Crisis and the Everyday in Postsocialist Moscow

Download Crisis and the Everyday in Postsocialist Moscow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253002575
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Crisis and the Everyday in Postsocialist Moscow by : Olga Shevchenko

Download or read book Crisis and the Everyday in Postsocialist Moscow written by Olga Shevchenko and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2008-12-17 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this ethnography of postsocialist Moscow in the late 1990s, Olga Shevchenko draws on interviews with a cross-section of Muscovites to describe how people made sense of the acute uncertainties of everyday life, and the new identities and competencies that emerged in response to these challenges. Ranging from consumption to daily rhetoric, and from urban geography to health care, this study illuminates the relationship between crisis and normality and adds a new dimension to the debates about postsocialist culture and politics.

Ambiguous Transitions

Download Ambiguous Transitions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785335995
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ambiguous Transitions by : Jill Massino

Download or read book Ambiguous Transitions written by Jill Massino and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on youth, family, work, and consumption, Ambiguous Transitions analyzes the interplay between gender and citizenship postwar Romania. By juxtaposing official sources with oral histories and socialist policies with everyday practices, Jill Massino illuminates the gendered dimensions of socialist modernization and its complex effects on women’s roles, relationships, and identities. Analyzing women as subjects and agents, the book examines how they negotiated the challenges that arose as Romanian society modernized, even as it clung to traditional ideas about gender. Massino concludes by exploring the ambiguities of postsocialism, highlighting how the legacies of the past have shaped politics and women’s lived experiences since 1989.

Everyday Life in Russia

Download Everyday Life in Russia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253012600
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Everyday Life in Russia by : Choi Chatterjee

Download or read book Everyday Life in Russia written by Choi Chatterjee and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-29 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A panoramic, interdisciplinary survey of Russian lives and “a must-read for any scholar engaging with Russian culture” (The Russian Review). In this interdisciplinary collection of essays, distinguished scholars survey the cultural practices, power relations, and behaviors that characterized Russian daily life from pre-revolutionary times through the post-Soviet present. Microanalyses and transnational perspectives shed new light on the formation and elaboration of gender, ethnicity, class, nationalism, and subjectivity. Changes in consumption and communication patterns, the restructuring of familial and social relations, systems of cultural meanings, and evolving practices in the home, at the workplace, and at sites of leisure are among the topics explored. “Offers readers a richly theoretical and empirical consideration of the ‘state of play’ of everyday life as it applies to the interdisciplinary study of Russia.” —Slavic Review “An engaging look at a vibrant area of research . . . Highly recommended.” —Choice “Volumes of such diversity frequently miss the mark, but this one represents a welcomed introduction to and a ‘must’ read for anyone seriously interested in the subject.” —Cahiers du Monde russe

Everyday Post-Socialism

Download Everyday Post-Socialism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349950890
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (499 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Everyday Post-Socialism by : Jeremy Morris

Download or read book Everyday Post-Socialism written by Jeremy Morris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a rich ethnographic account of blue-collar workers’ everyday life in a central Russian industrial town coping with simultaneous decline and the arrival of transnational corporations. Everyday Post-Socialism demonstrates how people manage to remain satisfied, despite the crisis and relative poverty they faced after the fall of socialist projects and the social trends associated with neoliberal transformation. Morris shows the ‘other life’ in today’s Russia which is not present in mainstream academic discourse or even in the media in Russia itself. This book offers co-presence and a direct understanding of how the local community lives a life which is not only bearable, but also preferable and attractive when framed in the categories of ‘habitability’, commitment and engagement, and seen in the light of alternative ideas of worth and specific values. Topics covered include working-class identity, informal economy, gender relations and transnational corporations.

