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Development Of A Novel Sensor For Soot Deposition Measurement In A Diesel Particulate Filter Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography
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Book Synopsis Development of a Novel Sensor for Soot Deposition Measurement in a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography by : Ragibul Huq
Download or read book Development of a Novel Sensor for Soot Deposition Measurement in a Diesel Particulate Filter Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography written by Ragibul Huq and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents a novel approach of particulate material (soot) measurement in a Diesel particulate filter using Electrical Capacitance Tomography. Modern Diesel Engines are equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF because complete knowledge of DPF soot loading is very critical for robust efficient operation of the engine exhaust after treatment system. Emission regulations imposed upon all internal combustion engines including Diesel engines on gaseous as well as particulates (soot) emissions by Environment Regulatory Agencies. In course of time, soot will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at pre-determined time intervals. Passive regeneration use exhaust heat and catalyst to burn the deposited soot but active regeneration use external energy in such as injection of diesel into an upstream DOC to burn the soot. Since the regeneration process consume fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load)becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Simulation results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall PM filtering efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.
Book Synopsis Soot Mass Estimation from Electrical Capacitance Tomography Imaging for a Diesel Particulate Filter by : Salah E. Hassan
Download or read book Soot Mass Estimation from Electrical Capacitance Tomography Imaging for a Diesel Particulate Filter written by Salah E. Hassan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) method has recently been adapted to obtain tomographic images of the cross section of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). However, a soot mass estimation algorithm is still needed to translate the ECT image pixel data to obtain soot load in the DPF. In this research, we propose an estimation method to quantify the soot load in a DPF through an inverse algorithm that uses the ECT images commonly generated by a back-projection algorithm. The grayscale pixel data generated from ECT is used in a matrix equation to estimate the permittivity distribution of the cross section of the DPF. Since these permittivity data has direct correlation with the soot mass present inside the DPF, a permittivity to soot mass distribution relationship is established first. A numerical estimation algorithm is then developed to compute the soot mass accounting for the mass distribution across the cross-section of the DPF as well as the dimension of the DPF along the exhaust flow direction. Firstly, ANSYS Electronic Desktop software is used to compute the capacitance matrix for different amounts of soot filled in the DPF, furthermore it also analyzed different soot distribution types applied to the DPF. The Analysis helped in constructing the sensitivity matrix which was used in the numerical estimation algorithm. Experimental data have been further used to verify the proposed soot estimation algorithm which compares the estimated values with the actual measured soot mass to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Book Synopsis Development, Characterization, and Modeling of an Electronic Particulate Matter Sensor for Internal Combustion Engines by : Timothy Thomas Diller
Download or read book Development, Characterization, and Modeling of an Electronic Particulate Matter Sensor for Internal Combustion Engines written by Timothy Thomas Diller and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. Federal regulations requiring on-board diagnostics of diesel particulate filters have created a demand for compact, inexpensive, fast, and accurate sensors for measuring the particulate matter (PM) content of diesel exhaust. An electronic sensor capable of measuring the carbonaceous fraction (soot) of PM has been developed at The University of Texas at Austin. The behavior and performance of this sensor was characterized in both an older style non-emission controlled diesel engine and a modern heavy-duty diesel certified in 2008 to meet current federal emissions standards. The ability of the sensor to detect particulates at the regulated level of 15 mg/bhp-hr downstream of a leaking particulate filter was demonstrated. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was shown to have a resolution of 0.003 mg/bhp-hr, or 0.005 mg/m3. The sensor operated by measuring the flux of charged particles, ions, and electrons to an electrode immersed in an exhaust gas flow. Two distinct modes of operation were demonstrated. In the first, the sensor detected particles carrying residual charge from the combustion process. In this mode, the sensor was shown to be relatively insensitive to particle morphology and to be sensitive to exhaust gas velocity. In the second, charge carriers (particles, electrons, and ions) were created in the strong electric field produced by a second electrode at high voltage. In this mode, the sensor was found to be relatively insensitive to exhaust gas velocity, but quite sensitive to the orientation of the sensor in the exhaust flow. The size and number density of the particles was found to have a strong influence on the sensor sensitivity: as number density increased with increasing load or decreasing EGR rate, so did sensor sensitivity. Thus, as changes in engine operating condition affect particle morphology, the behavior of the sensor changes. A numerical model of the discharge mechanism in the form of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge was implemented to model the charge creation and transport. The model accurately predicted the nanoamp-level electrode currents produced in a real sensor to within a half order of magnitude with no empirical fits. The model tended to over-predict the sensitivity of sensor output to applied voltage but matched the observed sensitivity within an order of magnitude. Due to the lack of modeling flow field effects it predicted a 250% increase in sensitivity for a gap width reduced by 50% where a comparison of real sensors showed a decrease in sensitivity of 25% with a 50% reduction in gap width.
