Development of a Dynamic Rumen and Gastro-intestinal Model in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to Predict the Nutrient Supply and Requirements of Dairy Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 626 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Dynamic Rumen and Gastro-intestinal Model in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to Predict the Nutrient Supply and Requirements of Dairy Cattle by : Ryan John Higgs

Download or read book Development of a Dynamic Rumen and Gastro-intestinal Model in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to Predict the Nutrient Supply and Requirements of Dairy Cattle written by Ryan John Higgs and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high value of milk protein, increasing feed costs, and growing concern for the environment has made nitrogen utilization a central component in ration balancing on dairy farms. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a nutritional model that enables the formulation of diets that closely match predicted animal requirements. The CNCPS includes a library of approximately 800 different ingredients which provide the platform for describing the chemical composition of the diet. The objectives of this research were 1) to review and update the chemical composition of feeds in the feed library, 2) develop new capability within the model to predict nitrogen and amino acid supply and requirements and, 3) investigate the potential to improve nitrogen utilization in high producing dairy cows through using the new model to formulate diets precisely to animal requirements. The feed library was updated using a procedure that combined linear regression, matrix regression and genetic algorithm optimization to predict uncertain values. Each feed was evaluated and updated where required to be consistent with data from commercial laboratories. Amino acid profiles were also updated using contemporary datasets. A new, dynamic version of the rumen and gastro-intestinal (GIT) submodel was constructed in the system dynamics modeling software Vensim®. The new model included, among other things, estimations of protozoal growth, endogenous N transactions along the entire GIT and a new system to estimate N digestion in the small intestine. Relative to measured data, the model was able to predict the flows of microbial, un-degraded feed, and total non-ammonia N with a high degree of accuracy and precision (R2 = 0.97, 0.90 and 0.98, respectively). Lactating dairy cows fed diets formulated to be adequate in rumen N and EAA supply using the model were able to produce>40 kg milk on diets

Models to Predict Ruminal Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Supply and Nitrogen Excretion in Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Models to Predict Ruminal Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Supply and Nitrogen Excretion in Cattle by : Cristina Lanzas

Download or read book Models to Predict Ruminal Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Supply and Nitrogen Excretion in Cattle written by Cristina Lanzas and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To mitigate the negative environmental impact of farming, it is important that diets are formulated to accurately match requirements. For that, an adequate characterization of feed composition and its variability is crucial. The original Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein (CNCPS) feed carbohydrate and protein fractionation schemes were evaluated and modified to improve predictions of the rumen degradable protein (RDP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and microbial protein supply. For carbohydrates, a new expanded scheme was developed; the CA1 is volatile fatty acids (VFA), CA2 is lactic acid, CA3 is other organic acids, CA4 is sugars, CB1 is starch, CB2 is soluble fiber, CB3 is available neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and CC is unavailable NDF. The expanded scheme accounted for more variation in changes in silage quality and non-fiber carbohydrate composition. The CNCPS and National Research Council (NRC) protein schemes were evaluated using Monte Carlo techniques. Both schemes shared similar limitations including (1) the range of RDP and RUP was over-predicted; (2) the methods used to estimate degradation rates had low accuracy and repeatability, and (3) the assumptions underlying the kinetic models were too restrictive to mimic ruminal digestion. The CNCPS protein scheme was revised and alternative schemes were developed. Predictions of RDP and RUP were improved by assigning rates obtained with the inhibitory in vitro system to a combined insoluble protein B fraction, or by redefining A and B1 fractions as the non amino-N and amino-N in the soluble fraction, respectively. Urea recycled to the rumen may represent an important source of N for microbes. A dynamic mechanistic model was developed to be used as a component of ration formulation models to predict N recycling to the GIT and urinary urea N. Recycling processes were modeled as positive feedbacks, while renal excretion was modeled as a negative feedback. Both processes were assumed to be regulated by N intake. Model simulations suggested that accurately accounting for urea recycled to the rumen reduces degradable nitrogen needed in the diet, and the use of the NRC 1985 empirical equation to predict urea recycling to the rumen may greatly underestimate recycling in lactating dairy cows. (Abstract).

Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways: Where We Are, and Where Are We Heading

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889454266
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways: Where We Are, and Where Are We Heading by : Emilio M. Ungerfeld

Download or read book Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways: Where We Are, and Where Are We Heading written by Emilio M. Ungerfeld and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-03-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants were domesticated in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago and have since become an inseparable part of human diet, society, and culture. Ruminants can transform inedible plant fiber and non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk, wool and traction, thus allowing human utilization of non-tillable land and industrial by-products. The nutritional flexibility of ruminants is conferred by the rumen´s complex microbial community. Driven by rising income and population growth in emergent economies, the global demand for livestock products, including milk and meat from ruminants, has been increasingly growing, and is predicted to continue growing in the next few decades. The increase in production necessary to satisfy this rising demand is putting much pressure on already dwindling natural resources. There are also concerns about the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, potent greenhouse gases associated to ruminant production. The need to make ruminant production more efficient in the use of natural resources poses a big challenge to ruminant science, and within it, rumen microbiology. Recent years have seen important advances in basic and applied rumen microbiology and biochemistry. The knowledge generated has significant implications for the efficiency and sustainability of ruminant production and the quality of ruminant products for human health. The present compilation is an update of recent advances in rumen microbiology and ruminant digestion and fermentation, including original research, reviews, and hypothesis and theory articles. We hope that the experimental results, discussion, models and ideas presented herein are useful to foster future research contributing to sustainable ruminant production.

Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780412591600
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism by : R.L. Baldwin

Download or read book Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism written by R.L. Baldwin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995-05-31 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of mminants in human food production; Whyan animal scientist would choose to model animal systems; Basic organization of this book; Modeling principIes and terminology; Classification of models; Objectives in modeling; The modeling process I objective statements, block diagrams, equation forms and parameterization; Steps in modeling; Setting the modeling objective; Block diagrams; Formulation of mathematical statements; Development of numerical inputs; The modeling process II - solution algorithms, model evaluations and parameter estimation; Model solution algorithms; Evaluation of management and research models; Evaluation and use of analytical models for parameter estimation; Decision support software; Animal energetic models; Thermodynamic concepts in nutrition; Historical development of bases for feeding system models; Energy requirements for maintenance and production; Equations used to estimate maintenance and costs of production; Components of maintenanace; Protein and amino acid models; Current protein and amino acid systems; Analytic models of amino aicd and protein metabolism; Dynamic modeling; Biology and algebraic models of ruminant digestion; The rumen microbes and their metabolism; Balance models of ruminant digestion; An analytical model of rumen digestion; Microbial growth elements; Biology and algebraic models of growth; Classical equations for growth; Nutritional models of growth; Concepts of lhe basic biology of growth used in mechanistic models; Biology of lactation; Decent evolution of feeding systems for lactating dairy cattle; An analytical model of nutrient transactions during lactation; Dynamic models of ruminant digestion; Early dynamic models; Current dynamic models; Dynamic models of ruminant adipose tissue metabolism; Evolution of steady-state balance model; Radioisotope tracer elemets; Dynamic models of ruminant mammary metabolism; Development of model inputs and initial parameters; Descriptions of a model of mammary gland metabolism; Dynamic models of liver and viscera metabolism; Overall structure and notation; Mechanistic, dynamic models of growth; Beef growth models; Sheep growth and metabolism model; Lactation Background on MOLL Y. CSL; The program MOLL Y. CSL; Evaluation and use of a growth and lactation model; Behavioral analyses; Sensitivity analyses; Bioeconomic analyse.

Evaluation of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System with Dairy Cattle Consuming Fresh Forages and Diets Deficient in Nitrogen

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System with Dairy Cattle Consuming Fresh Forages and Diets Deficient in Nitrogen by : Rodrigo Ruiz

Download or read book Evaluation of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System with Dairy Cattle Consuming Fresh Forages and Diets Deficient in Nitrogen written by Rodrigo Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Development and Evaluation of Models for the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: 1. Feed Libraries, 2. Ruminal Nitrogen and Branched-chain Volatile Fatty Acid Deficiencies, 3. Diet Optimization, 4. Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Growth

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780493206073
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Models for the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: 1. Feed Libraries, 2. Ruminal Nitrogen and Branched-chain Volatile Fatty Acid Deficiencies, 3. Diet Optimization, 4. Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Growth by : Luis Orlindo Tedeschi

