Creating And Contesting Carolina

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Creating and Contesting Carolina

Author : Michelle LeMaster
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 161117273X
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating and Contesting Carolina by : Michelle LeMaster

Download or read book Creating and Contesting Carolina written by Michelle LeMaster and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays in Creating and Contesting Carolina shed new light on how the various peoples of the Carolinas responded to the tumultuous changes shaping the geographic space that the British called Carolina during the Proprietary period (1663-1719). In doing so, the essays focus attention on some of the most important and dramatic watersheds in the history of British colonization in the New World. These years brought challenging and dramatic changes to the region, such as the violent warfare between British and Native Americans or British and Spanish, the no-less dramatic development of the plantation system, and the decline of proprietary authority. All involved contestation, whether through violence or debate. The very idea of a place called Carolina was challenged by Native Americans, and many colonists and metropolitan authorities differed in their visions for Carolina. The stakes were high in these contests because they occurred in an early American world often characterized by brutal warfare, rigid hierarchies, enslavement, cultural dislocation, and transoceanic struggles for power. While Native Americans and colonists shed each other's blood to define the territory on their terms, colonists and officials built their own version of Carolina on paper and in the discourse of early modern empires. But new tensions also provided a powerful incentive for political and economic creativity. The peoples of the early Carolinas reimagined places, reconceptualized cultures, realigned their loyalties, and adapted in a wide variety of ways to the New World. Three major groups of peoples—European colonists, Native Americans, and enslaved Africans—shared these experiences of change in the Carolinas, but their histories have usually been written separately. These disparate but closely related strands of scholarship must be connected to make the early Carolinas intelligible. Creating and Contesting Carolina brings together work relating to all three groups in this unique collection.

Creating and Contesting Carolina

Author : Michelle LeMaster
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating and Contesting Carolina by : Michelle LeMaster

Download or read book Creating and Contesting Carolina written by Michelle LeMaster and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Grim Years

Author : John J. Navin
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 1643360558
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis The Grim Years by : John J. Navin

Download or read book The Grim Years written by John J. Navin and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The compelling story of a colony besieged by meteorological, epidemiological, economic, and manmade catastrophes only to arise like the phoenix.” —Orville Vernon Burton, author of The Age of Lincoln During South Carolina’s settlement, a cadre of men rose to political and economic prominence, while ordinary colonists, enslaved Africans, and indigenous groups became trapped in a web of violence and oppression. John J. Navin explains how eight English aristocrats, the Lords Proprietors, came to possess the vast Carolina grant and then enacted elaborate plans to recruit and control colonists as part of a grand moneymaking scheme. But those plans went awry, and the mainstays of the economy became hog and cattle ranching, lumber products, naval stores, deerskin exports, and the calamitous Indian slave trade. The settlers’ relentless pursuit of wealth set the colony on a path toward prosperity but also toward a fatal dependency on slave labor. Rice would produce immense fortunes in South Carolina, but not during the colony’s first fifty years. Religious and political turmoil instigated by settlers from Barbados eventually led to a total rejection of proprietary authority. Using a variety of primary sources, Navin describes challenges that colonists faced, setbacks they experienced, and the effects of policies and practices initiated by elites and proprietors. Storms, fires, epidemics, and armed conflicts destroyed property, lives, and dreams. Threatened by the Native Americans they exploited, by the Africans they enslaved, and by their French and Spanish rivals, South Carolinians lived in continual fear. For some it was the price they paid for financial success. But for most there were no riches, and the possibility of a sudden, violent death was overshadowed by the misery of their day-to-day existence.

