Cyber Attacks A New Threat To The Energy Industry

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Cyber Attacks: a New Threat to the Energy Industry

Author : Gabrielle Desarnaud
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9782365675987
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (759 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyber Attacks: a New Threat to the Energy Industry by : Gabrielle Desarnaud

Download or read book Cyber Attacks: a New Threat to the Energy Industry written by Gabrielle Desarnaud and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive has been adopted on July 6th, 2016 by the European Parliament, three years after the initial proposal by the European Commission. It paves the way for a much needed common cyber security strategy within the EU. This Edito explains the reasons why the energy industry is particularly vulnerable to cyber attacks, and what tools this new directive brings about to protect European critical infrastructures. In about two decades, the energy industry has been deeply transformed by the digital revolution, which penetrated companies' commercial, administrative and financial branches, but also their industrial systems. From the optimization of electric grids to the precision of oil drilling, information and communication technologies (ICT) are now essential to every stage of energy production, transport and distribution processes. Data mining and analysis are increasingly considered as the energy sector's new "black gold", and generate new activities just like the platform Predix designed by General Electric to help energy companies (among others) collect and analyze industrial data. This silent revolution offers countless economic opportunities and paves the way for a better resource distribution and use. But it also puts physical energy infrastructures at risk.--

Cyber Threat and Vulnerability Analysis of the U.S. Electric Sector

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (971 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyber Threat and Vulnerability Analysis of the U.S. Electric Sector by :

Download or read book Cyber Threat and Vulnerability Analysis of the U.S. Electric Sector written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With utilities in the U.S. and around the world increasingly moving toward smart grid technology and other upgrades with inherent cyber vulnerabilities, correlative threats from malicious cyber attacks on the North American electric grid continue to grow in frequency and sophistication. The potential for malicious actors to access and adversely affect physical electricity assets of U.S. electricity generation, transmission, or distribution systems via cyber means is a primary concern for utilities contributing to the bulk electric system. This paper seeks to illustrate the current cyber-physical landscape of the U.S. electric sector in the context of its vulnerabilities to cyber attacks, the likelihood of cyber attacks, and the impacts cyber events and threat actors can achieve on the power grid. In addition, this paper highlights utility perspectives, perceived challenges, and requests for assistance in addressing cyber threats to the electric sector. There have been no reported targeted cyber attacks carried out against utilities in the U.S. that have resulted in permanent or long term damage to power system operations thus far, yet electric utilities throughout the U.S. have seen a steady rise in cyber and physical security related events that continue to raise concern. Asset owners and operators understand that the effects of a coordinated cyber and physical attack on a utility's operations would threaten electric system reliability-and potentially result in large scale power outages. Utilities are routinely faced with new challenges for dealing with these cyber threats to the grid and consequently maintain a set of best practices to keep systems secure and up to date. Among the greatest challenges is a lack of knowledge or strategy to mitigate new risks that emerge as a result of an exponential rise in complexity of modern control systems. This paper compiles an open-source analysis of cyber threats and risks to the electric grid, utility best practices for prevention and response to cyber threats, and utility suggestions about how the federal government can aid utilities in combating and mitigating risks.

Understanding Cyber Threats and Attacks

Author : Bimal Kumar Mishra
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781536183368
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (833 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Cyber Threats and Attacks by : Bimal Kumar Mishra