The Patriotism of Despair

Download The Patriotism of Despair PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801457866
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Patriotism of Despair by : Serguei Alex. Oushakine

Download or read book The Patriotism of Despair written by Serguei Alex. Oushakine and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2011-02-23 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sudden dissolution of the Soviet Union altered the routines, norms, celebrations, and shared understandings that had shaped the lives of Russians for generations. It also meant an end to the state-sponsored, nonmonetary support that most residents had lived with all their lives. How did Russians make sense of these historic transformations? Serguei Alex. Oushakine offers a compelling look at postsocialist life in Russia. In Barnaul, a major industrial city in southwestern Siberia that has lost 25 percent of its population since 1991, many Russians are finding that what binds them together is loss and despair. The Patriotism of Despair examines the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union, graphically described in spray paint by a graffiti artist in Barnaul: "We have no Motherland." Once socialism disappeared as a way of understanding the world, what replaced it in people's minds? Once socialism stopped orienting politics and economics, how did capitalism insinuate itself into routine practices? Oushakine offers a compelling look at postsocialist life in noncosmopolitan Russia. He introduces readers to the "neocoms": people who mourn the loss of the Soviet economy and the remonetization of transactions that had not involved the exchange of cash during the Soviet era. Moving from economics into military conflict and personal loss, Oushakine also describes the ways in which veterans of the Chechen war and mothers of soldiers who died there have connected their immediate experiences with the country's historical disruptions. The country, the nation, and traumatized individuals, Oushakine finds, are united by their vocabulary of shared pain.

Saving the Sacred Sea

Download Saving the Sacred Sea PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190660961
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Saving the Sacred Sea by : Kate Pride Brown

Download or read book Saving the Sacred Sea written by Kate Pride Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Civil society" is a loaded concept in Russia; during the Soviet period, the voices that heralded civil society were the same ones that demanded the Union's dissolution. So, for the Kremlin, civil society is not the guarantor of democracy, but a force that has the power to end governments. This book looks at how civil society negotiates power on a global stage, under Russia's authoritarian regime, and in a particularly isolated and remote part of the world: within environmental activism around Lake Baikal in Siberia. More than a mile deep, Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest, and most voluminous lake on the Earth, and home to thousands of endemic species. It is also ecologically unique in that it is oxygenated to its maximum depth and supports life even at the lake floor -- a phenomenon occurring nowhere else on the planet. The lake is not just a natural wonder, but home to a strong environmentalist community that works tirelessly to protect the lake from human harm. Environmentalism at Baikal began in the late 1950s, eventually igniting the first national protest in the USSR. They have remained active in some form ever since, across the years of chaos, instability, and crisis, from the opening of Russia to the forces of globalization to the authoritarianism of Putin in the present. This book examines the struggle of Baikal environmentalists to develop a new understanding of civil society under conditions of globalization and authoritarianism. Through extended, historically-informed ethnographic analysis, Kate Pride Brown argues that civil society is engaged with political and economic elites in a dynamic struggle within a field of power. Understanding the field of power helps to explain a number of contradictions. For example, why does civil society seem to both bolster democracy and threaten it? Why do capitalist corporations and environmental organizations form partnerships despite their general hostility toward each other? And why has democracy proven to be so elusive in Russia? The field of power posits new answers to these questions, as Baikal environmental activists struggle to protect and save their Sacred Sea.

Holocaust Education in Lithuania

Download Holocaust Education in Lithuania PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498537456
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Holocaust Education in Lithuania by : Christine Beresniova

Download or read book Holocaust Education in Lithuania written by Christine Beresniova and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2017-03-08 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Holocaust Education in Lithuania is based on a six-year, multi-sited ethnographic research project that was conducted to analyze the effects of the controversial policies of Holocaust education which were introduced as conditions of membership for access into post-Soviet western alliances. In order to understand how individuals take up transnational policies and programs intended to support democratization, Beresniova delves into rarely discussed issues. She looks at the means through which inherent cultural and political assumptions have had an impact on the ways in which memory and history are used in educational programs. She also scrutinizes the motivating factors for involvement in Holocaust education, such as the importance of community building, civic activism beyond the topic of the Holocaust, and the perceived power of the international community in dictating domestic education policy guidelines. Beresniova contends that educators must acknowledge the political and cultural elements in Holocaust education programs and policies, or risk undermining their own efforts. This book is recommended for scholars of anthropology, education, history, political science, and European studies.

