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Decoding Magma Plumbing And Geochemical Evolution Of Active Volcanoes Of The Central Andes North Chile With Petrological Methods
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Book Synopsis Decoding Magma Plumbing and Geochemical Evolution of Active Volcanoes of the Central Andes (North Chile) with Petrological Methods by : André Stechern
Download or read book Decoding Magma Plumbing and Geochemical Evolution of Active Volcanoes of the Central Andes (North Chile) with Petrological Methods written by André Stechern and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lascar, Lastarria, magma plumbing system, andesite, magmatic differentiation, magma mixing, geothermobarometry, pre-eruptive condtions. - Magmatisches Fördersystem, Andesit, magmatische Differenzierung, Geothermobarometrie, präeruptive Bedingungen
Book Synopsis Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia by : Morgan J. Salisbury
Download or read book Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia written by Morgan J. Salisbury and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation combines volcanological research of three convergent continental margins. Chapters 1 and 5 are general introductions and conclusions, respectively. Chapter 2 examines the spatiotemporal development of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in the Lipez region of southwest Bolivia, a locus of a major Neogene ignimbrite flare- up, yet the least studied portion of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. New mapping and laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite from 56 locations, coupled with paleomagnetic data, refine the timing and volumes of ignimbrite emplacement in Bolivia and northern Chile to reveal that monotonous intermediate volcanism was prodigious and episodic throughout the complex. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of 13 ignimbrites from northern Chile previously dated by the K-Ar method improve the overall temporal resolution of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex development. Together with new and updated volume estimates, the new age determinations demonstrate a distinct onset of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrite volcanism with modest output rates beginning ~11 Ma, an episodic middle phase with the highest eruption rates between 8 and 3 Ma, followed by a general decline in volcanic output. The cyclic nature of individual caldera complexes and the spatiotemporal pattern of the volcanic field as a whole are consistent with both incremental construction of plutons as well as a composite Cordilleran batholith. Chapter 3 examines the spatiotemporal development of marine tephra deposits in deep sea sediment cores from the Sunda trench near Sumatra, which reveal evidence for seven large (minimum volume 0.6 - 6.3 km3), previously undocumented, explosive eruptions in this region over the last ~110,000 years, presumably sourced from mainland Sumatra. Sediment cores were collected within and adjacent to the Sunda trench from 3.3°N to 4.6°S at water depths between 1.8 and 5.5 km and distances of ~200 to 310 km from the active Sumatran volcanic arc. Glass shards within the tephra horizons were analyzed via the electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS and define three compositional groups. Minimum volume estimates for the seven unique units are consistent with volcanic explosivity index (VEI; Newhall and Self, 1982) values of 4 - 5. The most frequent, widespread, and youngest deposits were found in the central region of the study area suggesting the central Sumatran arc as at the highest risk for large explosive eruptions. The first detailed chronological and geochemical data are presented for Tunupa volcano and nearby Huayrana lavas in chapter 4. New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations reveal edifice construction at ~1.5 Ma, a duration of ~90-240 k.y., and extrusion rates of 0.43 to 0.93 km3/k.y. Mineralogical compositional and textural data are consistent with shallow crustal storage (~7-18 km) and magma mixing. Volcano morphology, extrusion rates, mineralogy and textures are all similar to the Pleistocene to recent composite cones of the arc front, although new and available age data from the literature indicate that Western Cordilleran volcanism was concomitant with extrusion of both Huayrana (~11 Ma) and Tunupa (~1.5 Ma) lavas in the behind arc region. Arc-related volcanism was either widespread during these eruptive periods, or an additional melting mechanism was involved. Geochemical data, such as lower Ba/Nb ratios and enriched high field strength elemental concentrations, compared to volcanoes of the modern arc front suggest that Huayrana and Tunupa lavas were derived from a different source than the modern arc front. Geophysical and geochemical research in the central Andes indicate local variations in crustal and lithospheric thicknesses and compositions consistent with a dynamic continental lithosphere that has foundered in piecemeal fashion into the underlying asthenosphere throughout the mid to late Cenozoic. The data presented in this chapter for Tunupa and Huayrana indicate a complex petrogenetic origin and more research is necessary to determine the relative roles of arc and non-arc volcanism beneath the central Altiplano.