Download or read book Understanding Cyber Threats and Attacks written by Bimal Kumar Mishra and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In 1961, Leonard Kleinrock submitted to the MIT a PhD thesis entitled: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets"1, an innovative idea for message exchanging procedures, based on the concept of post-office packet delivery procedures. It was the seed of ARPANET, a wide area data communication network, implemented in 1969, considered the origin of the Internet. At the end of the 1970's, digital transmission and packet-switching allowed the building of ISDN (Integrated Services Data Networks). Voice and data were integrated in the same network, given birth to electronic offices combining computation and communication technologies. The electronic miniaturization and the popularization of micro-computers in the 1980's, brought computer communication to home, allowing the integration and automation of many domestic tasks and access to some daily facilities from home. A new technological breakthrough came in 1989, when Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), conceived the world wide web (www), easing the communication between machines around the world2. Nowadays, combining Kleinrock and Berners-Lee seminal ideas for network hardware and software, Internet became all pervasive in the daily life around the world, transforming the old telephone set into a small multipurpose computer. Consequently, human life radically changed. Our dependence on computer networks became undeniable and together with it, harmful programs or malwares, developedtodamagemachinesortostealinformation, represent permanent threat toindividuals and society. In computer science a new work research line emerged: cyber-security,which includes developing models, routines and software to protect machines and networks from malicious programs. This new discipline has attracted researchers to develop ideas for protecting people and corporations. Cyber-security is the object of this book, that presents hints about how the community is working to manage these threats: Mathematical models based on epidemiology studies, Control of malwares and virus propagation, Protection of essential service plants to assure reliability, the direct impact of virus and malwares over human activities and behavior, Government entities which are highly concerned with the necessary preventive actions. As cyber-security is a new and wide subject, the intention was to give a general idea of some points, leaving to the readers the task to go ahead"

Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives

Author : Muhammad Sarfraz
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1839688521
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (396 download)

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Book Synopsis Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives by : Muhammad Sarfraz

Download or read book Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives written by Muhammad Sarfraz and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-12-08 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cybersecurity is an active and important area of study, practice, and research today. It spans various fields including cyber terrorism, cyber warfare, electronic civil disobedience, governance and security, hacking and hacktivism, information management and security, internet and controls, law enforcement, national security, privacy, protection of society and the rights of the individual, social engineering, terrorism, and more. This book compiles original and innovative findings on issues relating to cybersecurity and threats. This comprehensive reference explores the developments, methods, approaches, and surveys of cyber threats and security in a wide variety of fields and endeavors. It specifically focuses on cyber threats, cyberattacks, cyber techniques, artificial intelligence, cyber threat actors, and other related cyber issues. The book provides researchers, practitioners, academicians, military professionals, government officials, and other industry professionals with an in-depth discussion of the state-of-the-art advances in the field of cybersecurity.

The Electricity Sector's Efforts to Respond to Cybersecurity Threats

Author : Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781546785897
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (858 download)

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Book Synopsis The Electricity Sector's Efforts to Respond to Cybersecurity Threats by : Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives

Download or read book The Electricity Sector's Efforts to Respond to Cybersecurity Threats written by Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-23 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2015, Russian state hackers successfully compromised the Ukraine's electric grid, shutting down multiple distribution centers and leaving more than 200,000 residents without power for their lights and heaters. That attack was premeditated and well-choreographed, with groundwork that pre-dated the full attack by many months. It was sophisticated and synchronized, taking down backup power supplies and jamming phone lines to keep operators unaware of the extent of damages. To date, it stands as the only recognized cyberattack to successfully take down a power grid. Ensuring the reliable supply of electricity is absolutely vital to the United States' national security. Across the country, electricity enables telecommunications, financial transactions, the transport and delivery of energy, and food, in addition to many other things. Electricity powers the infrastructure that delivers our drinking water. It enables businesses and industry to make and provide the goods and services of our modern society, and powers our hospitals and our households. Ensuring reliability is the central function of electricity grid operations, and a complex system has developed over time to ensure that the lights stay on. The integration into the system of new technologies, especially digital technologies, that are essential for keeping up with the nation's energy needs adds new vulnerabilities. What lessons can be learned from the attack on Ukraine's electric grid to make the U.S. electric grid more secure and utility workers more vigilant of cybersecurity threats? If Russia hacked the election, what's to stop them from hacking the electricity grid?

Cyber Threat!