The Future of Immortality

Download The Future of Immortality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691185956
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Future of Immortality by : Anya Bernstein

Download or read book The Future of Immortality written by Anya Bernstein and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-25 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A gripping account of the Russian visionaries who are pursuing human immortality As long as we have known death, we have dreamed of life without end. In The Future of Immortality, Anya Bernstein explores the contemporary Russian communities of visionaries and utopians who are pressing at the very limits of the human. The Future of Immortality profiles a diverse cast of characters, from the owners of a small cryonics outfit to scientists inaugurating the field of biogerontology, from grassroots neurotech enthusiasts to believers in the Cosmist ideas of the Russian Orthodox thinker Nikolai Fedorov. Bernstein puts their debates and polemics in the context of a long history of immortalist thought in Russia, with global implications that reach to Silicon Valley and beyond. If aging is a curable disease, do we have a moral obligation to end the suffering it causes? Could immortality be the foundation of a truly liberated utopian society extending beyond the confines of the earth—something that Russians, historically, have pondered more than most? If life without end requires radical genetic modification or separating consciousness from our biological selves, how does that affect what it means to be human? As vividly written as any novel, The Future of Immortality is a fascinating account of techno-scientific and religious futurism—and the ways in which it hopes to transform our very being.

Neighbours around the World

Download Neighbours around the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839094788
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neighbours around the World by : Lynda Cheshire

Download or read book Neighbours around the World written by Lynda Cheshire and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-08-18 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neighbours are a lively topic of everyday conversation and interest. Neighbours Around the World takes a comparative look around the world at our relationships and interactions with the people living next door, analysing the ways in which these relationships are changing in the face of large-scale macro social and urban processes.

Doctors Without Borders

Download Doctors Without Borders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421413558
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Doctors Without Borders by : Renée C. Fox

Download or read book Doctors Without Borders written by Renée C. Fox and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-06-01 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An intimate portrait of the renowned international humanitarian organization. Winner of the PROSE Award for Excellence, Sociology and Social Work of the Association of American Publishers This study of Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders (MSF) casts new light on the organization’s founding principles, distinctive culture, and inner struggles to realize more fully its “without borders” transnational vision. Pioneering medical sociologist Renée C. Fox spent nearly twenty years conducting extensive ethnographic research within MSF, a private international medical humanitarian organization that was created in 1971 and awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1999. With unprecedented access, Fox attended MSF meetings and observed doctors and other workers in the field. She interviewed MSF members and participants and analyzed the content of such documents as communications between MSF staff members within the offices of its various headquarters, communications between headquarters and the field, and transcripts of internal group discussions and meetings. Fox weaves these threads of information into a rich tapestry of the MSF experience that reveals the dual perspectives of an insider and an observer. The book begins with moving, detailed accounts from the blogs of women and men working for MSF in the field. From there, Fox chronicles the organization’s early history and development, paying special attention to its struggles during the first decades of its existence to clarify and implement its principles. The core of the book is centered on her observations in the field of MSF’s efforts to combat a rampant epidemic of HIV/AIDS in postapartheid South Africa and the organization’s response to two challenges in postsocialist Russia: an enormous surge in homelessness on the streets of Moscow and a massive epidemic of tuberculosis in the penal colonies of Siberia. Fox’s accounts of these crises exemplify MSF’s struggles to provide for thousands of people in need when both the populations and the aid workers are in danger. Enriched by vivid photographs of MSF operations and by ironic, self-critical cartoons drawn by a member of the Communications Department of MSF France, Doctors Without Borders highlights the bold mission of the renowned international humanitarian organization even as it demonstrates the intrinsic dilemmas of humanitarian action.