Contesting Rituals

Author : Andrew Strathern
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Contesting Rituals by : Andrew Strathern

Download or read book Contesting Rituals written by Andrew Strathern and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills a current need in Islamic Studies for a perspective on the nuanced investigation of ritual practices rather than a concentration on politicized forms of ideology. The essays in this volume, all written by scholarly specialists with first-hand fieldwork experience, take up a number of questions central to Islamic religion and ritual, focusing on rituals as practices of making identities. Identities are seen as changing in response to historical forces rather than as unchanging and rigid, and the overall vision of Islam is seen as pluralistic rather than monolithic. Several of the essays deal with gender relations, showing that women may in practice gain some prominence in local contexts beyond what might be allowed by reformist "Islamicizing" authorities. This is particularly the case when the focus is on varieties of Sufism. The essays also recognize that elements of conflict and contestation are commonly present in ritual contexts because of struggles over power, hence the title "Contesting Rituals." Politics, gender relations, and conflict between central reformists and local ritual specialists are all involved in these contestations. Overall, the volume aims to show the multiplicity of Islam and to demonstrate how the themes of multiplicity and unity are played out continuously over time. The contributors to the volume are Kelly Pemberton (South Asia), Anna M. Gade (Indonesia), Susan J. Rasmussen (Africa), Alaine S. Hutson (Africa), Shampa Mazumdar and Sanjoy Mazumdar (USA), Sean R. Roberts (Uyghurstan), and Liyakat Takim (Iraq). The editors, Pamela Stewart and Andrew Strathern, provide an introductory overview. This book is part of the Ritual Studies Monograph Series, edited by Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew Strathern, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. "[T]his volume is a useful addition to literature on Islam, ritual, and identity. It successfully investigates the plasticity of Muslim ritual on multiple axes, providing historical perspectives, explorations of spatial transformation, and experience-near ethnographic analyses." -- Journal of Anthropological Research, 2006 "[T]he contributions offer interesting insights into aspects of Muslim religious practice, their situatedness in wider social contexts, and change over time." -- The Journal of Social Anthropology "The reader comes away with an awareness of the complexities of being Muslim in today's world of globalization, mass migration, changing gender roles, and continuing ethno-nationalist struggles." -- The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

Masters of Violence

Author : Tristan Stubbs
Publisher : Univ of South Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 1611178851
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Masters of Violence by : Tristan Stubbs

Download or read book Masters of Violence written by Tristan Stubbs and published by Univ of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 2018-08-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From trusted to tainted, an examination of the shifting perceived reputation of overseers of enslaved people during the eighteenth century. In the antebellum southern United States, major landowners typically hired overseers to manage their plantations. In addition to cultivating crops, managing slaves, and dispensing punishment, overseers were expected to maximize profits through increased productivity—often achieved through violence and cruelty. In Masters of Violence, Tristan Stubbs offers the first book-length examination of the overseers—from recruitment and dismissal to their relationships with landowners and enslaved people, as well as their changing reputations, which devolved from reliable to untrustworthy and incompetent. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, slave owners regarded overseers as reliable enforcers of authority; by the end of the century, particularly after the American Revolution, plantation owners viewed them as incompetent and morally degenerate, as well as a threat to their power. Through a careful reading of plantation records, diaries, contemporary newspaper articles, and many other sources, Stubbs uncovers the ideological shift responsible for tarnishing overseers’ reputations. In this book, Stubbs argues that this shift in opinion grew out of far-reaching ideological and structural transformations to slave societies in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia throughout the Revolutionary era. Seeking to portray slavery as positive and yet simultaneously distance themselves from it, plantation owners blamed overseers as incompetent managers and vilified them as violent brutalizers of enslaved people. “A solid work of scholarship, and even specialists in the field of colonial slavery will derive considerable benefit from reading it.” —Journal of Southern History “A major achievement, restoring the issue of class to societies riven by racial conflict.” —Trevor Burnard, University of Melbourne “Based on a detailed reading of overseers’ letters and diaries, plantation journals, employer’s letters, and newspapers, Tristan Stubbs has traced the evolution of the position of the overseer from the colonial planter’s partner to his most despised employee. This deeply researched volume helps to reframe our understanding of class in the colonial and antebellum South.” —Tim Lockley, University of Warwick

Enslaved Native Americans and the Making of Colonial South Carolina

Author : D. Andrew Johnson
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421449803
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Enslaved Native Americans and the Making of Colonial South Carolina by : D. Andrew Johnson

Download or read book Enslaved Native Americans and the Making of Colonial South Carolina written by D. Andrew Johnson and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2024-09-17 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This work reveals the pervasive nature of Native enslavement and argues for the significance and importance of enslaved Native Americans in the social, cultural, and economic development of early South Carolina"--

