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Detection Of Core Collapse Supernovae Through Joint Analysis Of Ligo Gravitational Wave And Kamland Neutrino Data
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Book Synopsis Detection of Core-collapse Supernovae Through Joint Analysis of LIGO Gravitational Wave and KamLAND Neutrino Data by : Emmett E. E. Krupczak
Download or read book Detection of Core-collapse Supernovae Through Joint Analysis of LIGO Gravitational Wave and KamLAND Neutrino Data written by Emmett E. E. Krupczak and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Core collapse supernova are one of the most intriguing astrophysical phenomena. The dying stage of a supergiant star, they occur when the star collapses into a protoneutron star, causing a shock wave and a gamma ray burst. High energy neutrinos are released in this process and offer the possibility of detecting these elusive cataclysms. The number of neutrinos emitted is large but at best only a few will be detected. With a multi-messenger search, we can combine the neutrino signal with another clue to the presence of a supernova: gravitational waves. During the proto-neutron star stage, a fast-rotating star can produce gravitational waves via its asymmetric and rapidly shifting mass. By combining the signals from neutrinos and gravitational waves, we can attempt to detect supernova signals that are too faint to detect alone. Joint searches have already been attempted by several neutrino experiments with high-energy thresholds, including ANTARES and IceCube. This thesis explores the possibility of a joint search with a new set of neutrino data. KamLAND (Kamioka Liquid scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector) is a large particle detector located in Kamioka, Japan. KamLAND is well-shielded, with an low (~ 1 MeV) energy threshold and has more than ten years of data to explore, making it a good candidate for a joint search. A recent search of KamLAND's data for clustered events indicative of supernova found no clear clusters. A new search is needed to identify single-neutrino events that may have originated in supernovae. A joint search will help KamLAND more carefully examine the possible sources of its single-neutrino events. The gravitational wave data comes from LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory). Located in Hanford, WA and Livingston, LA, LIGO consists of two four-kilometer interferometer arms. Analysis of LIGO data from 2005 to 2010 did not produce any clear gravitational wave events, leading to a need for a more sensitive search. A multimessenger search in conjunction with KamLAND provides this opportunity. We can examine both KamLAND and LIGO's data in order to search for possible supernova signals observed by both experiments. Because a joint data-sharing agreement has not been reached between KamLAND and LIGO, this thesis looks at the potential of a joint analysis and the opportunity for such a study to produce promising results.
Book Synopsis Searching for Neutrinos from Gravitational Wave Sources with Icecube by : Raamis Hussain (Ph.D.)
Download or read book Searching for Neutrinos from Gravitational Wave Sources with Icecube written by Raamis Hussain (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos by IceCube in 2013 and of gravitational waves by LIGO in 2015 have enabled a new era of multi-messenger astronomy. Gravitational waves (GWs) can identify the merging of compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. These compact mergers, especially neutron star mergers, are potential neutrino sources. Identifying joint sources of GWs and neutrinos would be a major breakthrough in multi-messenger astrophysics and allow us to understand the dynamics of compact binary mergers as well as understand the particle acceleration mechanisms taking place in these extreme environments. In this thesis we study the correlation between compact binary mergers and high-energy neutrino emission. We use IceCube neutrino data together with GW data provided by the LIGO Virgo Collaboration (LVC) to search for neutrino counterparts to GW events observed by LVC. We perform an unbinned maximum likelihood analysis which uses uses a neutrino likelihood along with localization information provided by LVC to search for joint sources of GWs and high-energy neutrinos. During LVC's three observing run, we followed up over 70 GW events with IceCube data. We also developed a low-latency pipeline capable of performing rapid neutrino follow up searches within minutes of a GW detection and report the results to the astronomical community. Overall we performed multiple follow up searches for both long and short time scale neutrino emission from GW events using multiple neutrino data samples. No significant neutrino emission is observed in any analysis and upper limits are placed on the time-integrated, energy scaled neutrino flux, E[^2]F, observed at IceCube from each GW event. We also place upper limits on the total isotropic equivalent energy, E[iso], emitted in high-energy neutrinos by each GW event. While no neutrino emission is observed in the analyses described here, the methods described here demonstrate the potential for discovering joint sources of GWs and high-energy neutrinos given enough high-quality neutrino and GW data.
