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Crack Growth Behavior Of Pipeline Steels Under Variable Pressure Fluctuations In A Near Neutral Ph Environment
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Book Synopsis Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels Under Variable Pressure Fluctuations in a Near-neutral PH Environment by : Mengshan Yu
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels Under Variable Pressure Fluctuations in a Near-neutral PH Environment written by Mengshan Yu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aims at understanding the crack propagation behavior of pipeline steels under variable pressure fluctuations in a near-neutral pH environment. Although pressure fluctuations have been recognized as the driving force for crack growth for more than two decades, the mechanisms governing their effects on crack growth have yet to be determined. Existing crack growth models that consider the effect of pressure fluctuations are established primarily by assuming a fatigue loading with constant stress amplitudes. This often yields a predicted life that well exceeds the service lifetime observed in the field. We believe that the significant discrepancies between laboratory findings and field observations could be bridged by modeling crack growth through a consideration of variable amplitude fatigue loadings, which are the conditions in the field. This investigation has focused on the evaluation of a variable amplitude fatigue waveform consisting of cycles with higher R ratios (minimum stress/maximum stress), termed as minor cycles, and periodic underload cycles with lower R ratios. Such a waveform is typical for the pressure fluctuations in pipeline discharge sections, which was performed both in air and in near-neutral pH solution. Compared with the corresponding constant amplitude loadings, the variable amplitude waveform significantly enhanced fatigue crack growth. The waveform was varied to study the effects of various contributing factors, including loading frequency, maximum stress intensity factor, number of minor cycles, and amplitudes of underload and minor cycles. By comparing results in near-neutral pH solution with that in air, the role of hydrogen and corrosion in crack growth was characterized and clearly defined. The obtained results agree with various failure scenarios found in the field, including the high frequency of failures found at the discharge sections of pipelines, and the different crack growth characteristics between oil pipelines and gas pipelines. Based on these findings, practical strategies were proposed for avoiding accelerated crack growth.
Book Synopsis Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies by : A. M. El-Sherik
Download or read book Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies written by A. M. El-Sherik and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-09 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies: Production and Transmission delivers the most up-to-date and highly multidisciplinary reference available to identify emerging developments, fundamental mechanisms and the technologies necessary in one unified source. Starting with a brief explanation on corrosion management that also addresses today’s most challenging issues for oil and gas production and transmission operations, the book dives into the latest advances in microbiology-influenced corrosion and other corrosion threats, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage just to name a few. In addition, it covers testing and monitoring techniques, such as molecular microbiology and online monitoring for surface and subsurface facilities, mitigation tools, including coatings, nano-packaged biocides, modeling and prediction, cathodic protection and new steels and non-metallics. Rounding out with an extensive glossary and list of abbreviations, the book equips upstream and midstream corrosion professionals in the oil and gas industry with the most advanced collection of topics and solutions to responsibly help solve today’s oil and gas corrosion challenges. Covers the latest in corrosion mitigation techniques, such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, non-metallics, coatings, and modeling and prediction Solves knowledge gaps with the most current technology and discoveries on specific corrosion mechanisms, highlighting where future research and industry efforts should be concentrated Achieves practical and balanced understanding with a full spectrum of subjects presented from multiple academic and world-renowned contributors in the industry
Book Synopsis Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Environment by : Mohammad Hassan Marvasti
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Environment written by Mohammad Hassan Marvasti and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near Neutral PH Soil Environment by : Mohammad Hassan Marvasti
Download or read book Crack Growth Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near Neutral PH Soil Environment written by Mohammad Hassan Marvasti and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Growth Behavior of Surface Cracks in Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near-neutral PH Environments by : Afolabi T. Egbewande
Download or read book Growth Behavior of Surface Cracks in Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near-neutral PH Environments written by Afolabi T. Egbewande and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study is part of a larger study designed to help a consortium of pipeline operators replace current (very expensive) approaches to managing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) concerns in near-neutral pH (NNPH) environments with mathematical models that predict SCC growth rates. This could significantly reduce the cost of pipeline integrity management programs. The goal was to help find ways to improve the accuracy of existing models. NNPHSCC cracks are surface-type flaws. However, NNPHSCC was typically modelled as through-thickness cracks in previous laboratory studies. This was identified as a major reason why current NNPHSCC models are inaccurate. Therefore, this study was designed to model NNPHSCC cracks as surface-type flaws rather than through-thickness cracks. Results showed contrary to popular opinion that surface-type flaws propagated less rapidly than through-thickness cracks in NNPHSCC environments. Also, inherent variations in the local environment under a disbondment produce hydrogen concentration gradients that result in very high propagation rates at the open mouth of a disbondment. The propagation rate declines very sharply non-linearly distance away from the open mouth inside the disbondment. It was determined the environmental factor used to account for the contribution of the environment to crack propagation, could be up to ten times higher at the open mouth compared to other locations under the disbondment. Identifying these issues helps to guide NNPHSCC modellers in selecting more appropriate growth rates for SCC programs. A series of propagation rate ranges under various environmental and mechanical loading conditions were determined. Contrary to popular opinions, increased CO2 concentration in groundwater decreased crack propagation rates by intensifying (environmental) crack tip blunting. This delayed crack re-initiation from a dormant state. Under benign loading conditions, this helps to reduce/stop iv crack growth by driving towards dormancy. Mechanically blunting a crack tip was found to produce the same effect. Hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (also called hydrogen enhanced low temperature creep) was found to be responsible for this blunting effect. Means of manipulating the mechanical loading factors to produce this effect were identified.