Book Synopsis Studies of Wall Flow and Soot Deposition in Diesel Particulate Filters by : S. Ganapathi Subbu
Download or read book Studies of Wall Flow and Soot Deposition in Diesel Particulate Filters written by S. Ganapathi Subbu and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development and Testing of a Diesel Particulate Filter with an Electrical Regeneration Starting Module by : Uwe Wagner
Download or read book Development and Testing of a Diesel Particulate Filter with an Electrical Regeneration Starting Module written by Uwe Wagner and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Study of Soot Cake Formation in a Diesel Particulate Filter by : Paul Charbonneau
Download or read book A Study of Soot Cake Formation in a Diesel Particulate Filter written by Paul Charbonneau and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A methodology was developed to dissect diesel particulate filters to study the time effect of loading for two different fuels: ULSD and a biodiesel blend. Filters loaded with soot from a diesel engine for exposure times of 1, 2, 5 and 10 hours were fractured and samples of filter substrates were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Observations revealed the sharp rise in pressure drop to be attributable to the clogging of the pores in the channel wall, leading to the formation of a pore-bridge. Cross sectional imaging of wall sections revealed this pore-bridge to be shallow, with significant particulate depositions limited to the first quarter of the depth of the filter walls. Images revealed increasingly dense deposits and the formation of coarse particles and soot cakes. Raman spectroscopy revealed no significant graphitization of the soot cake. The dissection methodology exhibits significant potential for future studies on DPFs.
Book Synopsis The Development and Application of Techniques for the Measurement and Analysis of Diesel Particulate Emissions by : Carl T. Vuk
Download or read book The Development and Application of Techniques for the Measurement and Analysis of Diesel Particulate Emissions written by Carl T. Vuk and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Progression of Soot Cake Layer Properties During the Systematic Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filters Measured with Neutron Tomography by :
Download or read book Progression of Soot Cake Layer Properties During the Systematic Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filters Measured with Neutron Tomography written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although particulate filters (PFs) have been a key component of the emission control system for modern diesel engines, there remain significant questions about the basic regeneration behavior of the filters and how it changes with accumulation of increasing soot layers. This effort describes a systematic deposition and regeneration of particulate matter in 25-mm diameter × 76-mm long wall-flow PFs composed of silicon carbide (SiC) material. The initial soot distributions were analyzed for soot cake thickness using a nondestructive neutron imaging technique. With the PFs intact, it was then possible to sequentially regenerate the samples and reanalyze them, which was performed after nominal 20, 50, and 70 % regenerations. The loaded samples show a relatively uniform distribution of particulate with an increasing soot cake thickness and nearly identical initial density of 70 mg/cm3. Throughout regeneration, the soot cake thickness initially decreases significantly while the density increases to 80-90 mg/cm3. After ~50 % regeneration, the soot cake thickness stays relatively constant, but instead, the density decreases as pores open up in the layer (~35 mg/cm3 at 70 % regeneration). Complete regeneration initially occurs at the rear of the PF channels. With this information, a conceptual model of the regeneration is proposed.