Book Synopsis Open Issues in Core Collapse Supernova Theory by : Anthony Mezzacappa
Download or read book Open Issues in Core Collapse Supernova Theory written by Anthony Mezzacappa and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efforts to uncover the explosion mechanism of core collapse supernovae and to understand all of their associated phenomena have been ongoing for nearly four decades. Despite this, our theoretical understanding of these cosmic events remains limited; two- and three-dimensional modeling of these events is in its infancy. Most of the modeling efforts over the past four decades have, by necessity, been constrained to spherical symmetry, with the first two-dimensional, albeit simplified, models appearing only during the last decade. Simulations to understand the complex interplay between the turbulent stellar core fluid flow, its magnetic fields, the neutrinos produced in and emanating from the proto-neutron star, the stellar core rotation, and the strong gravitational fields have yet to be performed. Only subsets of these fundamental ingredients have been included in the models thus far, often with approximation. The purpose of this volume is to identify the outstanding issues that remain in order to come to a complete understanding of these important astrophysical events. As the book focuses on open issues rather than the current state of the art in the field OCo although the latter will certainly be discussed OCo it will remain relevant for some time."
Book Synopsis Investigating the Oscillation Modes of Proto-Neutron Stars and Core-Collapse Supernovae by : Thomas Nguyen
Download or read book Investigating the Oscillation Modes of Proto-Neutron Stars and Core-Collapse Supernovae written by Thomas Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a massive enough star dies, it can undergo a supernova explosion, releasing enormous amounts of energy and leaving behind a turbulent dead star core. The matter and gas of the star compresses down, and due to conservation of angular momentum, the dead star core begins to rotate many times faster and demonstrates many extreme properties. These dead star cores, called neutron stars, possess densities trillions of times those of the Sun, rotate hundreds of times per second, and have magnetic fields trillions of times those of Earth. The explosion and core-collapse event that results in these objects have been studied and analysis of these events allow researchers to better understand the fringes of physics. Despite vigorous simulations and studies by many astronomical researchers for 50 years, much still eludes us on supernovae explosion and neutron star phenomenon. Because of their distance and other observational challenges, very little is still known about the processes inside of neutron stars and the supernovae core collapses that generate them. One of the promising aspects for future investigation involves determining properties based off of their emitted gravitational waves and neutrinos, one of the few potential ways we can gather insight into their internal mechanisms. The LIGO observatory has detected gravitational waves from merging neutron stars, providing useful data to discover more of the state of matter inside neutron stars. For my project, I investigate the gravitational wave signals from singular neutron star sources. During the proto-neutron star phase (PNS), where the star core is still thermodynamically unstable and highly energetic right after supernova collapse, gravitational waves have been predicted to be generated. These waves can be generated from internal means, such as convection, or external means, such as the accretion of matter. Modeling these events will provide deeper comprehension into what modes of oscillation are dominant and capable of emitting gravitational waves. This, in turn, will guide the interpretation of future observations.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Terrestrial Noise on the Detectability and Reconstruction of Gravitational Wave Signals from Core-collapse Supernovae by : Jessica McIver
Download or read book The Impact of Terrestrial Noise on the Detectability and Reconstruction of Gravitational Wave Signals from Core-collapse Supernovae written by Jessica McIver and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among of the wide range of potentially interesting astrophysical sources for gravitational wave detectors Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are galactic core-collapse supernovae. Although detectable core-collapse supernovae have a low expected rate (a few per century, or less) these signals would yield a wealth of new physics. Of particular interest is the insight into the explosion mechanism driving core-collapse supernovae that can be gleaned from the reconstructed gravitational wave signal. A well-reconstructed waveform will allow us to assess the likelihood of different explosion models, perform model selection, and potentially map unexpected features to new physics. This dissertation presents a series of studies evaluating the current performance of burst parameter estimation algorithms in reconstructing core-collapse supernovae gravitational wave signals in both simple Gaussian noise and realistic non-Gaussian detector noise. The introduction of non-Gaussian noise has a significant impact on the recovery of core-collapse supernova models from the data. Terrestrial noise is also an important factor in the recovery of any gravitational wave search. This work also details a series of studies that enable the characterization of ground motion local to the Advanced LIGO inteferometers and the ability of the installed active seismic isolation to mitigate it.