Book Synopsis Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growth by : William Alan Van der Sluys
Download or read book Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growth written by William Alan Van der Sluys and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1997 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Review of Fatigue Crack Growth of Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in High-temperature, Pressurized Reactor-grade Water by : W. H. Cullen
Download or read book A Review of Fatigue Crack Growth of Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in High-temperature, Pressurized Reactor-grade Water written by W. H. Cullen and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fatigue crack growth data sets, for pressure vessel and piping steels, in reactor-grade water environment have appeared in various reports and publications since about 1972. All of the results which have been published from 1972 through 1979 have been plotted and are presented in this report. Beginning with a discussion of the need for these data, and an explanation of the laboratory facilities which are required for this research, this report goes on to describe the overall trends which have evolved through consideration of the data sets and the conditions under which they were generated. A model for hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth is described and applied to the pressurized water reactor type of environment. A complete listing of references is included in the report. (Author).
Book Synopsis Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Solutions by : Weize Yu
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Solutions written by Weize Yu and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines by : Y. Frank Cheng
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Book Synopsis Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in LWR Environments by : W. H. Cullen
Download or read book Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in LWR Environments written by W. H. Cullen and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monotonic and Ultra-Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Pipeline Steels by : António Augusto Fernandes
Download or read book Monotonic and Ultra-Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Pipeline Steels written by António Augusto Fernandes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the development of innovative computational methodologies for the simulation of steel material fracture under both monotonic and ultra-low-cycle fatigue. The main aspects are summarised as follows: i) Database of small and full-scale testing data covering the X52, X60, X65, X70 and X80 piping steel grades. Monotonic and ULCF tests of pipe components were performed (buckled and dented pipes, elbows and straight pipes). ii) New constitutive models for both monotonic and ULCF loading are proposed. Besides the Barcelona model, alternative approaches are presented such as the combined Bai-Wierzbicki-Ohata-Toyoda model. iii) Developed constitutive models are calibrated and validated using experimentally derived testing data. Guidelines for damage simulation are included. The book could be seen as a comprehensive repository of experimental results and numerical modeling on advanced methods dealing with Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue of Pipelines when subjected to high strain loading conditions.
Book Synopsis Effect of Plasticity on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X-52 Pipeline Steel in Near-neutral PH Environment by : Xiaochun Li
Download or read book Effect of Plasticity on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X-52 Pipeline Steel in Near-neutral PH Environment written by Xiaochun Li and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Solutions by :
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near-neutral PH Solutions written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Some Mechanistic Observations on the Crack Growth Characteristics of Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in PWR Environment by :
Download or read book Some Mechanistic Observations on the Crack Growth Characteristics of Pressure Vessel and Piping Steels in PWR Environment written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fatigue crack growth behavior of A533B and A508 pressure vessel steel and AISI Types 304 and 316 steels used in reactor coolant piping have been studied in a pressurized water reactor environment at 288°C (550°F). The influence of stress ratio (P/sub min//P/sub max/), frequency, ramp times, specimen orientation and material microstructures were included in the study. While none of the materials showed evidence of static crack growth in the environment, the ferritic steels did show an enhanced fatigue crack growth rate at test frequencies of five cycles per minute and lower. Based on fractographic examinations the enhanced growth rate is not the result of environmentally induced intergranular or cleavage modes of crack propagation. Instead, striation spacing measurements were found to agree with the macroscopic crack growth rate, demonstrating a time dependent environmental interaction which introduces a frequency dependent enhancement of the mechanically developed striations. Crack growth experiments using hold times have confirmed the absence of any superimposed contribution of static crack growth components. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted in an environment of Hydrogen Sulfide gas to establish the contribution of hydrogen embrittlement and will also be described.
Book Synopsis Study of Near-threshold Fatigue Crack Propagation in Pipeline Steels in High Pressure Environments by :
Download or read book Study of Near-threshold Fatigue Crack Propagation in Pipeline Steels in High Pressure Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Environment on Crack Growth Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steels Under Creep and Fatigue Conditions by : K. Sadananda
Download or read book Effect of Environment on Crack Growth Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steels Under Creep and Fatigue Conditions written by K. Sadananda and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Different Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Environments by : C. Amzallag
Download or read book Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Different Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Environments written by C. Amzallag and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental program has been conducted in order to determine the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) curves of different stainless steels for nuclear pressure vessels and pipings in pressurized water reactor environments and to define reference fatigue crack growth rate curves for these materials. The parameters studied are: the steel structure, the load ratio (R), and the water chemistry. A slight, but clear effect of environment was observed for the five steels studied. The paper presents the FCGR curves and the fractographic examinations for the different testing conditions and stresses the differences between FCGR behavior of stainless steels and low-alloy steels.
