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Custom and Its Interpretation in International Investment Law: Volume 2

Author : Panos Merkouris
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 1009255436
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Custom and Its Interpretation in International Investment Law: Volume 2 by : Panos Merkouris

Download or read book Custom and Its Interpretation in International Investment Law: Volume 2 written by Panos Merkouris and published by . This book was released on 2024-01-10 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At first glance, one may think of international investment law as a response to custom (or lack thereof), instead of a field of its application. However, in fact, the opposite is the case. The interpretation and application of customary rules and principles are the bread and butter of international investment law and arbitration. With a diverse range of expert contributors, this collection traces how customary international law is practised in international investment law. It considers how custom should be interpreted and how its rules and principles should be understood and applied by investor-state arbitral tribunals. Raising and addressing vital questions surrounding custom and international law, this collection is a necessary contribution to the scholarship of the theory and history of customary international law and international investment law. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The Regulation and Policy of Latin American Energy Transitions

Author : Lucas Noura Guimarães
Publisher : Elsevier Science
ISBN 13 : 0128195215
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis The Regulation and Policy of Latin American Energy Transitions by : Lucas Noura Guimarães

Download or read book The Regulation and Policy of Latin American Energy Transitions written by Lucas Noura Guimarães and published by Elsevier Science. This book was released on 2020-02-19 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Regulation and Policy of Latin American Energy Transitions examines the ongoing revolution within the energy landscape of Latin America. This book includes real-world examples from across the continent to demonstrate the current landscape of energy policy in Latin America. It focuses on distributed energy resources, including distributed generation, energy efficiency and microgrids, but also addresses the role of less common energy sources, such as geothermal and biogas, as well as discusses the changing role of energy actors, where consumers become prosumers or prosumagers, and utilities become service providers. The legal frameworks that are still hampering the transformation of the energy landscape are explored, together with an analysis of the economic, planning-related and social aspects of energy transitions, which can help address the issue of how inequalities are affecting and being affected by energy transitions. The book is suitable for policy makers, lawyers, economists and social science professionals working with energy policy, as well as researchers and industry professionals in the field. It is an ideal source for anyone involved in energy policy and regulation across Latin America.

LEY FEDERAL DE DERECHOS 2017

Author : Ediciones Fiscales ISEF
Publisher : Ediciones Fiscales ISEF
ISBN 13 : 607406931X
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis LEY FEDERAL DE DERECHOS 2017 by : Ediciones Fiscales ISEF