Author : MacDonnell Ulsch
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118836359
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyber Threat! by : MacDonnell Ulsch

Download or read book Cyber Threat! written by MacDonnell Ulsch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-07-28 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conquering cyber attacks requires a multi-sector, multi-modal approach Cyber Threat! How to Manage the Growing Risk of Cyber Attacks is an in-depth examination of the very real cyber security risks facing all facets of government and industry, and the various factors that must align to maintain information integrity. Written by one of the nation's most highly respected cyber risk analysts, the book describes how businesses and government agencies must protect their most valuable assets to avoid potentially catastrophic consequences. Much more than just cyber security, the necessary solutions require government and industry to work cooperatively and intelligently. This resource reveals the extent of the problem, and provides a plan to change course and better manage and protect critical information. Recent news surrounding cyber hacking operations show how intellectual property theft is now a matter of national security, as well as economic and commercial security. Consequences are far-reaching, and can have enormous effects on national economies and international relations. Aggressive cyber forces in China, Russia, Eastern Europe and elsewhere, the rise of global organized criminal networks, and inattention to vulnerabilities throughout critical infrastructures converge to represent an abundantly clear threat. Managing the threat and keeping information safe is now a top priority for global businesses and government agencies. Cyber Threat! breaks the issue down into real terms, and proposes an approach to effective defense. Topics include: The information at risk The true extent of the threat The potential consequences across sectors The multifaceted approach to defense The growing cyber threat is fundamentally changing the nation's economic, diplomatic, military, and intelligence operations, and will extend into future technological, scientific, and geopolitical influence. The only effective solution will be expansive and complex, encompassing every facet of government and industry. Cyber Threat! details the situation at hand, and provides the information that can help keep the nation safe.

Emerging Trends in ICT Security

Author : Babak Akhgar
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0124104878
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Trends in ICT Security by : Babak Akhgar

Download or read book Emerging Trends in ICT Security written by Babak Akhgar and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-11-06 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Trends in ICT Security, an edited volume, discusses the foundations and theoretical aspects of ICT security; covers trends, analytics, assessments and frameworks necessary for performance analysis and evaluation; and gives you the state-of-the-art knowledge needed for successful deployment of security solutions in many environments. Application scenarios provide you with an insider's look at security solutions deployed in real-life scenarios, including but limited to smart devices, biometrics, social media, big data security, and crowd sourcing. - Provides a multidisciplinary approach to security with coverage of communication systems, information mining, policy making, and management infrastructures - Discusses deployment of numerous security solutions, including, cyber defense techniques and defense against malicious code and mobile attacks - Addresses application of security solutions in real-life scenarios in several environments, such as social media, big data and crowd sourcing

Cyber Blackout

Author : John A. Adams, Jr.
Publisher : FriesenPress
ISBN 13 : 1460259807
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyber Blackout by : John A. Adams, Jr.

Download or read book Cyber Blackout written by John A. Adams, Jr. and published by FriesenPress. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With over 140 countries fielding nation-state and rouge malious cyber hacking capabilities, it is critical that we are aware of threats and vulnerabilities. Adm. Michael Rogers, director of the National Security Agency warned Congress regarding cyber attacks, "It's only a matter of the 'when, ' not the 'if, ' that we are going to see something dramatic." Cyber Blackout is a warning. It is a chronicle of the cyber threats of which we find ourselves at risk every day. Our power supply is vulnerable. Our food supply. Even the basics of communication. Every facet of our national security is vulnerable to cyber threats, and we are not prepared to defend them all. Cyber Blackout explains how these threats have been building since the Cold War, how they affect us now, and how they are changing the concepts of war and peace as we know them. It is essential knowledge for anyone wishing to understand safety and security in the age of the fifth domain....

Countering Cyber Sabotage

Author : Andrew A. Bochman
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000292975
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Cyber Sabotage by : Andrew A. Bochman

