excitations. In urban societies, RC highway bridges, representing key components of the transportation infrastructure systems, play a significant role in transporting goods and people around natural terrains. Therefore, they are expected to sustain minor damage and maintain their functionality in the aftermath of major earthquakes, which commonly occur in California due to many active faults. Accurate seismic structural analysis of existing and newly designed RC highway bridges is fundamental to estimate their seismic demands. As such important lifeline structures, RC highway bridge systems are investigated as an application of the previously discussed theoretical developments proposed in this dissertation to address the two key challenges in the PEER PBEE approach.
Book Synopsis Exploring Applications of Real- Time Hybrid Simulation for Seismically Excited Base Isolated Buildings by : Muammer Avci
Download or read book Exploring Applications of Real- Time Hybrid Simulation for Seismically Excited Base Isolated Buildings written by Muammer Avci and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seismic base isolation of buildings is widely used and accepted to reduce structural and nonstructural damage caused by earthquakes. To explore performance and improvements to base isolation, experimental testing is necessary and real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) can play a critical role in this process. RTHS allows a structural dynamic system to be partitioned into physical and numerical substructures. The substructure of interest is physically tested, while the substructure that is better understood or more difficult to test in the laboratory is simulated in real-time using analytical or numerical models. This research examines the role of newly proposed stability analysis methods in the application of real-time hybrid sub-structuring (RTHS) for challenging laboratory experiments, including the shake table testing of a fixed base superstructure in a base isolated system subjected to earthquake ground motion. Also, this research considers a seismically excited base isolated building with a supplemental viscous damper located at the isolation layer. Experimental results demonstrate the ability to safety conduct RTHS tests of a fixed base structure mounted to a shake table, in conjunction with a separate physical component of a device located in the isolation layer. This method can be applied to larger scale structures using the methods developed and demonstrated to design and conduct large-scale proposed RTHS experiments to further examine seismic base-isolation of building structures.
Book Synopsis Development of a 10-element Hybrid Simulation Platform and Its Application to Seismic Performance Assessment of Multi-storey Braced Frames by : Saeid Mojiri
Download or read book Development of a 10-element Hybrid Simulation Platform and Its Application to Seismic Performance Assessment of Multi-storey Braced Frames written by Saeid Mojiri and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents a 10-element hybrid (experimental-numerical) simulation platform, referred to as UT10, which was developed for running pseudo-dynamic hybrid simulations of braced frames with up to 10 large-capacity physical brace specimens. This study presents the details of the development of different components of UT10 including a network interface for actuator controller, NICON-10. An adjustable brace specimen, referred to as Adjustable Yielding Brace (AYB), was designed to simulate the hysteretic response of yielding braces such as buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) thus facilitating the seismic performance evaluation of multi-storey structures with hysteretic energy dissipative braces through hybrid simulations. Also, a buckling specimen was designed to simulate the hysteretic response of conventional buckling braces. Both AYB and buckling specimens were cyclically tested in UT10. The results indicated that these specimens are capable of producing hysteretic responses with characteristics similar to BRBs and conventional braces. A five-storey buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) and a special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) were designed and tested, respectively, with AYB specimens and buckling specimens representing the braces. Cyclic tests of the AYB and buckling specimens, 1- and 3-element hybrid simulations of the BRBF, and 2- and 4-element hybrid simulations of the SCBF inside UT10 confirmed the functionality of UT10 for running hybrid simulations on multiple specimens. Comparison of the results of the hybrid simulations of the BRBF and SCBF with their fully numerical models showed that the modelling inaccuracies of the yielding braces could affect the global response of the multi-storey braced frames further emphasizing the need for experimental calibration or hybrid simulation for achieving more accurate response predictions. UT10 provides a simple and reconfigurable platform that can be used to achieve a realistic understanding of the seismic response of multi-storey frames with yielding braces, distinguish their modelling limitations, and improve different modelling techniques available for their seismic response prediction.