The World of Colonial America

Author : Ignacio Gallup-Diaz
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317662148
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis The World of Colonial America by : Ignacio Gallup-Diaz

Download or read book The World of Colonial America written by Ignacio Gallup-Diaz and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World of Colonial America: An Atlantic Handbook offers a comprehensive and in-depth survey of cutting-edge research into the communities, cultures, and colonies that comprised colonial America, with a focus on the processes through which communities were created, destroyed, and recreated that were at the heart of the Atlantic experience. With contributions written by leading scholars from a variety of viewpoints, the book explores key topics such as -- The Spanish, French, and Dutch Atlantic empires -- The role of the indigenous people, as imperial allies, trade partners, and opponents of expansion -- Puritanism, Protestantism, Catholicism, and the role of religion in colonization -- The importance of slavery in the development of the colonial economies -- The evolution of core areas, and their relationship to frontier zones -- The emergence of the English imperial state as a hegemonic world power after 1688 -- Regional developments in colonial North America. Bringing together leading scholars in the field to explain the latest research on Colonial America and its place in the Atlantic World, this is an important reference for all advanced students, researchers, and professionals working in the field of early American history or the age of empires.

Final Passages

Author : Gregory E. O'Malley
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469615355
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Final Passages by : Gregory E. O'Malley

Download or read book Final Passages written by Gregory E. O'Malley and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work explores a neglected aspect of the forced migration of African laborers to the Americas. Hundreds of thousands of captive Africans continued their journeys after the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. Colonial merchants purchased and then transshipped many of these captives to other colonies for resale. Not only did this trade increase death rates and the social and cultural isolation of Africans; it also fed the expansion of British slavery and trafficking of captives to foreign empires, contributing to Britain's preeminence in the transatlantic slave trade by the mid-eighteenth century. The pursuit of profits from exploiting enslaved people as commodities facilitated exchanges across borders, loosening mercantile restrictions and expanding capitalist networks. Drawing on a database of over seven thousand intercolonial slave trading voyages compiled from port records, newspapers, and merchant accounts, O'Malley identifies and quantifies the major routes of this intercolonial slave trade. He argues that such voyages were a crucial component in the development of slavery in the Caribbean and North America and that trade in the unfree led to experimentation with free trade between empires.

Hubs of Empire

Author : Matthew Mulcahy
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421414694
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Hubs of Empire by : Matthew Mulcahy

Download or read book Hubs of Empire written by Matthew Mulcahy and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The colonial Low Country (the Carolinas, Georgia) and British Caribbean made up an integrated region quite distinct from the Chesapeake, Mid-Atlantic, or New England. Like Maryland and Virginia, the greater Southeast--which formed, as Mulcahy argues, a dynamic center of the British imperial scheme in the New World--relied on staple crops and slave labor. Yet the economic and social ties that bound the Carolinas and the West Indies created quite distinct cultures, black and white alike, giving planters, e.g., a sense of taste and behavior far more tropical and Continental than the ideals that influenced tobacco planters in the Chesapeake. The location and trade patterns of the Carolinas and West Indies encouraged the purchase of slaves from sources and in numbers that ensured far greater persistence of African traditions (and threats of violence) than elsewhere. Mulcahy offers us a short book that explores this early-American/Caribbean region in the manner of our other series titles--explaining the integrity if not unity of the region and what made it so and also comparing it to other economic/cultural regions in the colonial period"--

African Americans in the Colonial Era

Author : Donald R. Wright
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119133890
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis African Americans in the Colonial Era by : Donald R. Wright

Download or read book African Americans in the Colonial Era written by Donald R. Wright and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-27 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the origins of slavery and race-based prejudice in the mainland American colonies? How did the Atlantic slave trade operate to supply African labor to colonial America? How did African-American culture form and evolve? How did the American Revolution affect men and women of African descent? Previous editions of this work depicted African-Americans in the American mainland colonies as their contemporaries saw them: as persons from one of the four continents who interacted economically, socially, and politically in a vast, complex Atlantic world. It showed how the society that resulted in colonial America reflected the mix of Atlantic cultures and that a group of these people eventually used European ideas to support creation of a favorable situation for those largely of European descent, omitting Africans, who constituted their primary labor force. In this fourth edition of African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution, acclaimed scholar Donald R. Wright offers new interpretations to provide a clear understanding of the Atlantic slave trade and the nature of the early African-American experience. This revised edition incorporates the latest data, a fresh Atlantic perspective, and an updated bibliographical essay to thoroughly explore African-Americans’ African origins, their experience crossing the Atlantic, and their existence in colonial America in a broadened, more nuanced way.

