Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel

Download Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501504029
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel by : Marília P. Futre Pinheiro

Download or read book Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel written by Marília P. Futre Pinheiro and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protagonists of the ancient novels wandered or were carried off to distant lands, from Italy in the west to Persia in the east and Ethiopia in the south; the authors themselves came, or pretended to come, from remote places such as Aphrodisia and Phoenicia; and the novelistic form had antecedents in a host of classical genres. These intersections are explored in this volume. Papers in the first section discuss “mapping the world in the novels.” The second part looks at the dialogical imagination, and the conversation between fiction and history in the novels. Section 3 looks at the way ancient fiction has been transmitted and received. Space, as the locus of cultural interaction and exchange, is the topic of the fourth part. The fifth and final section is devoted to character and emotion, and how these are perceived or constructed in ancient fiction. Overall, a rich picture is offered of the many spatial and cultural dimensions in a variety of ancient fictional genres.

Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel

Download Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501503987
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel by : Marília P. Futre Pinheiro

Download or read book Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel written by Marília P. Futre Pinheiro and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protagonists of the ancient novels wandered or were carried off to distant lands, from Italy in the west to Persia in the east and Ethiopia in the south; the authors themselves came, or pretended to come, from remote places such as Aphrodisia and Phoenicia; and the novelistic form had antecedents in a host of classical genres. These intersections are explored in this volume. Papers in the first section discuss “mapping the world in the novels.” The second part looks at the dialogical imagination, and the conversation between fiction and history in the novels. Section 3 looks at the way ancient fiction has been transmitted and received. Space, as the locus of cultural interaction and exchange, is the topic of the fourth part. The fifth and final section is devoted to character and emotion, and how these are perceived or constructed in ancient fiction. Overall, a rich picture is offered of the many spatial and cultural dimensions in a variety of ancient fictional genres.

Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume set

Download Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Barkhuis
ISBN 13 : 9492444690
Total Pages : 773 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (924 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume set by : Edmund Cueva

Download or read book Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel, 2 Volume set written by Edmund Cueva and published by Barkhuis. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fifth International Conference on the Ancient Novel, which was held in Houston, Texas, in the fall of 2015, brought together scholars and students of the ancient novel from all over the world in order to share new and significant developments about this fascinating field of study and its important place in the field of Classical Studies. The essays contained in these two volumes are clear evidence that the ancient novel has become a valuable part of the Classics canon and its scholarly attempts to understand the ancient Graeco-Roman world.

Sources of Crossroads and Cultures, Volume II: Since 1300

Download Sources of Crossroads and Cultures, Volume II: Since 1300 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0312559860
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (125 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sources of Crossroads and Cultures, Volume II: Since 1300 by : Bonnie G. Smith

Download or read book Sources of Crossroads and Cultures, Volume II: Since 1300 written by Bonnie G. Smith and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2012 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Magic and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World

Download Magic and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000989275
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Magic and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World by : Radcliffe G. Edmonds III

Download or read book Magic and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World written by Radcliffe G. Edmonds III and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-11-15 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores aspects of ancient magic and religion in the ancient Mediterranean, specifically ways in which religious and mythical ideas, including the knowledge and practice of magic, were transmitted and adapted through time and across Greco-Roman, Near Eastern, and Egyptian cultures. Offering an original and innovative combination of case studies on the material aspects and cross-cultural transfers of magic and religion, this book brings together a range of contributions that cross and connect sub-fields with a pan-Mediterranean, comparative scope. Section I investigates the material aspects of magical practices, including first editions and original studies on papyri, gems, lamellae containing binding curses and protective texts, and other textual media in ancient book culture. Several chapters feature the Greco-Egyptian Magical Papyri, the compilation of magical recipes in the formularies, and the role of physical book-forms in the transmission of magical knowledge. Section II explores magic and religion as nodes of cultural exchange in the ancient Mediterranean. Case studies range from Egypt to Anatolia and from Syria-Phoenicia to Sicily, with Greco-Roman religion and myth integrated in a diverse and interconnected Mediterranean landscape. Readers encounter studies featuring charismatic figures of Magi and itinerant begging priests, the multiple understandings of deities such as Hekate, Herakles, or Aphrodite, or the perceived exotic origin of cult statues, mummies, amulets, and cursing formulae, which bring to light the rich intercultural networks of the ancient Mediterranean, and the crucial role of magic and religion in the process of cross-cultural adaptation and innovation. Magic and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean World appeals to both specialized and non-specialized audiences, with expert contributions written in an accessible way. This is a fascinating resource for students and scholars working on magic, religion, and mythology in the ancient Mediterranean.

Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond

Download Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004506055
Total Pages : 834 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond by :

Download or read book Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-04-25 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emotions are at the core of much ancient literature, from Achilles’ heartfelt anger in Homer’s Iliad to the pangs of love of Virgil’s Dido. This volume applies a narratological approach to emotions in a wide range of texts and genres. It seeks to analyze ways in which emotions such as anger, fear, pity, joy, love and sadness are portrayed. Furthermore, using recent insights from affective narratology, it studies ways in which ancient narratives evoke emotions in their readers. The volume is dedicated to Irene de Jong for her groundbreaking research into the narratology of ancient literature.

A Commentary on Books 3 and 4 of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon

Download A Commentary on Books 3 and 4 of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004691537
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Commentary on Books 3 and 4 of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon by : John L. Hilton

Download or read book A Commentary on Books 3 and 4 of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon written by John L. Hilton and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2024-02-26 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a new account, informed by recent scholarship on ancient narrative fiction, of a world that calls to mind the scenes of the Palestrina mosaic, with ships traversing the Nile delta, hippopotamus hunting, religious processions and festivities, and leizurely sightseeing. The commentary argues that the author was most probably an erudite Alexandrian with a polymathic interest in topics as diverse as the arrival of the phoenix in Heliopolis, contemporary art, medical theories of the function of blood in causing psychological imbalances in the young, herbal remedies for poisoning, and the colour of Nile water in glass.

Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel

Download Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192697900
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel by : Robert Cioffi

Download or read book Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel written by Robert Cioffi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-03-07 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no region more central to the ancient Greek romance novel than the thousand or so miles stretching from Alexandria to ancient Ethiopia that comprise the Nile River Valley. Yet, for all its importance, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Greek Novel: Between Representation and Resistance is the first book-length study of how this region is depicted in a literary genre whose fictional tales of love, travel, separation, and reunion flourished during the Roman imperial period. Employing approaches from Literary Studies, Classics, and Egyptology, Robert Cioffi explores the Nile River Valley in the ancient Greek romance novel through two fundamentally related concepts: representation and resistance. On the one hand, these novels develop an image of Egypt and Ethiopia that is in close dialogue with the Greco-Roman ethnographic tradition, characterized by extraordinary marvels such as grand cities, ancient religious rites, and a dizzying array of animals—some real, some imaginary, and some so incredible as to seem make-believe. On the other hand, this depiction often figures Egypt and Ethiopia as sites of resistance, revolt, and rebellion against—or political, cultural, and religious alternatives to—an array of dominant imperial powers in the region, from the Persians to the Romans. This dual reading enriches our understanding of these texts' relationship with the real and imagined frontiers of Roman political, military, and intellectual power. It also raises a broader set of questions—some literary, some cultural-historical—about the interrelation of humans, their environment, and the topographies of cultural identity in the Roman empire.

The Folds of Olympus

Download The Folds of Olympus PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691238499
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Folds of Olympus by : Jason König

Download or read book The Folds of Olympus written by Jason König and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cultural and literary history of mountains in classical antiquity The mountainous character of the Mediterranean was a crucial factor in the history of the ancient Greek and Roman world. The Folds of Olympus is a cultural and literary history that explores the important role mountains played in Greek and Roman religious, military, and economic life, as well as in the identity of communities over a millennium—from Homer to the early Christian saints. Aimed at readers of ancient history and literature as well as those interested in mountains and the environment, the book offers a powerful account of the landscape at the heart of much Greek and Roman culture. Jason König charts the importance of mountains in religion and pilgrimage, the aesthetic vision of mountains in art and literature, the place of mountains in conquest and warfare, and representations of mountain life. He shows how mountains were central to the way in which the inhabitants of the ancient Mediterranean understood the boundaries between the divine and the human, and the limits of human knowledge and control. He also argues that there is more continuity than normally assumed between ancient descriptions of mountains and modern accounts of the picturesque and the sublime. Offering a unique perspective on the history of classical culture, The Folds of Olympus is also a resoundingly original contribution to the literature on mountains.