Book Synopsis Soot Particle Size and Number Density Measurements in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Light Scattering, Radiation, and Extinction by : Dale Reif Tree
Download or read book Soot Particle Size and Number Density Measurements in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Light Scattering, Radiation, and Extinction written by Dale Reif Tree and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of a System Level Soot-NOx Reducing Filter Aftertreatment Device Model by : Andrea Strzelec
Download or read book Development of a System Level Soot-NOx Reducing Filter Aftertreatment Device Model written by Andrea Strzelec and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EOQC-Tagung written by and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Simulation of Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Using Lattice Boltzmann Method by :
Download or read book Simulation of Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Using Lattice Boltzmann Method written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Lattice Boltzmann Method is a novel approach, which has shown promise in solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems including single and multi-phase flows in complex geometries. Volume elements of the fluid domain are considered to be composed of particles and these particles fall under a velocity distribution function at each grid point. Particles collide with each other under the influence of external forces and the rules of collision are defined so as to be compatible with the Navier-Stokes Equation. In the current work, LBM has been applied to Diesel Particulate filters which is a device used for reducing Particulate Matter emissions from diesel engines. Diesel Particulate Filtering (DPF) technologies as they are collectively known, have a two-step mechanism to them. First is the trapping of the particulate matter and second is the regeneration process, which is essentially the cleaning process applied to get rid of the trapped soot with or without the help of catalytic compounds. The deposited soot is oxidized during this regeneration process. This oxidation of soot has been modeled in the current work using LBM. An artificially created porous microstructure as used by authors in some earlier works has been used to simulate the flow of fluid, which is considered to have a specified mass fraction of soot for different runs of the simulation. The velocity and concentration fields have been modeled with a D2Q9 lattice arrangement and the temperature field with a D2Q4 arrangement. The numerical code is developed using C. Flow over a heated cylinder has been modeled as a benchmark case. The pressure, velocity, temperature and concentration contours for the disordered media are compared with published work.
Book Synopsis Modeling & Analysis of PM Sensor Signals for Diesel Particulate Filter Health Diagnosis by : Dieter Bender
Download or read book Modeling & Analysis of PM Sensor Signals for Diesel Particulate Filter Health Diagnosis written by Dieter Bender and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Radio Frequency Studies of Soot Loading and Ammonia Storage on a Diesel Particulate Filter with a SCR Catalyst Coating by :
Download or read book Radio Frequency Studies of Soot Loading and Ammonia Storage on a Diesel Particulate Filter with a SCR Catalyst Coating written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : The radio frequency (RF) measurement technique has been shown to be a viable method for measurement of the amount of soot loaded onto DPF's [1] and the amount of NH3 stored on SCR catalysts [2]. In one of the configurations, a microwave resonant cavity is formed by the metal can encasing the enclosed catalyst. Two metal probes acting as antennas are placed on either side of the catalyst. Power transmitted between the antennas is monitored as the frequency of the signal is swept. At certain frequencies, resonance is achieved. Measurements of the resonance frequencies, amplitude at resonance, and the mean amplitude over a frequency range give information regarding dielectric properties of the catalyst. We show how the RF response is influenced by soot and NH3 loading on the SDPF. We demonstrate the comparative responses and show how the soot loading can be determined with little influence by the stored NH3.
Book Synopsis Development of a Multi-electrode Capacitance Sensor with a Flexible Excitation Field Tomographic Imaging and Concentration Measurement by : D. X. L. Dupuy
Download or read book Development of a Multi-electrode Capacitance Sensor with a Flexible Excitation Field Tomographic Imaging and Concentration Measurement written by D. X. L. Dupuy and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of a Diesel Particulate Filter by : Paul C. Cousins
Download or read book Development of a Diesel Particulate Filter written by Paul C. Cousins and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fibre Optic Sensors for PEM Fuel Cells by : Nigel David
Download or read book Fibre Optic Sensors for PEM Fuel Cells written by Nigel David and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fibre-optic sensing techniques for application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) are presented in this thesis. Temperature, relative humidity (RH) and air-water two-phase flow sensors are developed and demonstrated based on optical fibre Bragg gratings (FBG). Bragg gratings offer the following characteristics that warrant their development for application in PEMFCs: small size, environmental compatibility and the possibility of multiplexed multi-parameter sensing. Contributions of this work are in novel sensor development and implementation strategies. Important installation design considerations include the sensor proximity to the catalyst layer, sensor strain relief and minimal bending of the fibre. With these considerations, the dynamic and steady-state performance of FBG temperature sensors distributed throughout the flow-field of a single cell PEMFC was validated with a co-located micro-thermocouple. In the development of FBGs for in situ measurement of relative humidity, a polyimide-coated FBG based RH sensor is presented with significantly improved response time and sensitivity over previously reported designs. The RH inside a PEMFC under transient operating conditions is monitored. Step increases in current induce significantly larger increases in RH near the outlet than near the inlet of the cell, and associated transients within the fuel cell are found on a time scale approaching the sensor response time. Finally, to complete the suite of FBG sensors for water management in PEMFCs, an evanescent field based FBG sensor embedded in a microchannel for the measurement of two-phase flow dynamics is presented. Using high speed video for validation, it is established that the novel sensor enables the measurement of droplet average velocity and size in flow regimes representative of an operating fuel cell.