Book Synopsis Andean Magmatism by : HARMON/BARREIRO
Download or read book Andean Magmatism written by HARMON/BARREIRO and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Destructive plate margin magmagenesis is one of the most intensely studied and widely debated topics in the earth sciences at present. Calc-alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks in orogenic settings exhibit such a diversity of composition and character that the subducted oceanic lithosphere, the overlying 'enriched' lithospheric mantle and the lower continental crust all have been advocated recently as the primary source region for island-arc and continental-margin basaltic to andesitic magmas. The role of the upper continental crust is also a matter of continuing controversy. It is clear that crustal contamination is a common, but not universal, feature of destructive plate margin magmatism. Whether this contamination is introduced at source by subduction-related processes or occurs during magma transit by bulk anatexis and magma mixing, selective contamination or coupled fractional crystallization-assimilation mechanisms is central to most current discussions of andesite petrogenesis. This book presents a series of papers which directly address these and other important geological and geochemical problems within the context of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic calc-alkaline magmatism characteristic of the Andean Cordillera of western South America. Although it is aimed primarily at postgraduate students and researchers familiar with the Andes, it is also a useful general reference for workers in other fields who wish to gain an insight into current thoughts, ideas and speculations on 'andesitic' magmatism at destructive plate margins.
Book Synopsis The Geochemical Evolution of the Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster by : Barry Alan Walker
Download or read book The Geochemical Evolution of the Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster written by Barry Alan Walker and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interaction of magma with continental crust at convergent margins is fundamental to understanding if and how continents grow. Isotopic and elemental data constrain the progressive stages of development of the magmatic underpinnings of the long-lived Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster (AVC), situated atop the thick continental crust of the central Andes in northern Chile. Whole rock data are used in conjunction with mineral compositions to infer processes that gave rise to eleven million years of intermediate, dominantly dacite, arc volcanism. A pulse of volcanic activity at the AVC between ~5 and 2 Ma is bracketed by more sluggish rates. We document chemical changes in the lavas that accompany this eruptive evolution. Trace element data suggest that crystal fractionation and magma mixing were the dominant mechanisms generating the diversity observed in the AVC whole rock data. Fractionation was dominant during early and waning stages of magmatism, and magma mixing was an important process during the high flux period. Peak thermal maturity of the AVC underpinnings coincided with the high magma flux and likely promoted open system processes during this time. Mineral compositions from zircon, amphibole, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides confirm the importance of material recycling in the production of evolved AVC rocks. Various geothermometers were employed to calculate the pre-eruptive conditions of AVC magma using mineral compositions. Pressure estimates from amphibole and two-pyroxene barometry indicate crystallization depths of 1 - 5 kb and 4 - 6 kb, respectively. Temperature estimates from zircon, Fe-Ti oxides, amphiboles, and pyroxenes indicate temperatures ranging from ~700°C to 1100°C. Zircon temperatures are always the lowest (700°C - 950°C), and pyroxene temperatures are always the highest (1000°C - 1100°C), with Fe-Ti oxide and amphiboles temperatures falling in between. U-Pb ages from zircons and thermometry from individual samples evidence the thermal maturation and consolidation of the underpinnings below the AVC, presumably culminating in a large, crystal-rich mush zone where magmas were trapped and processed. It is in these middle to upper crustal zones where magmatic diversity is attenuated and giant, relatively homogeneous batholiths are formed. Isotopes of AVC lavas are similar to values observed from other central Andes volcanic centers. Lead isotopes are consistent with the AVC's location within a Pb isotope transition zone between the Antofalla and Arequipa basement terranes. Oxygen and Sr isotopic ratios are high and Nd isotopic ratios low with respect to a depleted mantle. Through time, 87Sr/86Sr values of AVC lavas progressively increase from lows of ~0.70507 to ~0.70579 (upper values of 0.70526 to 0.70680), and [epsilon]Nd values decrease from highs of -1.0 to -4.6 (lows of -1.6 to -7.3). Similarly, O isotopes ([delta]18O) show a slight increase in base level through time from lows of 6.5 per mil to 7.0 per mil (highs of 6.75 per mil - 7.5 per mil). Dy/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios also increased systematically from highs of 2.11 to 3.45, and 2.76 to 6.67, respectively. Despite the temporal isotopic variation, there is little isotopic variation with indices of fractionation, suggesting this signal is the consequence of deep magmatic processing, here attributed to an expanding zone of melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization (MASH) of mantle-derived magma in the deep crust. Upward expansion brought the MASH zone into contact with rocks that were increasingly evolved with respect to Sr and Nd isotopes, explaining the isotopic shifts. Downward expansion of the MASH zone enhanced garnet stability during basalt fractionation, explaining the increased Dy/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios. Mass balance calculations involving Sr, Nd, and O isotope modeling are consistent with a crustal component making up 10 - 30% of AVC lavas, implying that although the history of central Andean magmatism is replete with large scale crustal recycling, the current phase is largely a crust formation event.