The Ambivalence of Power in the Twenty-First Century Economy

Download The Ambivalence of Power in the Twenty-First Century Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UCL Press
ISBN 13 : 1800082681
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ambivalence of Power in the Twenty-First Century Economy by : Vadim Radaev

Download or read book The Ambivalence of Power in the Twenty-First Century Economy written by Vadim Radaev and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2022-07-07 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ambivalence of Power in the Twenty-First Century Economy contributes to the understanding of the ambivalent nature of power, oscillating between conflict and cooperation, public and private, global and local, formal and informal, and does so from an empirical perspective. It offers a collection of country-based cases, as well as critically assesses the existing conceptions of power from a cross-disciplinary perspective. The diverse analyses of power at the macro, meso or micro levels allow the volume to highlight the complexity of political economy in the twenty-first century. Each chapter addresses key elements of that political economy (from the ambivalence of the cases of former communist countries that do not conform with the grand narratives about democracy and markets, to the dual utility of new technologies such as face-recognition), thus providing mounting evidence for the centrality of an understanding of ambivalence in the analysis of power, especially in the modern state power-driven capitalism. Anchored in economic sociology and political economy, this volume aims to make ‘visible’ the dimensions of power embedded in economic practices. The chapters are predominantly based on post-communist practices, but this divergent experience is relevant to comparative studies of how power and economy are interrelated.

Remembering Transitions

Download Remembering Transitions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110707799
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Remembering Transitions by : Ksenia Robbe

Download or read book Remembering Transitions written by Ksenia Robbe and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-10-04 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers critical perspectives on memories of political and socioeconomic ‘transitions’ that took place between the 1970s and 1990s across the globe and that inaugurated the end of the Cold War. The essays respond to a wealth of recent works of literature, film, theatre, and other media in different languages that rethink the transformations of those decades in light of present-day crises. The authors scrutinize the enduring silences produced by established frameworks of memory and time and explore the mnemonic practices that challenge these frameworks by positing radical ambivalence or by articulating new perspectives and subjectivities. As a whole, the volume contributes to current debates and theory-making in critical memory studies by reflecting on how the changing recollection of transitions constitutes a response to the crisis of memory and time regimes, and how remembering these times as crises renders visible continuities between this past and the present. It is a valuable resource for academics, students, practitioners, and general readers interested in exploring the dynamics of memory in post-authoritarian societies.

Pleasures in Socialism

Download Pleasures in Socialism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Northwestern University Press
ISBN 13 : 0810126907
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pleasures in Socialism by : David Crowley

Download or read book Pleasures in Socialism written by David Crowley and published by Northwestern University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-31 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume shows how the rise of consumer culture took a unique form in Eastern Europe. It investigates the ways in which pleasurable activities were both a space in which these communist governments tried to insinuate themselves and thereby further expand the reach of their authority.

Vertiginous Life

Download Vertiginous Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1800731949
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vertiginous Life by : Daniel M. Knight

Download or read book Vertiginous Life written by Daniel M. Knight and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2021-09-11 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vertiginous Life provides a theory of the intense temporal disorientation brought about by life in crisis. In the whirlpool of unforeseen social change, people experience confusion as to where and when they belong on timelines of previously unquestioned pasts and futures. Through individual stories from crisis Greece, this book explores the everyday affects of vertigo: nausea, dizziness, breathlessness, the sense of falling, and unknowingness of Self. Being lost in time, caught in the spin-cycle of crisis, people reflect on belonging to modern Europe, neoliberal promises of accumulation, defeated futures, and the existential dilemmas of life held captive in the uncanny elsewhen.