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Models for the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: 1. Feed Libraries, 2. Ruminal Nitrogen and Branched-chain Volatile Fatty Acid Deficiencies, 3. Diet Optimization, 4. Energy Requirement for Maintenance and Growth written by Luis Orlindo Tedeschi and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Models were developed and evaluated for application within the structure of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) to improve its' usefulness in Latin America. In Chapter 2, it was demonstrated that published tabular values are not reliable in predicting feed energy values in specific production situations. When tested with animal performance, the r2 of observed versus predicted ADG using tabular, Weiss, and CNCPS TDN were 0.61, 0.73, and 0.80 for ME allowable ADG. In Chapter 3, published data were used to develop a library of feeds common to Latin America for the CNCPS model. The TDN predicted with level 2 agreed with those predicted by the Weiss equation (r2 = 93%). In Chapter 4, practical laboratory procedures for determining the amino acid content of ruminally-undegraded protein were examined in 14 forages. No difference was observed between the AA profile of the original forage and that of the insoluble protein (P> 0.05). In Chapter 5, a model developed to adjust the CNCPS prediction of fiber digestion and microbial protein from ruminally-degraded carbohydrate to accommodate a ruminal N deficiency was presented. The evaluation indicated the adjustment decreased the CNCPS overprediction of ADG from 19.2 to 4.7%. A model to adjust for branched-chain AA deficiency was proposed in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7 the N deficiency model was evaluated with steers fed N deficient diets alone or with no supplemental N or supplemented with a slow release urea product (O) or urea (U). The CNCPS accounted for 91% of the variation in ADG with a 6% bias, and there was no advantage of feeding O compared to U. In Chapter 8, a model to optimize diets with linear programming within the CNCPS structure was presented. Chapter 9 presented the energy requirements for maintenance and growth for Nellore cattle. The net energy requirement for maintenance was 76 kcal/kg0.75 EBW, but ME to NE efficiency was greater for steers than bulls (70.6 and 65.2, respectively). Chapter 10 presented a growth model developed to predict body weight and body fat.

INRA feeding system for ruminants

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 908686872X
Total Pages : 639 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (868 download)

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Book Synopsis INRA feeding system for ruminants by : INRA

Download or read book INRA feeding system for ruminants written by INRA and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.

Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition

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Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1845933540
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (459 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition by : J. France

Download or read book Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition written by J. France and published by CABI. This book was released on 2008 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of each of the subsequent chapters of this book is to promulgate quantitative approaches concerned with elucidating mechanisms in a particular area of the nutrition of ruminants, pigs, poultry, fish or pets. Given the diverse scientific backgrounds of the contributors of each chapter (the chapters in the book are arranged according to subject area), the imposition of a rigid format for presenting mathematical material has been eschewed, though basic mathematical conventions are adhered to.

Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants

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Publisher : CSIRO PUBLISHING
ISBN 13 : 0643092625
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants by : Mike Freer

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants written by Mike Freer and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2007 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This publication represents a revision of the report entitled 'Feeding standards for Australian livestock. Ruminants' that was issued in 1990 by CSIRO Publishing in conjunction with the Standing Committee on Agriculture"--Introduction.

Development and Evaluation of Feed Intake and Energy Balance Prediction Models for Lactating Dairy Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Feed Intake and Energy Balance Prediction Models for Lactating Dairy Cattle by : Dwight Kenneth Roseler

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Feed Intake and Energy Balance Prediction Models for Lactating Dairy Cattle written by Dwight Kenneth Roseler and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant

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Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801427725
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (277 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant by : Peter J. Van Soest

Download or read book Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant written by Peter J. Van Soest and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monumental text-reference places in clear persepctive the importance of nutritional assessments to the ecology and biology of ruminants and other nonruminant herbivorous mammals. Now extensively revised and significantly expanded, it reflects the changes and growth in ruminant nutrition and related ecology since 1982. Among the subjects Peter J. Van Soest covers are nutritional constraints, mineral nutrition, rumen fermentation, microbial ecology, utilization of fibrous carbohydrates, application of ruminant precepts to fermentive digestion in nonruminants, as well as taxonomy, evolution, nonruminant competitors, gastrointestinal anatomies, feeding behavior, and problems fo animal size. He also discusses methods of evaluation, nutritive value, physical struture and chemical composition of feeds, forages, and broses, the effects of lignification, and ecology of plant self-protection, in addition to metabolism of energy, protein, lipids, control of feed intake, mathematical models of animal function, digestive flow, and net energy. Van Soest has introduced a number of changes in this edition, including new illustrations and tables. He places nutritional studies in historical context to show not only the effectiveness of nutritional approaches but also why nutrition is of fundamental importance to issues of world conservation. He has extended precepts of ruminant nutritional ecology to such distant adaptations as the giant panda and streamlined conceptual issues in a clearer logical progression, with emphasis on mechanistic causal interrelationships. Peter J. Van Soest is Professor of Animal Nutrition in the Department of Animal Science and the Division of Nutritional Sciences at the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University.