Book Synopsis Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems by : Steffi Burchardt
Download or read book Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems written by Steffi Burchardt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-05-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems: Understanding Magma Transport, Storage, and Evolution in the Earth's Crust synthesizes research from various geoscience disciplines to examine volcanic and igneous plumbing systems (VIPS) in-depth. VIPS comprise a network of magma transport and storage features in the Earth's crust. These features include dykes, sills and larger magma bodies that form the pathway and supply system of magma beneath active volcanoes. Combining basic principles with world-class research and informative illustrations, this unique reference presents a holistic view of each topic covered, including magma transport, magma chambers, tectonics and volcanism. Addressing a variety of approaches to these topics, this book offers researchers and academics in the Earth Science fields, such as geophysics, volcanology and igneous petrology the information they need to apply the information to their own disciplines.
Book Synopsis Constraining the Magmatic Evolution of the Andean Arc at 21°S Using the Volcanic and Petrologic History of Volcá́n Aucanquilcha, Central Volcanic Zone, Northern Chile by : Erik W. Klemetti
Download or read book Constraining the Magmatic Evolution of the Andean Arc at 21°S Using the Volcanic and Petrologic History of Volcá́n Aucanquilcha, Central Volcanic Zone, Northern Chile written by Erik W. Klemetti and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcan Aucanquilcha, a Pleistocene to Recent composite volcano in northern Chile, is the youngest and center-most member of the 11 m.y.-old Aucanquilcha Volcanic Cluster (AVC). The AVC has produced [approximately]350 km3 of lava over its history. Magmatism started slowly and was punctuated by high rates of eruption between 4.5 and 2.5 Ma. The AVC records a history of progressive fractionation and homogenization as the upper crustal becomes thermally and compositionally buffer through repeated intrusion. The pattern of volcanism at the AVC, from diffuse to central, mimics that seen in exposed intrusive bodies. The AVC is likely the volcanic record of the incremental emplacement of an intermediate batholith over a span of at least 11 million years. Volcan Aucanquilcha has produced [approximately] 37 km3 of compositionally and mineralogically monotonous dacite over the past 1 million years. The volcano has erupted dominantly effusive dacite lava flows with one debris avalanche deposit and one dome collapse pyroclastic flow. It also contains a ubiquitous bimodal amphibole population of hornblende and pargasite phenocrysts. P-T data from amphibole and Fe-Ti oxides indicate a multilevel geometry for the magmatic system within the top 10-km of the upper crust. The generation of magma at Aucanquilcha begins with intrusion of andesite that fractionates to mafic dacite. Magmas will then either mix with low [delta]180 upper crustal and creating a high-K dacite or will continue to fractionate to silicic dacite. In both cases, two similar dacite magmas, stored at different P-T condition mix rapidly during eruption. The repeated intrusion of magma into the upper crust during the history of the AVC has allowed for thermal and compositional buffering of the crust, creating the conditions for Volcan Aucanquilcha to erupt monotonous dacite lava. The location of eruptive vents appears to be controlled by crustal lineaments that not only focus hydrothermal fluids but may allow for the eruption of the relatively degassed dacite. Otherwise, the lavas of Aucanquilcha may have stalled underground to form a porphyry-style stock.
Book Synopsis Textures, Structures and Processes of Volcanic Successions by : Beatriz L.L. Coira
Download or read book Textures, Structures and Processes of Volcanic Successions written by Beatriz L.L. Coira and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a complete study of the Central Andean volcanism and its most distinctive features, from the lower Paleozoic to the Cenozoic times in the framework of its processes, eruptive mechanisms and geodynamic conditions. It helps readers understand the nature of the volcanic geology and the volcaniclastic related deposits linked to the evolution of the Andean continental margin. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the ancient volcanic successions and the difficulties in recognition of the original rock type caused by the effects of deformation, metamorphism and alteration. The authors use distinctive cases to describe how to apply different tools in analysis and interpretation. The selected representative, well exposed and preserved volcanic records of the Southern Central Andes analyzed in this book open new perspectives in the understanding of the volcanic processes linked to active continental margins as the Central Andes. This book will be of special interest to volcanologists and specialists in the earth sciences and appeal to both undergraduate and graduate students in geology.