Download or read book LEY FEDERAL DE DERECHOS 2017 written by Ediciones Fiscales ISEF and published by Ediciones Fiscales ISEF. This book was released on with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La mejor versión de la LEY FEDERAL DE DERECHOS, para su mejor consulta y portabilidad en cualquier dispositivo. Contenido: LEY FEDERAL DE DERECHOS DISPOSICIONES GENERALES TITULO I DE LOS DERECHOS POR LA PRESTACION DE SERVICIOS CAPITULO I De la Secretaría de Gobernación SECCION I Servicios migratorios SECCION II Certificados de licitud SECCION III Publicaciones SECCION IV Servicios de cinematografía, televisión y radio SECCION V Apostillamiento SECCION VI Servicios insulares SECCION VII Servicios privados de seguridad y armas de fuego (Derogada) CAPITULO II De la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores SECCION I Pasaportes y documentos de identidad y viaje SECCION II Servicios consulares SECCION III Permisos conforme al artículo 27 constitucional y cartas de naturalización CAPITULO III De la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público SECCION I Inspección y vigilancia SECCION II De la comisión nacional del sistema de ahorro para el retiro SECCION III Servicios aduaneros SECCION IV Registro federal de vehículos SECCION V Acuñación de moneda metálica y desmonetización de billetes SECCION VI Máquinas registradoras de comprobación fiscal SECCION VII Registro de bancos y entidades de financiamiento, fondos de pensiones y jubilaciones y fondos de inversión del extranjero SECCION VII Resoluciones relativas a precios o montos de contraprestaciones entre partes relacionadas SECCION IX Otros servicios CAPITULO IV De la Secretaría de Programación y Presupuesto SECCION UNICA Padrón de contratistas y de proveedores del gobierno federal CAPITULO V Secretaría de Energía (Derogado) SECCION UNICA Actividades reguladas en materia energética CAPITULO VI De la Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial SECCION I Correduría pública SECCION II Minería SECCION II Propiedad industrial SECCION III Inversiones extranjeras SECCION IV Normas oficiales y control de calidad SECCION V Permisos de importación (Derogada) SECCION VI Competencia económica SECCION VII Servicios de certificación de firma electrónica en actos de comercio SECCION VIII Verificación de instrumentos de medir CAPITULO VII Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Desarrollo Rural SECCION I Servicios de agua SECCION II Sanidad fitozoosanitaria SECCION III Certificación y protección del obtentor de variedades vegetales SECCION IV Sanidad acuícola SECCION V De los organismos genéticamente modificados SECCION VI Otros servicios (Derogada) CAPITULO VIII De la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y transportes SECCION I Servicios de telecomunicaciones (Derogada) SECCION II Servicios de telégrafos y teléfonos SECCION III Concesiones, permisos, autorizaciones e inspecciones (Derogada) SECCION IV Servicio de correos SECCION V Autotransporte federal y servicios auxiliares SECCION VI Servicio a la navegación en el espacio aéreo mexicano y técnicos aeronáuticos SECCION VII Registro público marítimo nacional y servicios marítimos SECCION VIII Otorgamiento de permisos SECCION IX Otros servicios CAPITULO IX Del Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones CAPITULO X De la Secretaría de Educación Pública SECCION I Servicios que prestan los Institutos Nacionales de Bellas Artes y Literatura y de Antropología e Historia SECCION II Derechos de autor SECCION III Registro y ejercicio profesional SECCION IV Servicios de educación CAPITULO XI De la Secretaría de la Reforma Agraria SECCION I Registro Agrario Nacional SECCION II Certificados de inafectabilidad agrícola, ganadera y agropecuaria (Derogada) SECCION III Otros servicios CAPITULO XII Secretaría de la Función Pública SECCION I Del registro público de la propiedad federal SECCION II Inspección y vigilancia CAPITULO XIII Secretaria de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca SECCION I Concesiones, permisos y autorizaciones para pesca SECCION II Servicios relacionados con el agua y sus bienes públicos inherentes SECCION III Permisos para pesca deportiva (Derogada) SECCION IV De las áreas naturales protegidas SECCION V De las playas, la zona federal marítimo terrestre o los terrenos ganados al mar o a cualquier otro depósito de aguas marítimas SECCION VI Servicios de vida silvestre SECCION VII Impacto ambiental SECCION VIII Servicios forestales SECCION IX Prevención y control de la contaminación SECCION X De la inspección y vigilancia CAPITULO XIV De la Secretaría de Salud SECCION I Autorizaciones en materia sanitaria SECCION II Servicios de laboratorio SECCION III Fomento y análisis sanitario SECCION IV Otros servicios SECCION V Servicios que presta la comisión intersecretarial para el control del proceso y uso de plaguicidas, fertilizantes y sustancias tóxicas CAPITULO XV De los derechos a cargo de organismos descentralizados por prestar servicios exclusivos del estado CAPITULO XVI De la Secretaría de Turismo SECCION UNICA Registro Nacional de Turismo CAPITULO XVII Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional SECCION I Educación militar SECCION II Servicios relacionados con el registro federal de armas de fuego y el control de explosivos SECCION III Servicio militar nacional CAPITULO XVIII De la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública SECCION UNICA Servicios Privados de Seguridad y Armas de Fuego CAPITULO XIX Del Poder Judicial de la Federación SECCION UNICA Del instituto federal de especialistas de concursos mercantiles CAPITULO XX De la Secretaría de Marina SECCION UNICA Cartas náuticas TITULO II DE LOS DERECHOS POR EL USO O APROVECHAMIENTO DE BIENES DEL DOMINIO PUBLICO CAPITULO I Bosques y áreas naturales protegidas CAPITULO II Pesca CAPITULO III Puerto y atraque CAPITULO IV Muelle, embarque y desembarque CAPITULO V Salinas CAPITULO VI Carreteras y puentes CAPITULO VII Aeropuertos CAPITULO VIII Agua CAPITULO IX Uso o goce de inmuebles CAPITULO X Aprovechamiento de la vida silvestre SECCION I Aprovechamiento extractivo SECCION II Aprovechamiento no extractivo CAPITULO XI Espacio aéreo SECCION I Espectro radioeléctrico (Derogada) CAPITULO XII Hidrocarburos (Derogado) CAPITULO XIII Minería CAPITULO XIV Derecho por uso o aprovechamiento de bienes del dominio público de la nación como cuerpos receptores de las descargas de aguas residuales CAPITULO XV Derecho para racionalizar el uso o aprovechamiento del espacio aéreo CAPITULO XVI De los bienes culturales propiedad de la nación CAPITULO XVII Derecho por el uso, goce o aprovechamiento del espacio aéreo mexicano ARTICULOS TRANSITORIOS

