Determination of Heritability of Yield and Other Agronomic Traits of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (138 download)

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Book Synopsis Determination of Heritability of Yield and Other Agronomic Traits of Maize (Zea Mays L.) by : Walter Elizalde-Ramos

Download or read book Determination of Heritability of Yield and Other Agronomic Traits of Maize (Zea Mays L.) written by Walter Elizalde-Ramos and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Estimation of Heritability in Maize by Parent-offspring Regression

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimation of Heritability in Maize by Parent-offspring Regression by : Matthew David Smalley

Download or read book Estimation of Heritability in Maize by Parent-offspring Regression written by Matthew David Smalley and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most economically important traits in maize (Zea mays L.) have complex, environmentally influenced inheritance controlled by many genes. Thus heritability estimation of characters in a population enables breeders to predict gain from selection and choose the most appropriate breeding method. Parent-offspring regression is an often-used method to estimate heritability in the narrow sense on a single plant basis. The objective of this study was to estimate heritability in maize using parent-offspring regression for the traits, grain yield, ear height, plant height, and tassel branch number. One hundred cycle 0, S0 prolific parents were randomly selected, self pollinated, and measured for the characters of interest. S1 progenies were grown ear-to-row in replicated plots. Ten progeny plants were measured for the traits of interest and averaged to produce a progeny mean that was regressed on the parental data to derive heritability estimates for the four traits. Estimates for yield differed between populations but generally were less than 0.10. Estimates for ear and plant height and number of tassel branches were consistently more than 0.50. Heritability estimates were also calculated from variance components. Mass selection is not expected to be efficient in these two populations for yield, but should be progressive for ear and plant height and number of tassel branches.

Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471870920
Total Pages : 698 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research by : Kwanchai A. Gomez

Download or read book Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research written by Kwanchai A. Gomez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1984-02-17 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here in one easy-to-understand volume are the statistical procedures and techniques the agricultural researcher needs to know in order to design, implement, analyze, and interpret the results of most experiments with crops. Designed specifically for the non-statistician, this valuable guide focuses on the practical problems of the field researcher. Throughout, it emphasizes the use of statistics as a tool of research—one that will help pinpoint research problems and select remedial measures. Whenever possible, mathematical formulations and statistical jargon are avoided. Originally published by the International Rice Research Institute, this widely respected guide has been totally updated and much expanded in this Second Edition. It now features new chapters on the analysis of multi-observation data and experiments conducted over time and space. Also included is a chapter on experiments in farmers' fields, a subject of major concern in developing countries where agricultural research is commonly conducted outside experiment stations. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, Second Edition will prove equally useful to students and professional researchers in all agricultural and biological disciplines. A wealth of examples of actual experiments help readers to choose the statistical method best suited for their needs, and enable even the most complicated procedures to be easily understood and directly applied. An International Rice Research Institute Book

Developing Drought and Low N-tolerant Maize

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Publisher : CIMMYT
ISBN 13 : 9789686923933
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing Drought and Low N-tolerant Maize by : G. O. Edmeades

Download or read book Developing Drought and Low N-tolerant Maize written by G. O. Edmeades and published by CIMMYT. This book was released on 1996 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incidence and intensity of drought and low N stresss in the tropics; Case studies strategies for crop production under drought and low n stresses in the tropics; Stress physology and identification of secondary traits; Physiology of low nitrogen stress; Breeding for tolerance to drought and low n stresses; General breeding strategies for stress tolerance; Progress in breeding drought tolerance; Progress in breeding low nitrogen tolerance; Experimental design and software.