Book Synopsis The Geochemical Evolution of the Cerro Uturuncu Magma Chamber, Sw Bolivia and Its Relation to the Andean Central Volcanic Zone by : Gary Scott Michelfelder
Download or read book The Geochemical Evolution of the Cerro Uturuncu Magma Chamber, Sw Bolivia and Its Relation to the Andean Central Volcanic Zone written by Gary Scott Michelfelder and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cerro Uturuncu is a composite volcano located in the back-arc of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (22.27°S, 67.18°W). The volcano has exclusively erupted crystal-rich andesite and dacite lava flows over the ~800,000 year life span of eruptive activity. This study provides new bulk-rock major- and trace- element, 18 O/16 O isotope ratios, Sr, Nd, and Pb radiogenic isotopic ratios of lava flows, domes, magmatic inclusions and xenoliths. The study also adds major and trace element and Sr isotopic ratios of plagioclase phenocrysts in order to examine the evolution of the magmatic plumbing system beneath Cerro Uturuncu and place the volcanic center in the regional context of the CVZ. Plagioclase crystals from silicic (andesitic to dacitic) lavas and domes at Volcan Uturuncu exhibit large variations in An contents, textures, and core to rim 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios. Many of the isotopic variations cannot have existed at magmatic temperatures for more than a few thousand years. The crystals likely derived from different locations in the crustal magmatic system and mixed just prior to eruption. Uturuncu magmas initially assimilated crustal rocks with high 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios. The magmas were subsequently modified by frequent recharge of more mafic magmas with lower 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios. A typical Uturuncu silicic magma therefore only attains its final composition just prior to or during eruption. On an arc-wide scale silicic lavas erupted from three well-characterized composite volcanoes between 21°S and 22°S (Aucanquilcha, Ollague, and Uturuncu) display systematically higher K 2O, LILE, REE and HFSE contents and 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios with increasing distance from the arc-front. In contrast, the lavas have systematically lower Al 2O 3, Na 2O, Sr, and Ba contents; LILE/HFSE ratios; 143 Nd/144 Nd ratios; and more negative Eu anomalies. Silicic magmas along the arc-front apparently reflect melting of relatively young, mafic composition amphibolitic source rocks with the continental crust becoming increasingly older with a more felsic bulk composition toward the east. This results from progressively smaller degrees of mantle partial melting, primary melt generation, and crustal hybridization with distance from the arc-front.
Book Synopsis An Overview of the Mafic and Felsic Monogenetic Neogene to Quaternary Volcanism in the Central Andes, Northern Chile (18-28°Lat.S) by : Gabriel Ureta
Download or read book An Overview of the Mafic and Felsic Monogenetic Neogene to Quaternary Volcanism in the Central Andes, Northern Chile (18-28°Lat.S) written by Gabriel Ureta and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monogenetic volcanism produces small eruptive volumes with short eruption history, different chemical compositions, and relatively simple conduit. The Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes is internationally known as a natural laboratory to study volcanism, where mafic and felsic products are present. In this contribution, the spectrum of architectures, range of eruptive styles, lithological features, and different magmatic processes of the mafic and felsic monogenetic Neogene to Quaternary volcanoes from the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes in northern Chile (18°S-28°S) are described. The major volcanic activity occurred during the Pleistocene, where the most abundant activity corresponds to effusive and Strombolian eruptions. This volcanism is characterized by external (e.g., magma reservoirs or groundwater availability) and internal (e.g., magma ascent rate or interaction en-route to the surface) conditions, which determine the changes in eruptive style, lithofacies, and magmatic processes involved in the formation of monogenetic volcanoes.
Book Synopsis Differentiation Regimes in the Central Andean Magma Systems: Case Studies of Taapaca and Parinacota Volcanoes, Northern Chile by : Magdalena Banaszak
Download or read book Differentiation Regimes in the Central Andean Magma Systems: Case Studies of Taapaca and Parinacota Volcanoes, Northern Chile written by Magdalena Banaszak and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volcanoes have shaped the Earth's surface and are nature's most awesome manifestation of the power within our planet (Rosaly M. Lopes). Compositional and mineralogical diversity of erupted lavas reflects distinct magma differentiation paths, resulting from magmatic processes controlled by magma sources and architecture of the Earth's crust. A differentiation regime is a concept encompassing different magmatic conditions and mechanisms operating in subvolcanic plumbing systems during magma evolution. This study addresses the compositional and mineralogical variability of magmas erupted in th ...
