Countering Air and Missile Threats (Joint Publication 3-01)

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Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781480126718
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Air and Missile Threats (Joint Publication 3-01) by : Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Download or read book Countering Air and Missile Threats (Joint Publication 3-01) written by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-10-16 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication, “Countering Air and Missile Threats (Joint Publication 3-01),” provides doctrine for joint counterair operations and protection against air and missile threats across the range of military operations. Counterair integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and maintain a desired degree of air superiority and protection by neutralizing or destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch. Integrated air and missile defense (IAMD) is an evolving approach that uses the counterair framework at the theater level. IAMD emphasizes the integration of offensive counterair (OCA) attack operations, defensive counterair (DCA) operations, and other capabilities as required to create the joint force commander's (JFC's) desired effects. The IAMD approach also encompasses global strike and global missile defense beyond the theater level. The counterair mission integrates both offensive and defensive operations, by all capable joint force components, and counters the air and missile threat by attaining and maintaining the degree of air superiority and protection desired by the JFC. Generally, OCA operations seek to dominate enemy airspace and prevent the launch of threats, while DCA operations defeat enemy air and missile threats attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace. Integrating a mixture of capabilities from components bolsters the friendly force potential and likely will frustrate the enemy's ability to defend itself. Synchronization of OCA and DCA operations is vital to avoid duplication of effort and help prevent fratricide. Expanded technology and proliferation of missiles, including cruise missiles (CMs), ballistic missiles (BMs), and air-to-surface missiles (ASMs), expand the scope and complexity of protecting friendly forces and vital interests. The detection capabilities, engagement ranges, mobility, and lethality of surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems and fighter aircraft have significantly increased the air and missile defenses (AMDs) of US adversaries. CMs and unmanned aircraft also present elusive targets and are difficult to detect, identify, and engage. Proliferation of advanced technologies for missiles, guidance systems, and weapons of mass destruction warheads has increased the potential missile threat to the homeland. Although this publication primarily focuses on countering theater air and missile threats (i.e., those affecting an overseas geographic combatant commander's (GCC's) AOR/a subordinate JFC's joint operations area [JOA]), those forces and capabilities employed by overseas GCCs also may support a layered defense beginning in the forward areas against strategic air and missile threats to the homeland. Strategic planning documents task each GCC with some form of missile defense and the employment of appropriate force should deterrence fail. Commander, United States Strategic Command is responsible for synchronizing planning for global missile defense and coordinating global missile defense operations support. Global ballistic missile defense is the overarching characterization of the cumulative (worldwide) planning and coordination for those defensive capabilities designed to neutralize, destroy, or reduce the effectiveness of enemy BM attacks whether within or across the boundaries of any GCC's AOR. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans.

Complex Air Defense

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538140543
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Complex Air Defense by : Tom Karako

Download or read book Complex Air Defense written by Tom Karako and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-05-01 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past five years, Russia, China, and others have accelerated their development of hypersonic missiles to threaten U.S. forces in the homeland and abroad. The current Ballistic Missile Defense System, largely equipped to contend with legacy ballistic missile threats, must be adapted to this challenge. The same characteristics that make hypersonic missiles attractive may also hold the key to defeating them. This CSIS report argues how a new hypersonic defense architecture should exploit hypersonic weapons’ unique vulnerabilities and employ new capabilities, such as a space sensor layer, to secure critical nodes. These changes are not only necessary to mitigate the hypersonic threat but to defeat an emerging generation of maneuvering missiles and aerial threats.

Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Air and Missile Threats by : United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff

Download or read book Countering Air and Missile Threats written by United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781500517595
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Air and Missile Threats by : U.s. Joint Force Command

Download or read book Countering Air and Missile Threats written by U.s. Joint Force Command and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides doctrine for joint counterair operations and protection against air and missile threats across the range of military operations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective.

Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats by :

Download or read book Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides the guidance necessary to conceptualize, plan, coordinate, and conduct successful joint operations to counter air and missile threats throughout the range of military operations.

Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 21 April 2017

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781546718970
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 21 April 2017 by : United States Government Us Army

Download or read book Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 21 April 2017 written by United States Government Us Army and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-16 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joint Publication JP 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 21 April 2017 Countering air and missile threats consists of a combination of counterair and integrated air and missile defense (IAMD). Counterair is the foundational framework at the theater level. IAMD is an approach that synchronizes aspects of counterair with global missile defense (MD); homeland defense (HD); global strike; and counterrocket, artillery, and mortar (C-RAM).

Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats by :

Download or read book Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Disjointed

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Disjointed by : William W. Beaumont

Download or read book Disjointed written by William W. Beaumont and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Disjointed

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Disjointed by : William W. Beaumont

Download or read book Disjointed written by William W. Beaumont and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Air and Missile Threats by :

Download or read book Countering Air and Missile Threats written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides doctrine for joint operations to counter theater air and missile threats across the range of military operations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the commanders of combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, and the Services. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be followed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United States.

Countering Air and Missile Threats

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781463634841
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Countering Air and Missile Threats by : Department of Defence

Download or read book Countering Air and Missile Threats written by Department of Defence and published by . This book was released on 2007-02-05 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. ScopeThis publication provides doctrine for joint operations to counter theater air and missile threats across the range of military operations.2. Purpose:This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective. 3. Application: a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders of combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, and the Services. b. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be followed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United States. For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the United States, commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command's doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, regulations, and doctrine.

Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 23 March 2012

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Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781480205710
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 23 March 2012 by : United States Government US Army

Download or read book Joint Publication Jp 3-01 Countering Air and Missile Threats 23 March 2012 written by United States Government US Army and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10-29 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides doctrine for joint counterair operations and protection against air and missile threats across the range of military operations. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the Joint Staff, commanders of combatant commands, subordinate unified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, and the Services. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be followed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United States. For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the United States, commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command's doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, regulations, and doctrine.

Unity of Command--Countering Aircraft and Missile Threats

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (713 download)

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Book Synopsis Unity of Command--Countering Aircraft and Missile Threats by :

Download or read book Unity of Command--Countering Aircraft and Missile Threats written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joint force commanders (JFCs) must achieve and maintain air superiority against a range of threats. Controlling the air is a prerequisite for force projection, surveillance, interdiction, strategic attack, and surface maneuver. Politically, command of the air environment can be an integral aspect of coalition cohesion, especially when population centers are at risk. The joint warfighting capability assessment (JWCA) process was instituted to ensure that the warfighting needs of CINCs are met. To support this process, the air superiority JWCA team established a framework, based on a strategy-to-task analysis, for controlling the air. It focuses on gaining unimpeded use of airspace while denying it to an adversary. One aspect of the strategy-to-task analysis is that myriad aircraft and missile threats--aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and surface to air missiles--must be neutralized to attain air superiority. Because all components and allied forces have some assets to counter such threats, JFCs face a dilemma in integrating them. Lessons from World War II to Desert Storm highlight the role unity of command plays in neutralizing threats. In terms of emerging capabilities, these lessons also reinforce the relevance of command which unites offensive and defensive operations, since the former can profoundly reduce stress on the latter. Moreover, countering aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles is tied to theater air operations and is central to airspace control. For instance, fighter and surface based air defenses must be integrated under a single air commander to maximize effectiveness, minimize fratricide, and avoid inhibiting offensive air operations such as close air support and interdiction. Therefore, joint force air component commanders (JFACCs) must have responsibility and authority to control joint operations to counter aircraft and missile threats.

2019 Missile Defense Review

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Author :
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781794441101
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis 2019 Missile Defense Review by : Department Of Defense

Download or read book 2019 Missile Defense Review written by Department Of Defense and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-01-19 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2019 Missile Defense Review - January 2019 According to a senior administration official, a number of new technologies are highlighted in the report. The review looks at "the comprehensive environment the United States faces, and our allies and partners face. It does posture forces to be prepared for capabilities that currently exist and that we anticipate in the future." The report calls for major investments from both new technologies and existing systems. This is a very important and insightful report because many of the cost assessments for these technologies in the past, which concluded they were too expensive, are no longer applicable. Why buy a book you can download for free? We print this book so you don't have to. First you gotta find a good clean (legible) copy and make sure it's the latest version (not always easy). Some documents found on the web are missing some pages or the image quality is so poor, they are difficult to read. We look over each document carefully and replace poor quality images by going back to the original source document. We proof each document to make sure it's all there - including all changes. If you find a good copy, you could print it using a network printer you share with 100 other people (typically its either out of paper or toner). If it's just a 10-page document, no problem, but if it's 250-pages, you will need to punch 3 holes in all those pages and put it in a 3-ring binder. Takes at least an hour. It's much more cost-effective to just order the latest version from Amazon.com This book includes original commentary which is copyright material. Note that government documents are in the public domain. We print these large documents as a service so you don't have to. The books are compact, tightly-bound, full-size (8 1/2 by 11 inches), with large text and glossy covers. 4th Watch Publishing Co. is a HUBZONE SDVOSB. https: //usgovpub.com

Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-01 Counterair Operations 27 October 2015

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781546575498
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (754 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-01 Counterair Operations 27 October 2015 by : United States Government Us Air Force