Fit for War

Author : Mary E. Fitts
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 1683400178
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (834 download)

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Book Synopsis Fit for War by : Mary E. Fitts

Download or read book Fit for War written by Mary E. Fitts and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2017-06-20 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Fitts combines archaeology and ethnohistory to explore Catawba strategies for retaining sovereignty and power in the colonial era. A model of interdisciplinary methodology, this book offers new insights into coalescence, colonialism, and Indigenous persistence.”—Christina Snyder, author of Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America “Skillfully mobilizes a rich array of historical and archaeological evidence to recover from obscurity the decisive role that Catawba women played in guiding their society through highly precarious times.”—Daniel H. Usner Jr., author of Indian Work: Language and Livelihood in Native American History “A fascinating glimpse of the Catawba Nation during this critical period. Fitts succeeds in tracing the mechanics of individual decisions that laid the groundwork for collective change.”—William L. Ramsey, author of The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South The Catawba Nat ion played an important role in the early colonial Southeast, serving as a military ally of the British and a haven for refugees from other native groups, yet it has largely been overlooked by scholars and the public. Fit for War explains how the Nation maintained its sovereignty while continuing to reside in its precolonial homeland near present-day Charlotte, North Carolina. Drawing from colonial archives and new archaeological data, Mary Elizabeth Fitts shows that militarization helped the Catawba maintain political autonomy but forced them to consolidate their settlements and—with settler encroachment and a regional drought—led to a food crisis. Focusing on craft and foodways, Fitts uncovers the dynamic interactions between mid-eighteenth-century Catawba communities, as well as how Catawba women worked to feed the Nation, a story missing from colonial records. Her research highlights the double-edged nature of tactics available to American Indian groups seeking to keep their independence in the face of colonization. A volume in the Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen Series

Informed Power

Author : Alejandra Dubcovsky
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674660188
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (746 download)

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Book Synopsis Informed Power by : Alejandra Dubcovsky

Download or read book Informed Power written by Alejandra Dubcovsky and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-04 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alejandra Dubcovsky maps channels of information exchange in the American South, exploring how colonists came into possession of knowledge in a region that lacked a regular mail system or a printing press until the 1730s. She describes ingenious oral networks, and she uncovers important lessons about the nexus of information and power.

Thundersticks

Author : David J. Silverman
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674974743
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Thundersticks by : David J. Silverman

Download or read book Thundersticks written by David J. Silverman and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The adoption of firearms by American Indians between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries marked a turning point in the history of North America’s indigenous peoples—a cultural earthquake so profound, says David Silverman, that its impact has yet to be adequately measured. Thundersticks reframes our understanding of Indians’ historical relationship with guns, arguing against the notion that they prized these weapons more for the pyrotechnic terror guns inspired than for their efficiency as tools of war. Native peoples fully recognized the potential of firearms to assist them in their struggles against colonial forces, and mostly against one another. The smoothbore, flintlock musket was Indians’ stock firearm, and its destructive potential transformed their lives. For the deer hunters east of the Mississippi, the gun evolved into an essential hunting tool. Most importantly, well-armed tribes were able to capture and enslave their neighbors, plunder wealth, and conquer territory. Arms races erupted across North America, intensifying intertribal rivalries and solidifying the importance of firearms in Indian politics and culture. Though American tribes grew dependent on guns manufactured in Europe and the United States, their dependence never prevented them from rising up against Euro-American power. The Seminoles, Blackfeet, Lakotas, and others remained formidably armed right up to the time of their subjugation. Far from being a Trojan horse for colonialism, firearms empowered American Indians to pursue their interests and defend their political and economic autonomy over two centuries.