Book Synopsis Stratigraphy, Petrology, and Geochemistry of Nevado de Longaví Volcano, Chilean Andes (36.2°S) by : Daniel Fernando Sellés Mathieu
Download or read book Stratigraphy, Petrology, and Geochemistry of Nevado de Longaví Volcano, Chilean Andes (36.2°S) written by Daniel Fernando Sellés Mathieu and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La subduction d'une zone de fracture dans la croûte océanique est probablement responsable des teneurs en eau anormalement élevées. Cette zone de fracture n'est pas stationnaire mais migre vers le sud ; la stratigraphie interne du volcan enregistre des changements de chimie et minéralogie cohérents avec une augmentation progressive de l'influence de la zone de fracture.
Book Synopsis The Mixing of Magmas by : Diego Perugini
Download or read book The Mixing of Magmas written by Diego Perugini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-24 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a common theoretical and practical basis to the multifaceted nature of magma mixing. This process represents a fundamental phenomenon both in the evolution of igneous rocks and in triggering explosive volcanic eruptions. The topic is attacked surgically merging field evidence, numerical models, and experiments in order to draw the most complete picture about this natural process. Arguments are discussed in the light of Chaos Theory and Fractal Geometry as new tools to understand the role of magma mixing as a fundamental petrological and volcanological process. The book is intended to be a source of information and a stimulus for new ideas in students, young and possibly more experienced researches.
Book Synopsis Vesiculation and Crystallization of Magma by : Atsushi Toramaru
Download or read book Vesiculation and Crystallization of Magma written by Atsushi Toramaru and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-18 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively illustrates the elemental processes of vesiculation and crystallization recorded in volcanic products on the basis of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium theories. The book describes the derivation of equations and the basic physics behind them in detail. This textbook is fundamental in preparing for future volcanic hazards. The target readers are graduate students and researchers, but Parts I and IV are written to be understandable by undergraduate students as well, to inspire them to enter this field.
Book Synopsis 3-D Ambient Noise Tomography of Llaima Volcano, Chile by : Claudia Kristina Rossavik
Download or read book 3-D Ambient Noise Tomography of Llaima Volcano, Chile written by Claudia Kristina Rossavik and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Llaima is a glaciated, basaltic-andesitic stratocone in the South-Central Andean Volcanic Zone. It is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile. However, uncertainty remains regarding the depths and geometry of where magma is stored and the routes which it takes towards the Earth's surface. To provide a structural framework for the interpretation of petrological and geochemical data, I apply ambient noise tomography (ANT) to produce a 3-D shear wave velocity (vs) model of Llaima's magmatic plumbing. The results of this project show slow shear wave velocity anomalies within the upper 8 km of the crust which are interpreted as the locations of upper and lower magma reservoirs. Among the structures that are revealed by fast shear wave velocity anomalies is a geometry that is interpreted as a dike within a cluster of volcano tectonic (VT) activity. This VT cluster has been suggested to have followed the 2010 M8.8 Maule megathrust earthquake off the coast of Chile (Mora-Stock et al., 2014; Franco, 2019). I use information that has been derived from previous studies such as the coordinates of scoria cones along Llaima's flanks, gravitational anomalies, and local seismicity (which includes the depths and locations of volcano tectonic and long period seismicity) to place the resulting model within a framework that provides insight on the current state of this magmatic system."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.
Book Synopsis Tectonic Controls on Magma Chemistry by : S. D. Weaver
Download or read book Tectonic Controls on Magma Chemistry written by S. D. Weaver and published by Elsevier Publishing Company. This book was released on 1987 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Geochemical Evolution of Volcan Donna Ines in the Central Volcanic Zone of Chile by : Tari Noelani Moulds
Download or read book The Geochemical Evolution of Volcan Donna Ines in the Central Volcanic Zone of Chile written by Tari Noelani Moulds and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Magmatism in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica by : Bruce Marsh
Download or read book Magmatism in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica written by Bruce Marsh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanisms of magma movement, chemical differentiation and physical development, are derived from the geochemistry of igneous rocks, and from studying exposures of deep magmatic systems that have since solidified and been uplifted and exposed at the Earth's surface. The Ferrar Magmatic System of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica provides an unparalleled example of a complete magmatic-volcanic system exposed in unprecedented detail. This book provides a unique and usual three-dimensional detailed examination of this system, providing insight into many magmatic processes normally unobservable, in particular how basaltic magma moves upwards through the crust, how it entrains, carries and deposits loads of crystals from great depths, and how this all contributes to Earth's evolution. Providing an explanation of how magmatic systems operate and how igneous rocks form, this is an invaluable resource ideal for researchers and graduate students in magma physics, igneous petrology, volcanology, and geochemistry.