Download or read book Countering Cyber Sabotage written by Andrew A. Bochman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-01-20 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Countering Cyber Sabotage: Introducing Consequence-Driven, Cyber-Informed Engineering (CCE) introduces a new methodology to help critical infrastructure owners, operators and their security practitioners make demonstrable improvements in securing their most important functions and processes. Current best practice approaches to cyber defense struggle to stop targeted attackers from creating potentially catastrophic results. From a national security perspective, it is not just the damage to the military, the economy, or essential critical infrastructure companies that is a concern. It is the cumulative, downstream effects from potential regional blackouts, military mission kills, transportation stoppages, water delivery or treatment issues, and so on. CCE is a validation that engineering first principles can be applied to the most important cybersecurity challenges and in so doing, protect organizations in ways current approaches do not. The most pressing threat is cyber-enabled sabotage, and CCE begins with the assumption that well-resourced, adaptive adversaries are already in and have been for some time, undetected and perhaps undetectable. Chapter 1 recaps the current and near-future states of digital technologies in critical infrastructure and the implications of our near-total dependence on them. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the origins of the methodology and set the stage for the more in-depth examination that follows. Chapter 4 describes how to prepare for an engagement, and chapters 5-8 address each of the four phases. The CCE phase chapters take the reader on a more granular walkthrough of the methodology with examples from the field, phase objectives, and the steps to take in each phase. Concluding chapter 9 covers training options and looks towards a future where these concepts are scaled more broadly.

Securing the Modern Electric Grid from Physical and Cyber Attacks

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and Science and Technology
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Securing the Modern Electric Grid from Physical and Cyber Attacks by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and Science and Technology

Download or read book Securing the Modern Electric Grid from Physical and Cyber Attacks written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Emerging Threats, Cybersecurity, and Science and Technology and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309114047
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System by : National Research Council

Download or read book Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-11-25 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power delivery system that carries electricity from large central generators to customers could be severely damaged by a small number of well-informed attackers. The system is inherently vulnerable because transmission lines may span hundreds of miles, and many key facilities are unguarded. This vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that the power grid, most of which was originally designed to meet the needs of individual vertically integrated utilities, is being used to move power between regions to support the needs of competitive markets for power generation. Primarily because of ambiguities introduced as a result of recent restricting the of the industry and cost pressures from consumers and regulators, investment to strengthen and upgrade the grid has lagged, with the result that many parts of the bulk high-voltage system are heavily stressed. Electric systems are not designed to withstand or quickly recover from damage inflicted simultaneously on multiple components. Such an attack could be carried out by knowledgeable attackers with little risk of detection or interdiction. Further well-planned and coordinated attacks by terrorists could leave the electric power system in a large region of the country at least partially disabled for a very long time. Although there are many examples of terrorist and military attacks on power systems elsewhere in the world, at the time of this study international terrorists have shown limited interest in attacking the U.S. power grid. However, that should not be a basis for complacency. Because all parts of the economy, as well as human health and welfare, depend on electricity, the results could be devastating. Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System focuses on measures that could make the power delivery system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.

Cybersecurity

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Cybersecurity by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications and Technology

Download or read book Cybersecurity written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications and Technology and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cyberterrorism

Author : Gabriel Weimann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyberterrorism by : Gabriel Weimann

Download or read book Cyberterrorism written by Gabriel Weimann and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Research Methods for Cyber Security

Author : Thomas W. Edgar
Publisher : Syngress
ISBN 13 : 0128129301
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Methods for Cyber Security by : Thomas W. Edgar

Download or read book Research Methods for Cyber Security written by Thomas W. Edgar and published by Syngress. This book was released on 2017-04-19 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Methods for Cyber Security teaches scientific methods for generating impactful knowledge, validating theories, and adding critical rigor to the cyber security field. This book shows how to develop a research plan, beginning by starting research with a question, then offers an introduction to the broad range of useful research methods for cyber security research: observational, mathematical, experimental, and applied. Each research method chapter concludes with recommended outlines and suggested templates for submission to peer reviewed venues. This book concludes with information on cross-cutting issues within cyber security research. Cyber security research contends with numerous unique issues, such as an extremely fast environment evolution, adversarial behavior, and the merging of natural and social science phenomena. Research Methods for Cyber Security addresses these concerns and much more by teaching readers not only the process of science in the context of cyber security research, but providing assistance in execution of research as well. - Presents research methods from a cyber security science perspective - Catalyzes the rigorous research necessary to propel the cyber security field forward - Provides a guided method selection for the type of research being conducted, presented in the context of real-world usage

Securing the Energy Transition Against Cyber Threats

Author : Pedro M. Allende
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781619772403
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (724 download)