Crop Yield

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364258554X
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Crop Yield by : Donald L. Smith

Download or read book Crop Yield written by Donald L. Smith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been prepared for those seeking a better understanding of the functioning of crop plants, particularly the processes that lead to the genera tion of products valued by human beings. The contributors, who are among the world's foremost experts on the important crops upon which humanity depends for food or fibre, address the relevant processes for their specific crop. Currently, the world population is continuing to increase. It is projected to plateau around the middle of the next century, and while there is considerable controversy regarding the population level when this plateau is achieved, most estimates are in the area of 10 000 000 000. At present, there are about 800000000 people in the world who do not have secure access to food. Over the last 50 years various aspects of agricultural research have been combined to increase the output of world crops approximately 2.5-fold. Given the need to feed the increasing population, and to provide better access, it is predicted that during the next 50 years the agricultural research community must repeat this achievement.

Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441907661
Total Pages : 669 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding by : Arnel R. Hallauer

Download or read book Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding written by Arnel R. Hallauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-28 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is used in an endless list of products that are directly or indirectly related to human nutrition and food security. Maize is grown in producer farms, farmers depend on genetically improved cultivars, and maize breeders develop improved maize cultivars for farmers. Nikolai I. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized. As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions (e.g., improved populations, inbred lines, and their hybrids for different types of markets). Maize breeding is the science of maize cultivar development. Public investment in maize breeding from 1865 to 1996 was $3 billion (Crosbie et al., 2004) and the return on investment was $260 billion as a consequence of applied maize breeding, even without full understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis. The principles of quantitative genetics have been successfully applied by maize breeders worldwide to adapt and improve germplasm sources of cultivars for very simple traits (e.g. maize flowering) and very complex ones (e.g., grain yield). For instance, genomic efforts have isolated early-maturing genes and QTL for potential MAS but very simple and low cost phenotypic efforts have caused significant and fast genetic progress across genotypes moving elite tropical and late temperate maize northward with minimal investment. Quantitative genetics has allowed the integration of pre-breeding with cultivar development by characterizing populations genetically, adapting them to places never thought of (e.g., tropical to short-seasons), improving them by all sorts of intra- and inter-population recurrent selection methods, extracting lines with more probability of success, and exploiting inbreeding and heterosis. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding has improved the odds of developing outstanding maize cultivars from genetically broad based improved populations such as B73. The inbred-hybrid concept in maize was a public sector invention 100 years ago and it is still considered one of the greatest achievements in plant breeding. Maize hybrids grown by farmers today are still produced following this methodology and there is still no limit to genetic improvement when most genes are targeted in the breeding process. Heterotic effects are unique for each hybrid and exotic genetic materials (e.g., tropical, early maturing) carry useful alleles for complex traits not present in the B73 genome just sequenced while increasing the genetic diversity of U.S. hybrids. Breeding programs based on classical quantitative genetics and selection methods will be the basis for proving theoretical approaches on breeding plans based on molecular markers. Mating designs still offer large sample sizes when compared to QTL approaches and there is still a need to successful integration of these methods. There is a need to increase the genetic diversity of maize hybrids available in the market (e.g., there is a need to increase the number of early maturing testers in the northern U.S.). Public programs can still develop new and genetically diverse products not available in industry. However, public U.S. maize breeding programs have either been discontinued or are eroding because of decreasing state and federal funding toward basic science. Future significant genetic gains in maize are dependent on the incorporation of useful and unique genetic diversity not available in industry (e.g., NDSU EarlyGEM lines). The integration of pre-breeding methods with cultivar development should enhance future breeding efforts to maintain active public breeding programs not only adapting and improving genetically broad-based germplasm but also developing unique products and training the next generation of maize breeders producing research dissertations directly linked to breeding programs. This is especially important in areas where commercial hybrids are not locally bred. More than ever public and private institutions are encouraged to cooperate in order to share breeding rights, research goals, winter nurseries, managed stress environments, and latest technology for the benefit of producing the best possible hybrids for farmers with the least cost. We have the opportunity to link both classical and modern technology for the benefit of breeding in close cooperation with industry without the need for investing in academic labs and time (e.g., industry labs take a week vs months/years in academic labs for the same work). This volume, as part of the Handbook of Plant Breeding series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security. Without breeding programs continuously developing improved germplasm, no technology can develop improved cultivars. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding presents principles and data that can be applied to maximize genetic improvement of germplasm and develop superior genotypes in different crops. The topics included should be of interest of graduate students and breeders conducting research not only on breeding and selection methods but also developing pure lines and hybrid cultivars in crop species. This volume is a unique and permanent contribution to breeders, geneticists, students, policy makers, and land-grant institutions still promoting quality research in applied plant breeding as opposed to promoting grant monies and indirect costs at any short-term cost. The book is dedicated to those who envision the development of the next generation of cultivars with less need of water and inputs, with better nutrition; and with higher percentages of exotic germplasm as well as those that pursue independent research goals before searching for funding. Scientists are encouraged to use all possible breeding methodologies available (e.g., transgenics, classical breeding, MAS, and all possible combinations could be used with specific sound long and short-term goals on mind) once germplasm is chosen making wise decisions with proven and scientifically sound technologies for assisting current breeding efforts depending on the particular trait under selection. Arnel R. Hallauer is C. F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture (Emeritus) at Iowa State University (ISU). Dr. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since 1958. His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs, industry, and students and was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Hallauer is a native of Kansas, USA. José B. Miranda Filho is full-professor in the Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University of São Paulo located at Piracicaba, Brazil. His research interests have emphasized development of quantitative genetic theory and its application to maize breeding. Miranda Filho is native of Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. M.J. Carena is professor of plant sciences at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Carena has led maize-breeding research for short-season maturity at NDSU since 1999. This program is currently one the of the few public U.S. programs left integrating pre-breeding with cultivar development and training in applied maize breeding. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Carena is a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/faculty/Carena.htm

Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield and Associated Traits in Some Selected Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea Mays L.).

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield and Associated Traits in Some Selected Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea Mays L.). by : M. Surya Prakash

Download or read book Genetic Analysis of Grain Yield and Associated Traits in Some Selected Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea Mays L.). written by M. Surya Prakash and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

GGE Biplot Analysis

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420040375
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis GGE Biplot Analysis by : Weikai Yan

Download or read book GGE Biplot Analysis written by Weikai Yan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-08-28 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research data is expensive and precious, yet it is seldom fully utilized due to our ability of comprehension. Graphical display is desirable, if not absolutely necessary, for fully understanding large data sets with complex interconnectedness and interactions. The newly developed GGE biplot methodology is a superior approach to the graphical analys

Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: From theory to practice

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Publisher : CIMMYT
ISBN 13 : 9706480463
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: From theory to practice by : M. Bänzinger

Download or read book Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: From theory to practice written by M. Bänzinger and published by CIMMYT. This book was released on 2000 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction - why breed for drought and low N tolerance?; Conceptual framework - breeding; Conventional approaches to improving the drought and low N tolerance of maize; Conventional approaches challenged; The challenge of breeding for drought and low N tolerance; Maize under drought and low N stress; Conceptual framework - physiology; Water and the maize plant; Nitrogen and the maize plant; Maize under drought and low N stress - consequences for breeding; Stress management; Drought; Low N stress; Statistical designs and layout of experiments; Increasing the number of replicates; Improved statistical designs; Field layout; Border effects from alleys; Secondary traits; Why use secondary traits?; How do we decide on the value of secondary traits in a drought or low N breeding program?; Secondary traits that help to identify drought tolerance; Secondary traits that help to identify low N tolerance: Selection indices - Combining information on secondary traits with grain yield; Combining information from various experiments; Breeding strategies; Choice of germplasm; Breeding schemes; Biotechnology: potential and constraints for improving drought and low N tolerance; The role of the farmer in selection; What is farmer participatory research and why is it important?; What is new about farmer participatory research?; Participatory methodologies.

Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops

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ISBN 13 : 9780891185499
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (854 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops by : J. G. Coors

Download or read book Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops written by J. G. Coors and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore the momentous contributions of hybrid crop varieties with worldwide experts. Topics include an overview, quantitative genetics, genetic diversity, biochemistry and molecular biology, methodologies, commercial strategies, and examples from numerous crops.

Genetically Engineered Crops

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309437385
Total Pages : 607 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetically Engineered Crops by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Genetically Engineered Crops written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-01-28 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetically engineered (GE) crops were first introduced commercially in the 1990s. After two decades of production, some groups and individuals remain critical of the technology based on their concerns about possible adverse effects on human health, the environment, and ethical considerations. At the same time, others are concerned that the technology is not reaching its potential to improve human health and the environment because of stringent regulations and reduced public funding to develop products offering more benefits to society. While the debate about these and other questions related to the genetic engineering techniques of the first 20 years goes on, emerging genetic-engineering technologies are adding new complexities to the conversation. Genetically Engineered Crops builds on previous related Academies reports published between 1987 and 2010 by undertaking a retrospective examination of the purported positive and adverse effects of GE crops and to anticipate what emerging genetic-engineering technologies hold for the future. This report indicates where there are uncertainties about the economic, agronomic, health, safety, or other impacts of GE crops and food, and makes recommendations to fill gaps in safety assessments, increase regulatory clarity, and improve innovations in and access to GE technology.

Multi-Location Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Maize Hybrids

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (865 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-Location Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Maize Hybrids by : Michael Cody McKee

Download or read book Multi-Location Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Maize Hybrids written by Michael Cody McKee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main crops grown in the United States. Genetic improvement over the last century has seen a shift from using open-pollinated varieties to single cross hybrids. This has resulted in major grain yield gains and improved management methodologies. However, there is still concern about reduced genetic diversity in elite corn germplasm and the potential effects this could have on future maize productivity in the presence of numerous abiotic and biotic pressures. One solution to this issue is the incorporation of exotic germplasm into existing maize improvement programs. This exotic material must be evaluated and characterized because too much or poorly matched exotic material can lead to reduced productivity. The use of multiple environments representative to the target improvement area is the best way to determine the true potential of certain material. The objectives of this research were to: i) estimate the responses of hybrids to aflatoxin and their agronomic performance across a range of environments under inoculation with Aspergillus flavus; ii) identify the hybrids within each group that exhibit the lowest levels of contamination; iii) analyze the relationship between agronomic performance and aflatoxin accumulation; and iv) determine how Genotype x Environment interactions affect these traits. Agronomic data was collected in ten Texas environments in 2005 for hybrids created from yellow, white, and Quality Protein Maize material that was crossed with one of two elite temperate inbred testers, LH195 or LH210. Response to aflatoxin was measured in eight of these environments. U.S. commercial hybrids were used as checks. Significant differences between hybrids were observed at different environments for different traits. Overall the experimental hybrids had lower aflatoxin accumulation than the commercial checks. They also yielded lower and had lower test weights and 1000 kernel weights. However, there were some hybrids that were competitive with the commercial checks for these agronomic traits. The incorporation of this material into established U.S. lines could be beneficial with regards to aflatoxin accumulation and kernel quality, which could ultimately translate to higher yields and crop quality. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148414

An Analysis of Genetic Variation in Complex Traits of Maize

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis An Analysis of Genetic Variation in Complex Traits of Maize by : Jason Andrew Peiffer