The Columbian Covenant: Race and the Writing of American History

Author : James Carson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137438630
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

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Book Synopsis The Columbian Covenant: Race and the Writing of American History by : James Carson

Download or read book The Columbian Covenant: Race and the Writing of American History written by James Carson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-18 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This provocative analysis of American historiography argues that when scholars use modern racial language to articulate past histories of race and society, they collapse different historical signs of skin color into a transhistorical and essentialist notion of race that implicates their work in the very racial categories they seek to transcend.

Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570-1740

Author : Mark G. Hanna
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469617951
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570-1740 by : Mark G. Hanna

Download or read book Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570-1740 written by Mark G. Hanna and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2015-10-22 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing the rise and subsequent fall of international piracy from the perspective of colonial hinterlands, Mark G. Hanna explores the often overt support of sea marauders in maritime communities from the inception of England's burgeoning empire in the 1570s to its administrative consolidation by the 1740s. Although traditionally depicted as swashbuckling adventurers on the high seas, pirates played a crucial role on land. Far from a hindrance to trade, their enterprises contributed to commercial development and to the economic infrastructure of port towns. English piracy and unregulated privateering flourished in the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean because of merchant elites' active support in the North American colonies. Sea marauders represented a real as well as a symbolic challenge to legal and commercial policies formulated by distant and ineffectual administrative bodies that undermined the financial prosperity and defense of the colonies. Departing from previous understandings of deep-sea marauding, this study reveals the full scope of pirates' activities in relation to the landed communities that they serviced and their impact on patterns of development that formed early America and the British Empire.

Catastrophe, Gender and Urban Experience, 1648-1920

Author : Deborah Simonton
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315522802
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Catastrophe, Gender and Urban Experience, 1648-1920 by : Deborah Simonton

Download or read book Catastrophe, Gender and Urban Experience, 1648-1920 written by Deborah Simonton and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As Enlightenment notions of predictability, progress and the sense that humans could control and shape their environments informed European thought, catastrophes shook many towns to the core, challenging the new world view with dramatic impact. This book concentrates on a period marked by passage from a society of scarcity to one of expenditure and accumulation, from ranks and orders to greater social mobility, from traditional village life to new bourgeois and even individualistic urbanism. The volume employs a broad definition of catastrophe, as it examines how urban communities conceived, adapted to, and were transformed by catastrophes, both natural and human-made. Competing views of gender figure in the telling and retelling of these analyses: women as scapegoats, as vulnerable, as victims, even as cannibals or conversely as defenders, organizers of assistance, inspirers of men; and men in varied guises as protectors, governors and police, heroes, leaders, negotiators and honorable men. Gender is also deployed linguistically to feminize activities or even countries. Inevitably, however, these tragedies are mediated by myth and memory. They are not neutral events whose retelling is a simple narrative. Through a varied array of urban catastrophes, this book is a nuanced account that physically and metaphorically maps men and women into the urban landscape and the worlds of catastrophe.

Suppressing Piracy in the Early Eighteenth Century

Author : David Wilson
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1783275952
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Suppressing Piracy in the Early Eighteenth Century by : David Wilson

Download or read book Suppressing Piracy in the Early Eighteenth Century written by David Wilson and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2021 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book charts the surge and decline in piracy in the early eighteenth century (the so-called "Golden Age" of piracy), exploring the ways in which pirates encountered, obstructed, and antagonised the diverse participants of the British empire in the Caribbean, North America, Africa, and the Indian Ocean. The book's primary focus is on how anti-piracy campaigns were constructed as a result of the negotiations, conflicts, and individual undertakings of different imperial actors operating in the commercial and imperial hub of London; maritime communities throughout the British Atlantic; trading outposts in West Africa and India; and marginal and contested zones such as the Bahamas, Madagascar, and the Bay Islands. It argues that Britain and its empire was not a strong centralised imperial state; that the British imperial administration and the Royal Navy did not have the resources to mount a state-led, empire-wide war against piracy following the sharp increase in piratical attacks after 1716; and that it was only through manifold activities taking place in different colonial centres with varied colonial arrangements, economic strengths, and access to resources for maritime defence - which was often shaped by competing and contradictory interests - that Atlantic piracy was gradually discouraged, although not eradicated, by the mid-1720s.