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Book Synopsis Securing the Energy Transition Against Cyber Threats by : Pedro M. Allende

Download or read book Securing the Energy Transition Against Cyber Threats written by Pedro M. Allende and published by . This book was released on 2022-07-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cyber-Security Threats and Response Models in Nuclear Power Plants

Author : Carol Smidts
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031127110
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Cyber-Security Threats and Response Models in Nuclear Power Plants by : Carol Smidts

Download or read book Cyber-Security Threats and Response Models in Nuclear Power Plants written by Carol Smidts and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-10 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief presents a brief introduction to probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), followed by a discussion of abnormal event detection techniques in industrial control systems (ICS). It also provides an introduction to the use of game theory for the development of cyber-attack response models and a discussion on the experimental testbeds used for ICS cyber security research. The probabilistic risk assessment framework used by the nuclear industry provides a valid framework to understand the impacts of cyber-attacks in the physical world. An introduction to the PRA techniques such as fault trees, and event trees is provided along with a discussion on different levels of PRA and the application of PRA techniques in the context of cybersecurity. A discussion on machine learning based fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods and cyber-attack detection methods for industrial control systems are introduced in this book as well. A dynamic Bayesian networks based method that can be used to detect an abnormal event and classify it as either a component fault induced safety event or a cyber-attack is discussed. An introduction to the stochastic game formulation of the attacker-defender interaction in the context of cyber-attacks on industrial control systems to compute optimal response strategies is presented. Besides supporting cyber-attack response, the analysis based on the game model also supports the behavioral study of the defender and the attacker during a cyber-attack, and the results can then be used to analyze the risk to the system caused by a cyber-attack. A brief review of the current state of experimental testbeds used in ICS cybersecurity research and a comparison of the structures of various testbeds and the attack scenarios supported by those testbeds is included. A description of a testbed for nuclear power applications, followed by a discussion on the design of experiments that can be carried out on the testbed and the associated results is covered as well. This SpringerBrief is a useful resource tool for researchers working in the areas of cyber security for industrial control systems, energy systems and cyber physical systems. Advanced-level students that study these topics will also find this SpringerBrief useful as a study guide.

The Energy Sector Hacker Report

Author : James Scott
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781540446886
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (468 download)

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Book Synopsis The Energy Sector Hacker Report by : James Scott

Download or read book The Energy Sector Hacker Report written by James Scott and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among our Nation's critical infrastructures, the Energy Sector is a primary target for exploitation by nation state and mercenary APTs, hacktivists, cyber jihadists and other hacker teams. Although the nation's socioeconomic survival depends on the energy sector to deliver energy to the homes and businesses that support life, business operations, and critical systems, it was not built upon a foundation of security and cyber-resiliency, making it highly vulnerable to attack. To develop truly viable defenses, conversations about energy sector resiliency must focus more on details about actors, malware and evolving attack vectors. In this brief, entitled "The Energy Sector Hacker Report: Profiling the Hacker Groups that Threaten our Nation's Energy Sector" the Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology offers a detailed analysis of the expanding threat landscape within the energy sector as well as profiles on the most prominent actors targeting our Nation's energy grid. Specifically, the report discusses: -The Incidents that have Shaped Energy Sector Discussions -A breakdown of the major components of our Energy Grid -The Expanding Threat Landscape -IT-OT Convergence -Software and Applications (Human Machine Interface, Enterprise Resource Planning) -Engineering Workstations -Programmable Logic Controllers -Historian Systems -Synchrophasor Technology -Distributed Energy Resources -Smart Grid Technologies -Cloud Computing Technologies -The Threats to the Energy Sector -Basic Attack Chain -Botnets -Network Discovery -Insider Threat -Cross-site Scripting -Dive-by-Downlods -Watering Holes -Spear Phishing -Zero-Day Vulnerabilities -Poisoned Updated -Wrappers / Packers / Cypter -Polymorphic / Metamorphic Hash -Ransomware -Energy Sector Threat Actors -Hacktivists -Lone-Wolf Activists -Cyberterrorists -Cybercriminals -Hail-Mary Threat Actors -Nation State Threats