Download or read book An Analysis of Genetic Variation in Complex Traits of Maize written by Jason Andrew Peiffer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a complex crop. Governed by the universal processes of evolution that dictate the differential reproduction of all life, maize germplasm has been gradually adapted to better suit societal needs through domestication and breeding. However, these modifications were largely accomplished with little knowledge of the genetic architecture or molecular mechanics of its traits. Investigating the reaches of the rhizosphere to the top of the tassel, the following studies analyze the natural variation of complex maize traits to better understand both their means and degree of inheritance. First, the heritability and environmental specificity of maize-microbe interactions were estimated by pyrosequence profiling 16s rRNA gene amplicons from rhizosphere bacterial populations of diverse inbreds grown in multiple maize field environments. We found substantial variation in bacterial diversity was attributable to environment. Nonetheless, a small but significant proportion of variation was heritable. While kinship inferred from a simple additive model assuming contributions from all polymorphisms did not explain this heritable variation, its discovery is a step toward identifying those genes responsible for novel plantmicrobe interactions in natural environments. Second, maize stalk strength variation was analyzed to delineate the accuracy of genomic prediction in a low heritability trait. While few robust loci were associated with stalk strength, a significant proportion of heritable variation was captured by kinship among the inbreds. This revealed the efficacy of genomic prediction and suggested the potential to accurately predict other low heritability phenotypes such as yield. These and similar efforts to facilitate the selection of genotyped seed with desirable qualities before planting will enhance breeding efficiency. Finally, variation in the most classic and heritable of complex traits, maize height was partitioned to reveal its genetic architecture and pleiotropy with other traits such as flowering time and node counts. As anticipated height was highly polygenic and well captured by kinship; however, an interesting finding was the lacking concordance between mapped loci and those established through previous cloning efforts. Equally intriguing was the paucity of pleiotropic loci identified for height and flowering time. These findings reveal the potential for independent evolvability of these traits during maize breeding.

Genetic Analysis of Oil and Grain Yield in Maize (Zea Mays ;L.)through L X T Design

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetic Analysis of Oil and Grain Yield in Maize (Zea Mays ;L.)through L X T Design by : B. Tagoor Varma

Download or read book Genetic Analysis of Oil and Grain Yield in Maize (Zea Mays ;L.)through L X T Design written by B. Tagoor Varma and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Introduction to Quantitative Genetics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Quantitative Genetics by : Douglas Scott Falconer

Download or read book Introduction to Quantitative Genetics written by Douglas Scott Falconer and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lastest edition of this classic text continues to provide the basis for understanding the genetic principles behind quantitative differences in phenotypes and how they apply to animal and plant improvement and evolution. It extends these concepts to the segregation of genes that cause genetic variation in quantitative traits. Key techniques and methods are also covered.

Maize research for stress environments

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Publisher : CIMMYT
ISBN 13 : 9789686923513
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Maize research for stress environments by :

Download or read book Maize research for stress environments written by and published by CIMMYT. This book was released on 1995 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation

Download Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation PDF Online Free

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation by : Dylan Schoemaker

Download or read book Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation written by Dylan Schoemaker and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important crop species sold as a hybrid and is a model system for both genetics and plant breeding research. The maize breeding process involves identification of new inbred lines, followed by the identification and production of commercial hybrids from crosses of inbreds. Genomic selection and evaluation of hybrid phenotypes are important components of this process. In this dissertation, I use a large multi-environment trial dataset to explore the impact of resource allocation when developing genomic prediction models. Resource-efficient training sets can be developed using three to five environments and a single tester to predict both plant height and grain yield. A second study in my dissertation focused on prediction of hybrid combinations and the importance of general and specific combining ability in identifying new hybrids. The results demonstrated that hybrids with the greatest grain yield result from parents with a high general combining ability, but hybrids with the greatest performance may not have the largest specific combining ability deviation. Therefore, modeling only additive genetic relationships can lead to an accurate genomic prediction model during early-stage testing in a hybrid maize breeding program. The third study in my dissertation was a genetic analysis of pericarp pigmentation in progenies of commercial dent germplasm. Allelic variation at the well-studied pericarp color1 (P1) locus was significantly associated with pericarp pigmentation. The results from these projects provide novel insight into the design of hybrid breeding programs and the allocation of resources when implementing genomic selection. The research also provides candidate genes for geneticists or maize breeders to aid in the development of inbred lines with novel pericarp hues and elite agronomic characteristics.