Book Synopsis Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering by : Azer A. Kasimzade
Download or read book Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering written by Azer A. Kasimzade and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features chapters based on selected presentations from the International Congress on Advanced Earthquake Resistance of Structures, AERS2016, held in Samsun, Turkey, from 24 to 28 October 2016. It covers the latest advances in three widely popular research areas in Earthquake Engineering: Performance-Based Seismic Design, Seismic Isolation Systems, and Structural Health Monitoring. The book shows the vulnerability of high-rise and seismically isolated buildings to long periods of strong ground motions, and proposes new passive and semi-active structural seismic isolation systems to protect against such effects. These systems are validated through real-time hybrid tests on shaking tables. Structural health monitoring systems provide rapid assessment of structural safety after an earthquake and allow preventive measures to be taken, such as shutting down the elevators and gas lines, before damage occurs. Using the vibration data from instrumented tall buildings, the book demonstrates that large, distant earthquakes and surface waves, which are not accounted for in most attenuation equations, can cause long-duration shaking and damage in tall buildings. The overview of the current performance-based design methodologies includes discussions on the design of tall buildings and the reasons common prescriptive code provisions are not sufficient to address the requirements of tall-building design. In addition, the book explains the modelling and acceptance criteria associated with various performance-based design guidelines, and discusses issues such as selection and scaling of ground motion records, soil-foundation-structure interaction, and seismic instrumentation and peer review needs. The book is of interest to a wide range of professionals in earthquake engineering, including designers, researchers, and graduate students.
Book Synopsis Techniques in Overcoming Physical and Temporal Inaccuracies in Hybrid Seismic Simulations by : Ronald Jansen Gultom
Download or read book Techniques in Overcoming Physical and Temporal Inaccuracies in Hybrid Seismic Simulations written by Ronald Jansen Gultom and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental testing remains the most reliable tool to help understanding the response of civil engineering structures due to earthquake excitations despite significant advancements in structural analysis software. The hybrid simulation method addresses the challenges found in the shake table and the quasi-static testing methods by enabling dynamic tests on large scale structures at reduced speed, yet still obtaining the full dynamic response of the tested structure. Further efficiency in hybrid simulation is achieved through incorporating the substructuring concept, by only physically testing critical regions of a structure while numerically modelling the rest. A recent advance in the field is the development of the realtime hybrid simulation method. This method overcomes limitations in the conventional hybrid simulation, making it suitable for rate-dependent structures. One of the major challenges in real-time hybrid simulation is actuator delay, which imposes negative numerical damping and leads to inaccurate test results and potentially test instability. This study proposes an intuitive delay compensation procedure to correct the response in real-time, utilising energy balance between those resulted from external and internal forces during a simulation. A series of numerically simulated real-time hybrid simulations with delay is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure in the presence of small to moderate delay. This study also develops a Kalman filter algorithm to be used in conjunction with the proposed delay compensation algorithm. An extensive parametric analysis through numerical simulations show that the algorithms improves the simulation accuracies and extend the stability limit of hybrid simulations in the presence of delay much further than the stability limit of the proposed delay compensation alone. This study adopts nonlinear co-ordinate transformation algorithm for multi-axial testing to perform moment-axial load compatible in-plane tests on wall structures, and bidirectional tests on simple columns. The co-ordinate transformation procedure accounts for global and local actuator co-ordinates, geometric nonlinearity, as well as changes in the test setup geometry during testing. The multi-axial test capability leads to a supplementary investigation on the effect of different displacement paths in bidirectional quasi-static and hybrid simulations on a rocking concrete column. The experiments demonstrate that for the same displacement amplitude in the quasi-static tests, out-of-phase displacement patterns produces lower force envelopes and energy dissipations compared to in-phase displacement patterns. In hybrid simulations, “staggering” displacement tracking strategies result in higher displacement amplitudes and hysteretic energy dissipations compared to “direct” tracking strategy. The last contribution from this study is an experimental validation of the substructuring concept in hybrid simulations, where there is behaviour incompatibility between the physical substructure and the full prototype structure. This is demonstrated through a hybrid simulation using a squat wall as the physical substructure, with intrinsically shear-dominant behaviour, to replicate the response of a flexure-dominant wall. The experiments show good agreements in terms of the hysteretic envelopes and the maximum force and displacement amplitudes between the squat and the flexure-dominant wall, as well as a good agreement between the experimental results and numerical models.