The Law of Energy Underground

Author : Donald N. Zillman
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191008265
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Law of Energy Underground by : Donald N. Zillman

Download or read book The Law of Energy Underground written by Donald N. Zillman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-03-27 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While energy has been extracted from the ground for two centuries, recent years have seen transformative changes to how easy it is to access underground energy resources. This book investigates the key challenges and legal consequences of recent developments in the use of the subsurface as a source of energy. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the new technologies that have made this possible, such as the extraction of unconventional oil and gas resources through horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking. Further developments include the expanded use of geothermal energy, which has the potential to beome a major renewable energy source. The subsurface can also be utilised for long-term disposal or storage of environmentally harmful by-products of energy use, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), and disposal of spent nuclear fuel and other nuclear waste. Successful development of these technologies could enhance the use of fossil and nuclear energy by reducing the harm caused by the release of greenhouse gases and harmful radiation. The authors bring together a wide variety of expertise and knowledge to examine the legal implications of the development and control of these underground activities. They provide an invaluable understanding of the legal frameworks applicable to the extraction of underground energy, both at the international level and in a number of important national jurisdictions. Importantly, the book analyses the different regulatory responses to these developments across five continents, and assesses in detail the environmental impact of new energy extraction technologies.

Routledge Handbook of Energy Law

Author : Tina Hunter
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042983506X
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Energy Law by : Tina Hunter

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Energy Law written by Tina Hunter and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Energy Law provides a definitive global survey of the discipline of Energy Law, capturing the essential and relevant issues in Energy today. Each chapter is written by a leading expert, and provides a contemporary overview of a significant area within the field. The book is divided into six geographical regions based on continents, with a separate section on Russia, an energy powerhouse that straddles both Europe and Asia. Each section contains highly topical chapters from authors who address a number of core themes in Energy Law and Regulation: • Energy security and the role of markets • Regulating the growth of renewable energy • Regulating shifts in traditional forms of energy • Instruments in regulating disputes in energy • Impact of energy on the environment • Key issues in the future of energy and regulation. Offering an analysis of the full spectrum of current issues in Energy Law, the Routledge Handbook of Energy Law is an essential resource for advanced students, researchers, academics, legal practitioners and industry experts. Chapter 12 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Catalog

Author : University of Texas. Library. Latin American Collection
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 768 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalog by : University of Texas. Library. Latin American Collection

Download or read book Catalog written by University of Texas. Library. Latin American Collection and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy Law in Argentina

Author : Pablo Ferrara
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403519649
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Law in Argentina by : Pablo Ferrara