The Old Faith and the Russian Land

Download The Old Faith and the Russian Land PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801459192
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Old Faith and the Russian Land by : Douglas Rogers

Download or read book The Old Faith and the Russian Land written by Douglas Rogers and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2016-02-04 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Old Faith and the Russian Land is a historical ethnography that charts the ebbs and flows of ethical practice in a small Russian town over three centuries. The town of Sepych was settled in the late seventeenth century by religious dissenters who fled to the forests of the Urals to escape a world they believed to be in the clutches of the Antichrist. Factions of Old Believers, as these dissenters later came to be known, have maintained a presence in the town ever since. The townspeople of Sepych have also been serfs, free peasants, collective farmers, and, now, shareholders in a post-Soviet cooperative. Douglas Rogers traces connections between the town and some of the major transformations of Russian history, showing how townspeople have responded to a long series of attempts to change them and their communities: tsarist-era efforts to regulate family life and stamp out Old Belief on the Stroganov estates, Soviet collectivization drives and antireligious campaigns, and the marketization, religious revival, and ongoing political transformations of post-Soviet times. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork and extensive archival and manuscript sources, Rogers argues that religious, political, and economic practice are overlapping arenas in which the people of Sepych have striven to be ethical-in relation to labor and money, food and drink, prayers and rituals, religious books and manuscripts, and the surrounding material landscape. He tracks the ways in which ethical sensibilities-about work and prayer, hierarchy and inequality, gender and generation-have shifted and recombined over time. Rogers concludes that certain expectations about how to be an ethical person have continued to orient townspeople in Sepych over the course of nearly three centuries for specific, identifiable, and often unexpected reasons. Throughout, he demonstrates what a historical and ethnographic study of ethics might look like and uses this approach to ask new questions of Russian, Soviet, and post-Soviet history.

After Utopia

Download After Utopia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000485552
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis After Utopia by : Larisa Kurtović

Download or read book After Utopia written by Larisa Kurtović and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-28 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection examines how the loss of state socialism as a world-making project and the subsequent failures of postsocialist "civil society building" have impacted new generations of progressive, antinationalist, anarchist, and social-justice oriented activists. How do the histories of state socialism come to shape activist thinking and practice in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus? What kinds of political work can and does emerge out of this 30-year-long experience of political, social, and economic transformation? Understanding postsocialism as an intersectional experience and a geopolitically sensitive form of knowledge, this collection of essays seeks to render visible the forms of political activism in the region that are not tied to, or fully determined by, specific moments of street protest and public interruption. Instead, the contributors examine forms of activist effort that endure in the aftermath of protest movements and in the course of lingering crises, in order to capture how our interlocutors seek to enact their desired futures under the conditions of intensifying and shape-shifting pressures of neoliberal governance. The ethnographies that span from Armenia to Ukraine, to Bosnia-Herzegovina to the newly emerging transnational Balkan route that refugees and migrants have created, illuminate how local activists engage with and/or disengage from their socialist inheritance of political imaginaries differently and imagine different futures. Our collection argues for a need for a careful, theoretically nuanced and context-specific analysis across the uneven political landscapes of the former socialist world. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of History and Anthropology.

Gangs of Russia

Download Gangs of Russia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501701673
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gangs of Russia by : Svetlana Stephenson

Download or read book Gangs of Russia written by Svetlana Stephenson and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their spectacular rise in the 1990s, Russian gangs have remained entrenched in many parts of the country. Some gang members have perished in gang wars or ended up behind prison bars, while others have made spectacular careers off the streets and joined the Russian elite. But the rank and file of gangs remain substantially incorporated into their communities and society as a whole, with bonds and identities that bridge the worlds of illegal enterprise and legal respectability.In Gangs of Russia, Svetlana Stephenson explores the secretive world of the gangs. Using in-depth interviews with gang members, law enforcers, and residents in the city of Kazan, together with analyses of historical and sociological accounts from across Russia, she presents the history of gangs both before and after the arrival of market capitalism.Contrary to predominant notions of gangs as collections of maladjusted delinquents or illegal enterprises, Stephenson argues, Russian gangs should be seen as traditional, close-knit male groups with deep links to their communities. Stephenson shows that gangs have long been intricately involved with the police and other state structures in configurations that are both personal and economic. She also explains how the cultural orientations typical of gangs—emphasis on loyalty to one's own, showing toughness to outsiders, exacting revenge for perceived affronts and challenges—are not only found on the streets but are also present in the top echelons of today's Russian state.