Book Synopsis Joint Search for Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos by : Boutayeb Bouhou
Download or read book Joint Search for Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos written by Boutayeb Bouhou and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Strongest Gravitational Waves from Neutrino Oscillations at Supernova Core Bounce by : Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta
Download or read book Strongest Gravitational Waves from Neutrino Oscillations at Supernova Core Bounce written by Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling and Understanding Supernova Signals in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory by :
Download or read book Modeling and Understanding Supernova Signals in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploding stars, or supernovae, are among the most cataclysmic events observed. The detection of supernova neutrinos from SN1987A marked the beginning of a new type of astronomy-neutrino astronomy. The observation of O(10 MeV) neutrinos from the next galactic core-collapse supernova will provide invaluable insight into the supernova explosion process and may provide information about the elusive nature of neutrinos. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer neutrino detector designed to detect astrophysical neutrinos with energies greater than or equal to 100GeV. With its supernova analysis timing resolution (2ms) and high event statistics (O(105-106)) per galactic supernova, it takes a central part in the current efforts to detect neutrinos from the next galactic supernova. A new simulation framework is presented here. This implementation is able to provide the full detector response in the case of a galactic core-collapse supernova. It is based on statistical weighting techniques already employed in other IceCube simulation. Over the course of the last three years of operations of the completed IceCube detector, an increasing sensitivity to the atmospheric muon background has been observed. A 48.2% increase in the number of false positive triggers induced by the atmospheric muon background in the first two years of the completed detector has been observed. A ~3.5% decrease in the noise rate produces a ~2% increase in sensitivity to atmospheric muons. This in turn causes an increasing number of false positive triggers. The decay in the baseline noise is attributed to effects of the re-freezing process of the ice after the detector has been constructed. The impact of using data with a lower threshold is investigated from a small subset of the data. Using the lower energy trigger, this increases the estimate of the number of DOM triggers caused atmospheric muons by ~6.5%. This will not affect current atmospheric muon subtraction methods employed in the analysis running at the South Pole.
Book Synopsis Supernovae, Neutron Star Physics and Nucleosynthesis by : Debades Bandyopadhyay
Download or read book Supernovae, Neutron Star Physics and Nucleosynthesis written by Debades Bandyopadhyay and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the interdisciplinary areas of nuclear physics, supernovae and neutron star physics. It addresses the physics and astrophysics of the spectacular supernova explosions, starting with the collapse of massive stars and ending with the birth of neutron stars or black holes. Recent progress in the understanding of core collapse supernova (CCSN) and observational aspects of future detections of neutrinos from CCSN explosions are discussed. The other main focus in this text is the novel phases of dense nuclear matter, its compositions and equation of state (EoS) from low to very high baryon density relevant to supernovae and neutron stars. The multi-messenger astrophysics of binary neutron star merger GW170817 and its relation to EoS through tidal deformability are also presented in detail. The synthesis of elements heavier than iron in the supernova and neutron star environment by the rapid (r)-process are treated here with special emphasis on the nucleosynthesis in the ejected material from GW170817. This monograph is written for graduate students and researchers in the field of nuclear astrophysics.
Book Synopsis Sensitivity of Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernova Models to the Microphysical Equation of State by : Ryan Elliott Landfield
Download or read book Sensitivity of Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernova Models to the Microphysical Equation of State written by Ryan Elliott Landfield and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this dissertation is to explore the sensitivity of neutrino-driven core collapse supernova physics to the microphysical equation of state of the stellar matter. Core collapse supernovae result from the gravitational collapse and ensuing explosion of massive stars. The most fundamental question in core collapse supernova (CCSN) theory is the mechanism of shock revival leading to the observed supernova explosion. The leading scenario is that neutrinos trapped in the proto-neutron star (PNS) during its formation escape and reheat the inner shock, reviving the shockwave, which expands outward, ejecting the star's outer shells into space. Given the central importance of the delayed heating mechanism to the dynamics of CCSNe, detailed studies of the dynamics of the neutrino heating mechanism, neutrino and gravitational wave (GW) signatures, and the dependence on both neutrino-matter interaction rates and the nuclear equation of state (EOS) are needed. The first direct detection of a GW emission from a CCSN would allow for a qualitative investigation into the accuracy of existing nuclear-force models via the EOS. Hence accurate CCSN numerical models are imminently necessary to predict and interpret such GW signatures. A tandem measurement of neutrino signature modulations and GWs would provide direct information about the CCSN mechanism and further our insight into the origins of neutron star rotation and kicks. In order to enhance the computational capability of the ORNL/UTK CCSN simulations, firstly I have developed the capacity to implement different pre-processed state-of-the-art EOS tables in the ORNL/UTK multi-D SN code CHIMERA. I have developed the multi-purpose EOS/Opacity table repository WeakLib for this purpose. Secondly, I have implemented these different EOS in 1D and 2D CHIMERA to study the impact of the EOS on the collapse, bounce, and post-bounce dynamics of the CCSNe explosion, as well as the impact on neutrino emission signals.
Book Synopsis Upper Limits for Galactic Transient Sources of Gravitational Radiation from LIGO First Observations by : Julien Sylvestre
Download or read book Upper Limits for Galactic Transient Sources of Gravitational Radiation from LIGO First Observations written by Julien Sylvestre and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete, scalable prototype analysis system for the observation of gravitational wave bursts with a network of interferometric detectors is designed and tested. This system detects localized transients in the gravitational wave data streams from two independent detectors using a time-frequency algorithm, applies veto conditions on these transients based on auxiliary channels, and looks for significant coincidences between the surviving transients from the two detectors. The analysis system was optimized for setting rate upper limits on three populations of astronomical sources, using preliminary data from the LIGO Project (the E7 Engineering Run data). The three classes of sources were core collapses, bar-mode instabilities in neutron stars, and equal-mass black hole binary coalescences, and a 95% confidence rate upper limit of 2 per hour was set, for sources uniformly distributed within a distance of 6 pc, 950 pc, and 3.2 kpc from the Earth, respectively. A detailed discussion of the character of the noise in the data used to derive these limits shows that a network of interferometers including the instruments of the GEO, LIGO and VIRGO Projects should attain a 50% detection efficiency for these sources out to distances of 40 kpc, 1 Mpc and 40 Mpc, respectively, for a false alarm rate giving expected upper limits of 6, 0.6, and 2. 10-4 per year per galaxy, respectively, for a full year of observation.
Book Synopsis Interpreting Gravitational Waves and Developing Relativistic Multiphysics Solvers for Core-collapse Supernova Simulations by : Michael Anton Pajkos
Download or read book Interpreting Gravitational Waves and Developing Relativistic Multiphysics Solvers for Core-collapse Supernova Simulations written by Michael Anton Pajkos and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) mark the endpoint for millions of years of massive stellar evolution. After a successful explosion, supernovae increase the metallicity of the interstellar medium, generate intense electromagnetic radiation ionizing their surroundings, generate compact objects such as black holes or neutron stars, and create ripples in spacetime-gravitational waves (GWs). Advances in supernova theory over the past few decades have furthered our understanding of CCSNe. However, constraints on the physics enshrouded in the supernova center would further illuminate their explosion mechanisms. Advances in high performance computing (HPC) resources and the ever-increasing sensitivities of GW observatories have positioned the field of astrophysics between two recent technological advances. The work presented here leverages HPC to perform CCSN simulations, allowing astronomers to translate between GW signals and internal physics. Using this insight, astronomers are better positioned to constrain the physics driving these explosive events that have such a widespread influence throughout astronomy.Investigating the evolution of 12-, 20-, 40-, and 60 M[ancient] progenitors, I perform axisymmetric neutrino radiation-hydrodynamic CCSN simulations, to relate the convective activity behind the supernova shock to the expected GW strength. I quantify how the rotational content of the supernova lowers GW frequencies. I present a novel method that combines two features of a single GW event to constrain the mass distribution within the stellar progenitor. By only requiring the two most detectable parts of the GW signal, astronomers can also potentially predict the explosion properties 8́ơdays before shock breakout. I present work with my undergraduate research assistant, that considers the impact of viewing angle on detecting GWs from CCSNe. Presented is a novel analysis method to identify the distribution of GW emission over all angles, accompanied with results showing that the preferred direction of GW emission for CCSNe migrates over time.Lastly, I present new numerical solvers targeted at exascale computing platforms that account for magnetized fluid evolution with velocities near the speed of light and in extreme spacetimes. These solvers are accompanied with stringent baseline tests, paired with 1D and 2D supernova simulations making use of these features.
Book Synopsis LIGO and the Search for Gravitational Waves by :
Download or read book LIGO and the Search for Gravitational Waves written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gravitational waves, predicted to exist by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity but as yet undetected, are expected to be emitted during violent astrophysical events such as supernovae, black hole interactions and the coalescence of compact binary systems. Their detection and study should lead to a new branch of astronomy. However the experimental challenge is formidable: ground-based detection relies on sensing displacements of order 10^-18 m over a frequency range of tens of hertz to a few kHz. There is currently a large international effort to commission and operate long baseline interferometric detectors including those that comprise LIGO - the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory - in the USA. In this talk I will give an introduction to the topic of gravitational wave detection and in particular review the status of the LIGO project which is currently taking data at its design sensitivity. I will also look to the future to consider planned improvements in sensitivity for such detectors, focusing on Advanced LIGO, the proposed upgrade to the LIGO project.
Book Synopsis Globular Cluster Binaries and Gravitational Wave Parameter Estimation by : Carl-Johan Haster
Download or read book Globular Cluster Binaries and Gravitational Wave Parameter Estimation written by Carl-Johan Haster and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-27 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents valuable contributions to several aspects of the rapidly growing field of gravitational wave astrophysics. The potential sources of gravitational waves in globular clusters are analyzed using sophisticated dynamics simulations involving intermediate mass black holes and including, for the first time, high-order post-Newtonian corrections to the equations of motion. The thesis further demonstrates our ability to accurately measure the parameters of the sources involved in intermediate-mass-ratio inspirals of stellar-mass compact objects into hundred-solar-mass black holes. Lastly, it proposes new techniques for the computationally efficient inference on gravitational waves. On 14 September 2015, the LIGO observatory reported the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the merger of a pair of black holes. For a brief fraction of a second, the power emitted by this merger exceeded the combined output of all stars in the visible universe. This has since been followed by another confirmed detection and a third candidate binary black hole merger. These detections heralded the birth of an exciting new field: gravitational-wave astrophysics.
Book Synopsis Neutrino Signatures in Terrestrial Detectors from Two- and Three-dimensional Core-collapse Supernova Simulations by : Tanner Brooks Devotie
Download or read book Neutrino Signatures in Terrestrial Detectors from Two- and Three-dimensional Core-collapse Supernova Simulations written by Tanner Brooks Devotie and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are driven by neutrino emission and are the most prodigious sources of neutrinos in the Universe. Importantly, the neutrino radiation from CCSNe is emitted from deep in the explosion and can provide information about physical processes taking place in the newly-born neutron star at the heart of the event. We examine the four-flavor (i.e. ve̳, v̄e̳, vx̳ and v̄x̳) [electron, muon and tau neutrinos along with their anti-matter counterparts] signature of CCSNe neutrino emission in various neutrino detector types. We use data from the multidimensional Chimera (Lentz et al., 2015) code (from both 2D and 3D simulations) and use the SNOwGLoBES package (Beck et al., 2013) to model detector responses to a fiducial galactic CCSNe event at 10 kpc [kiloparsecs]. We find that low resonance MSW [Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein] effects conspire with the flavor and energy dependence of neutrino-sphere depth to produce dominant signals from two- and three-dimensional simulations that are almost indistinguishable. Other channels exhibit differences, many of which can be ascribed to supernova dynamics.
Book Synopsis A High-frequency Gravitational-wave Burst Search with LIGO's Hanford Site by : Jacqueline Rose Villadsen
Download or read book A High-frequency Gravitational-wave Burst Search with LIGO's Hanford Site written by Jacqueline Rose Villadsen and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) The background data are the data from the two Hanford detectors during times when the Livingston detector was in science mode. These background data are used to set requirements for identifying a gravitational-wave candidate in the foreground data, which are the data from the two Hanford detectors when the Livingston detector was not in science mode. The analysis identifies no gravitational-wave candidates. However, the analysis does set an upper limit on the rate of high-frequency gravitational-wave bursts as a function of signal strength and frequency. The upper limits converge to an upper limit of 0.018 events per day, or 6.5 events per year, at the 90% confidence level, for bursts at or above a characteristic strain amplitude of 10-19 strain/JH. This work does not reflect the scientific opinion of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and its results have not been reviewed by the collaboration.
Book Synopsis Neutrino Driven Outflows in Supernovae by : Payel Mukhopadhyay
Download or read book Neutrino Driven Outflows in Supernovae written by Payel Mukhopadhyay and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) have shaped our galaxy, played an essential role in the formation of the solar system, and created many elements found on Earth. Some of the outstanding questions in the field of core collapse supernovae are intimately tied to neutrinos. Neutrinos are produced in copious numbers in a CCSNe explosion and are messengers of the physical processes occurring in and around the hot and dense supernova core where matter reaches nuclear densities. In the supernova explosion detected in 1987, known as SN1987A, only 25 neutrino events were detected, yet this already provided vital clues to the explosion mechanism. With the next-generation neutrino detectors such as DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande, which will have the capacity to detect many thousands of neutrino events from the next Galactic supernova explosion, qualitatively new understanding of the supernova phenomenon will be achieved. The question is then what features one may expect to see in these detectors and how can one reconstruct the explosion dynamics from the neutrino observations. In this thesis, we will focus on the physics that takes place several seconds after the explosion is launched. We will focus on a region known as the `hot bubble' of supernova explosion, which hosts a plethora of interesting phenomena, ranging from non-trivial neutrino oscillations to nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. We will show that the hydrodynamics of this hot bubble can crucially impact neutrino oscillations and that the imprints of the resulting density features on the neutrino spectrum can be detected in DUNE. We will also show that the hot bubble can be a site of a certain nucleosynthesis process, known as the $\nu p-$ process, which helps resolve a 30 year old puzzle regarding the origin of certain proton-rich isotopes observed in the Solar System, such as $^{92,94}$Molybdenum and $^{96,98}$Ruthenium.