Download or read book Energy Law in Argentina written by Pablo Ferrara and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book provides a systematic approach to legislation and legal practice concerning energy resources and production in Argentina. The book describes the administrative organization, regulatory framework, and relevant case law pertaining to the development, application, and use of such forms of energy as electricity, gas, petroleum, and coal, with attention as needed to the pervasive legal effects of competition law, environmental law, and tax law. A general introduction covers the geography of energy resources, sources and basic principles of energy law, and the relevant governmental institutions. Then follows a detailed description of specific legislation and regulation affecting such factors as documentation, undertakings, facilities, storage, pricing, procurement and sales, transportation, transmission, distribution, and supply of each form of energy. Case law, intergovernmental cooperation agreements, and interactions with environmental, tax, and competition law are explained. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable resource for energy sector policymakers and energy firm counsel handling cases affecting Argentina. It will also be welcomed by researchers and academics for its contribution to the study of a complex field that today stands at the foreground of comparative law.

Subject Catalog

Author : Library of Congress
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1032 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Subject Catalog by : Library of Congress

Download or read book Subject Catalog written by Library of Congress and published by . This book was released on with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

New Serial Titles

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1712 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis New Serial Titles by :

Download or read book New Serial Titles written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 1712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A union list of serials commencing publication after Dec. 31, 1949.

Energy Law in Venezuela

Author : Henry Jiménez Guanipa
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403507454
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Law in Venezuela by : Henry Jiménez Guanipa

Download or read book Energy Law in Venezuela written by Henry Jiménez Guanipa and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2019-02-08 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book provides a systematic approach to legislation and legal practice concerning energy resources and production in Venezuela. The book describes the administrative organization, regulatory framework, and relevant case law pertaining to the development, application, and use of such forms of energy as electricity, gas, petroleum, and coal, with attention as needed to the pervasive legal effects of competition law, environmental law, and tax law. A general introduction covers the geography of energy resources, sources and basic principles of energy law, and the relevant governmental institutions. Then follows a detailed description of specific legislation and regulation affecting such factors as documentation, undertakings, facilities, storage, pricing, procurement and sales, transportation, transmission, distribution, and supply of each form of energy. Case law, intergovernmental cooperation agreements, and interactions with environmental, tax, and competition law are explained. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable resource for energy sector policymakers and energy firm counsel handling cases affecting Venezuela. It will also be welcomed by researchers and academics for its contribution to the study of a complex field that today stands at the foreground of comparative law.

Energy Transition, Generational Justice and Climate Change: the role of fossil fuels and low carbon economy

Author : Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa
Publisher : Letra Capital Editora LTDA
ISBN 13 : 6589925224
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Transition, Generational Justice and Climate Change: the role of fossil fuels and low carbon economy by : Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa

Download or read book Energy Transition, Generational Justice and Climate Change: the role of fossil fuels and low carbon economy written by Hirdan Katarina de Medeiros Costa and published by Letra Capital Editora LTDA. This book was released on 2021-10-05 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses key issues on energy transition and its consequences to humankind. The authors intend to discuss how we may tackle climate change considering the rights of current and future generations allow following an ethical scope; a creator of social, economic, and environmental justice that considers the consequences of current choices. Thus, we invite all readers to enjoy this book.

Bibliographic Guide to Government Publications 2000

Author : Gale Group
Publisher : Macmillan Reference USA
ISBN 13 : 9780783892108
Total Pages : 898 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (921 download)

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Book Synopsis Bibliographic Guide to Government Publications 2000 by : Gale Group

Download or read book Bibliographic Guide to Government Publications 2000 written by Gale Group and published by Macmillan Reference USA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Law and Governance of Mining and Minerals

Author : Ana Elizabeth Bastida
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782255680
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis The Law and Governance of Mining and Minerals by : Ana Elizabeth Bastida

Download or read book The Law and Governance of Mining and Minerals written by Ana Elizabeth Bastida and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores a disciplinary matrix for the study of the law and governance concerning mining and minerals from a global perspective. The book considers the key challenges of achieving the goals of Agenda 2030 and the transition to low-carbon circular economies. The perspective encompasses the multi-faceted and highly complex interaction of multiple fields of international law and policy, soft law and standards, domestic laws and regulations as well as local levels of ordering of social relations. What emerges is a largely neglected, unsystematised and under-theorised field of study which lies at the intersection of the global economy, environmental sustainability, human rights and social equity. But it also underlies the many loopholes to address at all levels, most notably at the local level – land and land holders, artisanal miners, ecosystems, local economies, local linkages and development. The book calls for a truly cosmopolitan academic discipline to be built and identifies challenges to do so. It also sets a research agenda for further studies in this fast-changing field.

Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights / Anuario Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Volume 31 (2015)

Author : Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004530541
Total Pages : 952 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights / Anuario Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Volume 31 (2015) by : Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

Download or read book Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights / Anuario Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Volume 31 (2015) written by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-08-22 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2015 Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights provides an extract of the principal jurisprudence of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Part One contains the Decisions on the Merits of the Commission, and Part Two the Judgments and Decisions of the Court. The Yearbook is published as an English-Spanish bilingual edition. The print edition is available as a set of three volumes (9789004338524).

Energy Law in Colombia

Author : Daniel Rincón Rubiano
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403546379
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Law in Colombia by : Daniel Rincón Rubiano

Download or read book Energy Law in Colombia written by Daniel Rincón Rubiano and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book provides a systematic approach to legislation and legal practice concerning energy resources and production in Colombia. The book describes the administrative organization, regulatory framework, and relevant case law pertaining to the development, application, and use of such forms of energy as electricity, gas, petroleum, and coal, with attention as needed to the pervasive legal effects of competition law, environmental law, and tax law. A general introduction covers the geography of energy resources, sources and basic principles of energy law, and the relevant governmental institutions. Then follows a detailed description of specific legislation and regulation affecting such factors as documentation, undertakings, facilities, storage, pricing, procurement and sales, transportation, transmission, distribution, and supply of each form of energy. Case law, intergovernmental cooperation agreements, and interactions with environmental, tax, and competition law are explained. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable resource for energy sector policymakers and energy firm counsel handling cases affecting Colombia. It will also be welcomed by researchers and academics for its contribution to the study of a complex field that today stands at the foreground of comparative law.

Dam Maintenance and Rehabilitation II

Author : Rafael Romeo García
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203829883
Total Pages : 1161 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Dam Maintenance and Rehabilitation II by : Rafael Romeo García

Download or read book Dam Maintenance and Rehabilitation II written by Rafael Romeo García and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-11-18 with total page 1161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As dams age, they are subject to a series of external agents and processes which tend to deteriorate the qualities with which they were originally conceived to stand against these actions. At the same time, it is often necessary to respond to increased safety standards, either in the structural or hydrological fields. Reservoir sedimentation or wat

Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Energy and Resource Activity

Author : Lila Barrera-Hernández
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191080993
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Energy and Resource Activity by : Lila Barrera-Hernández

Download or read book Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Energy and Resource Activity written by Lila Barrera-Hernández and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new phase is emerging in the relationship between energy and resource activities and the communities that are affected by them. Any energy or resource project - a mine, a wind farm, a dam for hydroelectricity, or a shale gas development - will involve a mix of impacts and benefits for communities. For many years, the law has mediated impacts on communities and provided for the distribution of financial benefits. Now, there is growing awareness of the need to consider not only a wider range of costs and benefits for communities from energy and resource projects, but also the effects on communities at multiple scales and in complex ways. Sharing the costs and benefits of natural resource activity has now become a legal requirement for energy and resource projects operating in many jurisdictions, particularly in developing countries. This book uses cases studies from across the globe to examine the emergence of such legal measures, their advantages and disadvantages, and the improvements that may be feasible in the legal frameworks used to distribute the costs and benefits of energy and resources activity. The book has three parts: Part I considers general legal and conceptual frameworks; Part II addresses the mechanisms available to distribute costs and benefits; and Part III considers the role of public engagement and participation in the sharing of the costs and benefits from energy and resource projects.