Xenophon’s Ephesiaca

Download Xenophon’s Ephesiaca PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Barkhuis
ISBN 13 : 9492444216
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (924 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Xenophon’s Ephesiaca by : Aldo Tagliabue

Download or read book Xenophon’s Ephesiaca written by Aldo Tagliabue and published by Barkhuis. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After many decades of neglect, the last forty years have seen a renewed scholarly appreciation of the literary value of the Greek novel. Within this renaissance of interest, four monographs have been published to date which focus on individual novels; I refer to the specialist studies of Achilles Tatius by Morales and Laplace and those of Chariton of Aphrodisias by Smith and Tilg. This book adds to this short list and takes as its singular focus Xenophon’s Ephesiaca. Among the five fully extant Greek novels, the Ephesiaca occupies the position of being an anomaly, since scholars have conventionally considered it to be either a poorly written text or an epitome of a more sophisticated lost original. This monograph challenges this view by arguing that the author of the Ephesiaca is a competent writer in artistic control of his text, insofar as his work has a coherent and emplotted focus on the protagonists’ progression in love and also includes references to earlier texts of the classical canon, not least Homer’s Odyssey and the Platonic dialogues on Love. At the same time, the Ephesiaca exhibits stylistically an overall simplicity, contains many repetitions and engages with other texts via a thematic, rather than a pointed, type of intertextuality; these and other features make this text different from the other extant Greek novels. This book explains this difference with the help of Couégnas’ view of ‘paraliterature,' a term that refers not to its status as ‘non-literature’ but rather to literature of a different kind, that is simple, action-oriented, and entertaining. By offering a definition of the Ephesiaca as a paraliterary narrative, this monograph sheds new light on this novel and its position within the Greek novelistic corpus, whilst also offering a more nuanced understanding of intertextuality and paraliterature.

The Ancient Unconscious

Download The Ancient Unconscious PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192562797
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ancient Unconscious by : Vered Lev Kenaan

Download or read book The Ancient Unconscious written by Vered Lev Kenaan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-08 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the field of classical studies, the psychoanalytic construction of the unconscious is rarely regarded as a fruitful methodological concept. Commonly understood as a modern conceptual invention rather than the discovery of a psychic reality, the notion of the unconscious is often criticized as an anachronistic lens, one that ineluctably subjects ancient experience to modern patterns of thought. The Ancient Unconscious seeks to challenge this ambivalent theoretical disposition toward the psychoanalytic concept and reclaim the value of the unconscious as a methodological tool for the study of ancient texts by transforming our understanding of what the unconscious means, the way it operates, and how it relates to textual hermeneutics. It considers the debate over whether the ancients had an unconscious as an invitation to rethink the relationship between antiquity and modernity, investigating the meaning of textuality through contact between historical moments that have no priority under the law of chronology: associations and connections between the past and its future - including the present - belong to the sphere of the unconscious, which is primarily employed here in order to study the inherent, often hidden, links that bind modernity to classical antiquity and modern to ancient experiences. Drawing on an incisive examination of the complicated, often conflicted, relationship between classical studies and psychoanalytic theory, the volume aims to explain why the concept of the unconscious is in fact inseparable from, and crucial for, the study of the ancient text and, more generally, the methodology of classical philology.

The Ass of the Gods: Apuleius' Golden Ass, the Onos Attributed to Lucian, and Graeco-Roman Metamorphosis Literature

Download The Ass of the Gods: Apuleius' Golden Ass, the Onos Attributed to Lucian, and Graeco-Roman Metamorphosis Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004537171
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ass of the Gods: Apuleius' Golden Ass, the Onos Attributed to Lucian, and Graeco-Roman Metamorphosis Literature by : Kristopher F.B. Fletcher

Download or read book The Ass of the Gods: Apuleius' Golden Ass, the Onos Attributed to Lucian, and Graeco-Roman Metamorphosis Literature written by Kristopher F.B. Fletcher and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-03-20 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apuleius’ Golden Ass and the Lucianic Loukios, or the Ass depend on and play with readers’ familiarity with the clear patterns of Greek and Roman stories of metamorphosis. The formulaic nature of these stories suggests that the appearance of a god at the end of the Golden Ass is unsurprising and that the end of the Loukios is more innovative. This context also sheds new light on the function of the Cupid and Psyche story, the meaning of these works’ titles, and the lost Metamorphoseis on which they are both based and of which the Golden Ass is a translation.

Achilles Tatius: Leucippe and Clitophon Books I–II

Download Achilles Tatius: Leucippe and Clitophon Books I–II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108119158
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Achilles Tatius: Leucippe and Clitophon Books I–II by : Tim Whitmarsh

Download or read book Achilles Tatius: Leucippe and Clitophon Books I–II written by Tim Whitmarsh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greek Novels have moved from the margins to the centre-stage over recent decades, not just because of their literary qualities and thrilling narratives, but also because they offer revealing insights into the culture of the Greek world of the Roman Empire: sexual mores, the position of women and men, identity, religion. Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon, the most influential of the novels in antiquity, remains the favourite of many. With its freewheeling plotline, its setting on the edge of the Greek world (in modern Lebanon), its ironic play with the reader's expectations and its sallies into obscenity, it represents a new, mature, sophisticated stage in the development of the novel as a genre. This is the first commentary in English on Achilles for over 50 years, a period that has seen great strides forward in the understanding of the literary, linguistic and textual interpretation of this brilliant text.