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309069971
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle by : National Research Council

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs.

Metabolic Modifiers

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Publisher : National Academies
ISBN 13 : 0309049970
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Metabolic Modifiers by : National Research Council

Download or read book Metabolic Modifiers written by National Research Council and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past decade, animal scientists have learned that administering recombinantly derived somatotropin (growth hormone) to cows improves milk production and that giving beta-adrenergic agonists to meat animals improves productivity and leanness. In order for these metabolic modifiers to yield benefits, however, sound management of the animals' nutrition is necessary. This volume reports on how these substances work in the animals' metabolism, what effects they might have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock, and what information should be developed further by investigators. The book explores the current understanding of the biology, structure, mechanisms of action, and treatment effects of somatotropin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and anabolic steroids. A companion volume to the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals series, this authoritative volume will be required reading for animal scientists, researchers, veterinarians, livestock farmers, and faculty and students in university animal veterinary science programs.

Application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System on a Pasture-based Dairy Farm

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System on a Pasture-based Dairy Farm by : Paul Edward Cerosaletti

Download or read book Application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System on a Pasture-based Dairy Farm written by Paul Edward Cerosaletti and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy Nutrition in Ruminants

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400907516
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Nutrition in Ruminants by : E.R. Orskov

Download or read book Energy Nutrition in Ruminants written by E.R. Orskov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to be a companion volume to 'Protein Nutrition in Ruminants' (1982, Academic Press), which emphasized both the role of proteins and new systems for their evaluation. Here the focus is on energy-yielding nutrients and problems involved in evaluating them. Nonetheless in both volumes there is explicit recognition of the interdependence of energy and protein nutrition. I have not attempted to review comprehensively all the literature relating to ruminant energy nutrition and must apologize to colleagues whose work is not fully reported. Where possible tables and figures are taken from the studies of our group at the Rowett Research Institute since, if for no other reason, I am most familiar with these data. I have first considered the nutrition of the newborn and have stressed the role of behaviour 'in determining whether nutrients enter or bypass the rumen. The development of the rumen, the of anaerobic fermentation and the roles of various principles . species of rumen bacteria, protozoa and fungi in relation to different substrates, are summarized. This is followed by accounts of the factors affecting the utilization of different substrates and the v vi Preface absorption and metabolism of the end-products of fermentation and digestion, together with estimates of digestive capacity in various segments of the gut. The ruminant's requirements for energy-yielding nutrients is considered in relation to the per formance of various activities and to environmental conditions, particular attention being paid to the requirement for glucose precursors.

Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483103536
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition by : W Haresign

Download or read book Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition written by W Haresign and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Developments in Ruminant Nutrition presents papers that discuss the advancement of the different areas of ruminant nutrition. The book is comprised of 20 chapters that cover topics, such as reproduction, diet, and nutrition. The coverage of the text includes growth stimulation in ruminants; protein quantity and quality for the U.K. dairy cow; and complete-diet feeding of dairy cows. The book also covers rumen fermentation related topics, such as influence of nitrogen and carbohydrate inputs on rumen fermentation; aspects of the biochemistry of rumen fermentation and their implication in ruminant productivity; and manipulation of rumen fermentation. The text will be of great use to researchers and professionals in the animal husbandry industry.

Development and Initial Testing of an Improved Model for Prediction of Daily Microbial Nitrogen Flow from the Rumen of the Dairy Cow

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Development and Initial Testing of an Improved Model for Prediction of Daily Microbial Nitrogen Flow from the Rumen of the Dairy Cow by : Mary Beth Roe

Download or read book Development and Initial Testing of an Improved Model for Prediction of Daily Microbial Nitrogen Flow from the Rumen of the Dairy Cow written by Mary Beth Roe and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: