Design Of Observational Studies

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Design of Observational Studies

Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441912134
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Design of Observational Studies by : Paul R. Rosenbaum

Download or read book Design of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. Design of Observational Studies is divided into four parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely, in about one hundred pages, many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum’s Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates. Part II includes a chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher’s striking advice for observational studies, "make your theories elaborate." The second edition of his book, Observational Studies, was published by Springer in 2002.

Design of Observational Studies

Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030464059
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Design of Observational Studies by : Paul R. Rosenbaum

Download or read book Design of Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-13 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is organized into five parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum’s Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates, and includes an updated chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV is new to this edition; it discusses evidence factors and the computerized construction of more than one comparison group. Part V discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher’s striking advice for observational studies: "make your theories elaborate." This new edition features updated exploration of causal influence, with four new chapters, a new R package DOS2 designed as a companion for the book, and discussion of several of the latest matching packages for R. In particular, DOS2 allows readers to reproduce many analyses from Design of Observational Studies.

Observational Studies

Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475724438
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Observational Studies by : Paul R. Rosenbaum

Download or read book Observational Studies written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An observational study is an empirical investigation of the effects of treatments, policies, or exposures. It differes from an experiment in that the investigator cannot control the assignments of treatments to subjects. Scientists across a wide range of disciplines undertake such studies, and the aim of this book is to provide a sound statistical account of the principles and methods for the design and analysis of observational studies. Readers are assumed to have a working knowledge of basic probability and statistics, but otherwise the account is reasonably self-contained. Throughout there are extended discussions of actual observational studies to illustrate the ideas discussed. These are drawn from topics as diverse as smoking and lung cancer, lead in children, nuclear weapons testing, and placement programs for students. As a result, many researchers involved in observational studes will find this an invaluable companion to their work.

Observation and Experiment

Author : Paul Rosenbaum
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067497557X
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Observation and Experiment by : Paul Rosenbaum

Download or read book Observation and Experiment written by Paul Rosenbaum and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the face of conflicting claims about some treatments, behaviors, and policies, the question arises: What is the most scientifically rigorous way to draw conclusions about cause and effect in the study of humans? In this introduction to causal inference, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through real-world examples.

Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide

Author : Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.)
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 1587634236
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (876 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide by : Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.)

Download or read book Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide written by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov)

Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies

Author : Paul Rosenbaum
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100037002X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies by : Paul Rosenbaum

Download or read book Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies written by Paul Rosenbaum and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R The theory of evidence factors Study design with evidence factors A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.

Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation

Author : Rajender R. Aparasu
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1449691315
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation by : Rajender R. Aparasu

Download or read book Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation written by Rajender R. Aparasu and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2014-03-07 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation is a unique resource that provides a balanced approach covering critical elements of clinical research, biostatistical principles, and scientific literature evaluation techniques for evidence-based medicine. This accessible text provides comprehensive course content that meets and exceeds the curriculum standards set by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Written by expert authors specializing in pharmacy practice and research, this valuable text will provide pharmacy students and practitioners with a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of drug literature evaluation with a strong grounding in research and biostatistical principles. Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation is an ideal foundation for professional pharmacy students and a key resource for pharmacy residents, research fellows, practitioners, and clinical researchers. FEATURES * Chapter Pedagogy: Learning Objectives, Review Questions, References, and Online Resources * Instructor Resources: PowerPoint Presentations, Test Bank, and an Answer Key * Student Resources: a Navigate Companion Website, including Crossword Puzzles, Interactive Flash Cards, Interactive Glossary, Matching Questions, and Web Links From the Foreword: "This book was designed to provide and encourage practitioner’s development and use of critical drug information evaluation skills through a deeper understanding of the foundational principles of study design and statistical methods. Because guidance on how a study’s limited findings should not be used is rare, practitioners must understand and evaluate for themselves the veracity and implications of the inherently limited primary literature findings they use as sources of drug information to make evidence-based decisions together with their patients. The editors organized the book into three supporting sections to meet their pedagogical goals and address practitioners’ needs in translating research into practice. Thanks to the editors, authors, and content of this book, you can now be more prepared than ever before for translating research into practice." L. Douglas Ried, PhD, FAPhA Editor-in-Chief Emeritus, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas

Assessment of Cancer Screening

Author : Pamela M. Marcus
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030945774
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Cancer Screening by : Pamela M. Marcus

Download or read book Assessment of Cancer Screening written by Pamela M. Marcus and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer screening is a prominent strategy in cancer control in the United States, yet the ability to correctly interpret cancer screening data eludes many researchers, clinicians, and policy makers. This open access primer rectifies that situation by teaching readers, in simple language and with straightforward examples, why and how the population-level cancer burden changes when screening is implemented, and how we assess whether that change is of benefit. This book provides an in-depth look at the many aspects of cancer screening and its assessment, including screening phenomena, performance measures, population-level outcomes, research designs, and other important and timely topics. Concise, accessible, and focused, Assessment of Cancer Screening: A Primer is best suited to those with education or experience in clinical research or public health in the United States - no previous knowledge of cancer screening assessment is necessary. This is the first text dedicated to cancer screening theory and methodology to be published in 20 years.

How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries?

Author : Samiran Nundy
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811652481
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? by : Samiran Nundy

Download or read book How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? written by Samiran Nundy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-23 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. The book provides an overview of the state of research in developing countries – Africa, Latin America, and Asia (especially India) and why research and publications are important in these regions. It addresses budding but struggling academics in low and middle-income countries. It is written mainly by senior colleagues who have experienced and recognized the challenges with design, documentation, and publication of health research in the developing world. The book includes short chapters providing insight into planning research at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, issues related to research ethics, and conduct of clinical trials. It also serves as a guide towards establishing a research question and research methodology. It covers important concepts such as writing a paper, the submission process, dealing with rejection and revisions, and covers additional topics such as planning lectures and presentations. The book will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, teachers as well as physicians and practitioners all over the developing world who are interested in academic medicine and wish to do medical research.

Universal Methods of Design

Author : Bruce Hanington
Publisher : Rockport Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1610581997
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Universal Methods of Design by : Bruce Hanington

Download or read book Universal Methods of Design written by Bruce Hanington and published by Rockport Publishers. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a thorough and critical presentation of 100 research methods, synthesis/analysis techniques, and research deliverables for human centered design, delivered in a concise and accessible format perfect for designers, educators, and students. Universal Methods of Design serves as an invaluable compendium of methods that can be easily referenced and used by cross-disciplinary teams in nearly any design project. Methods and techniques are organized alphabetically for ongoing, quick reference. Each method is presented in a two-page format. The left-hand page contains a concise description of the method, accompanied by references for further reading. On the right-hand page, images and cases studies for each method are presented visually. The relevant phases for design application are highlighted as numbered icons along the right side of the page, from phases 1 (planning) through 5 (launch and monitor). Build more meaningful products with these methods and more: A/B Testing, Affinity Diagramming, Behavioral Mapping, Bodystorming, Contextual Design, Critical Incident Technique, Directed Storytelling, Flexible Modeling, Image Boards, Graffiti Walls, Heuristic Evaluation, Parallel Prototyping, Simulation Exercises, Touchstone Tours, and Weighted Matrix. This essential guide: Dismantles the myth that user research methods are complicated, expensive, and time-consuming Creates a shared meaning for cross-disciplinary design teams Illustrates methods with compelling visualizations and case studies Characterizes each method at a glance Indicates when methods are best employed to help prioritize appropriate design research strategies Universal Methods of Design is an essential resource for designers of all levels and specializations.

The Effect

Author : Nick Huntington-Klein
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000509141
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect by : Nick Huntington-Klein

Download or read book The Effect written by Nick Huntington-Klein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive code examples in R, Stata, and Python Chapters on overlooked topics in econometrics classes: heterogeneous treatment effects, simulation and power analysis, new cutting-edge methods, and uncomfortable ignored assumptions An easy-to-read conversational tone Up-to-date coverage of methods with fast-moving literatures like difference-in-differences

Design and Analysis of Experiments and Observational Studies using R

Author : Nathan Taback
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000554198
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Design and Analysis of Experiments and Observational Studies using R by : Nathan Taback

Download or read book Design and Analysis of Experiments and Observational Studies using R written by Nathan Taback and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-03-10 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Design and Analysis of Scientific Studies exposes undergraduate and graduate students to the foundations of classical experimental design and observational studies through a modern framework - The Rubin Causal Model. A causal inference framework is important in design, data collection and analysis since it provides a framework for investigators to readily evaluate study limitations and draw appropriate conclusions. R is used to implement designs and analyse the data collected. Features: Classical experimental design with an emphasis on computation using tidyverse packages in R. Applications of experimental design to clinical trials, A/B testing, and other modern examples. Discussion of the link between classical experimental design and causal inference. The role of randomization in experimental design and sampling in the big data era. Exercises with solutions. Instructor slides in RMarkdown, a new R package will be developed to be used with book, and a bookdown version of the book will be freely available. The proposed book will emphasize ethics, communication and decision making as part of design, data analysis, and statistical thinking.

Planning Clinical Research

Author : Robert A. Parker
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316790592
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis Planning Clinical Research by : Robert A. Parker

Download or read book Planning Clinical Research written by Robert A. Parker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planning a clinical study is much more than determining the basic study design. Who will you be studying? How do you plan to recruit your study subjects? How do you plan to retain them in the study? What data do you plan to collect? How will you obtain this data? How will you minimize bias? All these decisions must be consistent with the ethical considerations of studying people. This book teaches how to choose the best design for your question. Drawing on their many years working in clinical research, Nancy G. Berman and Robert A. Parker guide readers through the essential elements of study planning to help get them started. The authors offer numerous examples to illustrate the key decisions needed, describing what works, what does not work, and why. Written specifically for junior investigators beginning their research careers, this guide will also be useful to senior investigators needing to review specific topics.

Encyclopedia of Research Design

Author : Neil J. Salkind
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1412961270
Total Pages : 1779 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Research Design by : Neil J. Salkind

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Research Design written by Neil J. Salkind and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 1779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases."--Publisher's description.

Matched Sampling for Causal Effects

Author : Donald B. Rubin
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139458507
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Matched Sampling for Causal Effects by : Donald B. Rubin

Download or read book Matched Sampling for Causal Effects written by Donald B. Rubin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-04 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Matched sampling is often used to help assess the causal effect of some exposure or intervention, typically when randomized experiments are not available or cannot be conducted. This book presents a selection of Donald B. Rubin's research articles on matched sampling, from the early 1970s, when the author was one of the major researchers involved in establishing the field, to recent contributions to this now extremely active area. The articles include fundamental theoretical studies that have become classics, important extensions, and real applications that range from breast cancer treatments to tobacco litigation to studies of criminal tendencies. They are organized into seven parts, each with an introduction by the author that provides historical and personal context and discusses the relevance of the work today. A concluding essay offers advice to investigators designing observational studies. The book provides an accessible introduction to the study of matched sampling and will be an indispensable reference for students and researchers.

Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes

Author : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 1587634333
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (876 download)

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Book Synopsis Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes by : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ

Download or read book Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes written by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews.

Handbook for Clinical Research

Author : Flora Hammond, MD
Publisher : Demos Medical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1936287544
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (362 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook for Clinical Research by : Flora Hammond, MD

Download or read book Handbook for Clinical Research written by Flora Hammond, MD and published by Demos Medical Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-26 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of physicians are poorly knowledgeable about statistics and research design, yet are expected to do clinical research and write articles (if in academia) or, at the very least, to read the literature critically and provide evidence-based care to patients. The basic skills involved are touched on very minimally in residency, but not in enough depth for an untrained investigator to successfully design or conduct a study, or analyze research findings in any meaningful way. This volume is intended as a “quick fix”, allowing readers to look up information rapidly about various design types and statistical methods to see what the pros, cons, and indications for each are. Research implementation, including regulatory issues and grant writing, is also covered. The book is unique in physical medicine and rehabilitation, and with the increased emphasis on outcomes measurement and push toward a national agenda for disability research, will appeal both to investigators planning and executing studies and clinicians looking to better understand how the findings impact their practice. A list of topics with an outline of headings for each of the sections is attached.