The Early Martyr Narratives

Download The Early Martyr Narratives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812297601
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Early Martyr Narratives by : Éric Rebillard

Download or read book The Early Martyr Narratives written by Éric Rebillard and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Eusebius of Caesarea, who first compiled a collection of martyr narratives around 300, to Thierry Ruinart, whose Acta primorum martyrum sincera et selecta was published in 1689, the selection and study of early hagiographic narratives has been founded on an assumption that there existed documents written at the time of martyrdom, or very close to it. As a result, a search for authenticity has been and continues to be central, even in the context of today's secular scholarship. But, as Éric Rebillard contends, the alternative approach, to set aside entirely the question of the historical reliability of martyr narratives, is not satisfactory either. Instead, he argues that martyr narratives should be consider as fluid "living texts," written anonymously and received by audiences not as precise historical reports but as versions of the story. In other words, the form these texts took, between fact and fiction, made it possible for audiences to readily accept the historicity of the martyr while at the same time not expect to hear or read a truthful account. In The Early Martyr Narratives, Rebillard considers only accounts of Christian martyrs supposed to have been executed before 260, and only those whose existence is attested in sources that can be dated to before 300. The resulting small corpus contains no texts in the form of legal protocols, traditionally viewed as the earliest, most official and authentic records, nor does it include any that can be dated to a period during which persecution of Christians is known to have taken place. Rather than deduce from this that they are forgeries written for the sake of polemic or apologetic, Rebillard demonstrates how the literariness of the narratives creates a fictional complicity that challenges and complicates any claims of these narratives to be truthful.

Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity

Download Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108495281
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity by : Sarah F. Derbew

Download or read book Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity written by Sarah F. Derbew and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-12 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold and brilliant new treatment of blackness in ancient Greek literature and visual culture as well as modern reception.

Lived Spaces in Late Antiquity

Download Lived Spaces in Late Antiquity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429763123
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lived Spaces in Late Antiquity by : Carlos Machado

Download or read book Lived Spaces in Late Antiquity written by Carlos Machado and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-30 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume considers “lived space” as a scholarly approach to the past, showing how spatial approaches can present innovative views of the world of Late Antiquity, integrating social, economic and cultural developments and putting centre stage this fundamental dimension of social life. Bringing together an international group of scholars working on areas as diverse as Britain, the Iberian Peninsula, Jordan and the Horn of Africa, this book includes burgeoning fields of study such as lived spaces in the context of ships and seafaring during this period. Chapters investigate the history, function and use of different spaces in their own right and identify the social and historical logic presiding over continuity and/or change. They also explore the fluidity of lived space in both its physical and conceptual dimensions, analysing issues like agency and intentionality as well as meaning and social relations. Space is the fundamental dimension of social life, the arena where it unfolds and the stage where social values and hierarchies are represented; analysis of space allows us to understand history through different means of shaping, occupying and controlling space. Considering Late Antiquity through a spatial perspective offers a complex and stimulating picture of this pivotal period, and this volume provides avenues for the development of further research and discussion in this area. Lived Spaces in Late Antiquity is a fascinating resource for students and scholars interested in space and spatiality in the late antique world, as well as archaeology, classical studies and late antique studies more generally.

Cupid and Psyche

Download Cupid and Psyche PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311064200X
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cupid and Psyche by : Regine May

Download or read book Cupid and Psyche written by Regine May and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-02-24 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apuleius’ tale of Cupid and Psyche has been popular since it was first written in the second century CE as part of his Latin novel Metamorphoses. Often treated as a standalone text, Cupid and Psyche has given rise to treatments in the last 400 years as diverse as plays, masques, operas, poems, paintings and novels, with a range of diverse approaches to the text. Apuleius’ story of the love between the mortal princess Psyche (or “Soul”) and the god of Love has fascinated recipients as varied as Romantic poets, psychoanalysts, children’s books authors, neo-Platonist philosophers and Disney film producers. These readers themselves produced their own responses to and versions of the story. This volume is the first broad consideration of the reception of C&P in Europe since 1600 and an adventurous interdisciplinary undertaking. It is the first study to focus primarily on material in English, though it also ranges widely across literary genres in Italian, French and German, encompassing poetry, drama and opera as well as prose fiction and art history, studied by an international team of established and young scholars. Detailed studies of single works and of whole genres make this book relevant for students of Classics, English, Art History, opera and modern film.