Download or read book Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-01 Counterair Operations 27 October 2015 written by United States Government Us Air Force and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-09 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Force Doctrine ANNEX 3-01 Counterair Operations 27 October 2015 The US Air Force flies, fights, and wins in the domains of air, space, and cyberspace. Control of the air provides the joint force with freedom of action while reducing vulnerability to enemy detection, attack, and other effects. Joint doctrine provides broad guidance for countering air and missile threats (see Joint Publication 3-01, Countering Air and Missile Threats), but does not describe the full spectrum of control of the air, as this publication does. The Air Force brings specific capabilities to a joint force to achieve various levels of control of the air by operating in the air domain. Clearly defined domains help identify the conditions and capabilities under which systems and personnel conduct operations, but do not mandate or imply command relationships. The air domain is the area, beginning at the Earth's surface, where the atmosphere has a major effect on the movement, maneuver, and employment of joint forces. Control of the air is normally one of the first priorities of the joint force. This is especially so whenever the enemy is capable of threatening friendly forces from the air or inhibiting a joint force commander's (JFC's) ability to conduct operations. Counterair is a mission that integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain and maintain a desired degree of control of the air. Counterair missions are designed to destroy or negate enemy aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch. Counterair helps ensure freedom to maneuver, freedom to attack, and freedom from attack. Counterair is directed at enemy forces and other target sets that directly (e.g., aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, ballistic missiles) or indirectly (e.g., airfields, fuel, command and control facilities, network links) challenge control of the air. Airmen integrate capabilities from all components to conduct intensive and continuous counterair operations aimed at gaining varying degrees of control of the air at the time and place of their choosing.

Unity of Command and the Prosecution of the Joint Theater Missile Defense Battle

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Unity of Command and the Prosecution of the Joint Theater Missile Defense Battle by :

Download or read book Unity of Command and the Prosecution of the Joint Theater Missile Defense Battle written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By incorporating theater missiles into Joint Pub 3.01, "Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats," the Joint Staff risks subsuming the most potentially catastrophic strategic, operational, and tactical threat poised against U.S. forces and the nation's regional interests. Since the Gulf War, U.S. forces have made great progress in developing Joint Doctrine and weapon systems to counter theater missiles. Lessons learned from the Gulf War indicated that countering theater missiles under the deliberate, centrally controlled framework of theater air defense was not effective. This precipitated the publishing of Joint Pub 3.01-5, "Joint Doctrine for Theater Missile Defense." This Joint Pub legitimized theater missiles as a major threat to U.S. forces requiring unique and focused efforts to counter them. The Joint Staff is now in the process of incorporating both air and missiles under one doctrinal manual in an effort to preserve the JFACC's unity of command over his/her battlespace. In so doing, theater missiles will potentially be placed into the category and framework that was deemed inadequate for the counter missile battle 6 years ago. Currently, the Army has made the most progress in integrating the operational elements of Joint Theater Missile Defense into a holistic system of doctrine and hardware, facilitating a responsive and decentralized framework to counter the unique aspects of the theater missile battle. The best way to integrate the advances made by the Army in Joint Theater Missile Defense and facilitate the JFACC's unity of command is to establish the Army as the Joint Theater Missile Defense Coordinator. This coordinator would be the focal point of all Theater Missile Defense functions, integrating the unique capabilities of all services into a seamless theater wide architecture. In this way the JFACC could exercise unity of command without subsuming the most important threat and sub-optimizing the gains made by the Army in TMD operations.

Global Mobility

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781980776703
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (767 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Mobility by : U. S. Military

Download or read book Global Mobility written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2018-04-08 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book reviews man-portable air defense system missile and countermeasure capabilities, weapon proliferation trends, and the impact on global mobility operations through 2025. Man-portable air defense systems are threatening places of the world where mobility operations occur daily and the U.S has spent billions of dollars trying to counter their effects to little avail. The continued ability to project and apply joint U.S. military power is jeopardized without suitable defensive systems for military and civilian mobility aircraft. Breakthroughs in laser and microwave weapon technologies are described and represent the best opportunity for transformational progress against these missile threats. Developing these technologies will ensure the U.S. has the capabilities to defeat the projected threats using a mix of ground-based and aircraft-based defensive systems to smartly defend all U.S. and coalition transport and tanker aircraft. This paper recommends changes to strategy, technology development, and doctrine to meet this force protection and projection challenge. CHAPTER I * INTRODUCTION * CHAPTER II * THE THREAT TO THE GLOBAL MOBILITY SYSTEM * Global Mobility System * Global Mobility Concept of Operations * Who is Responsible to Defend Against These Threats? * Who Has These Weapons? * Strategic and Operational Implications * Summary and Recommendations * CHAPTER III * MANPADS MISSILE AND COUNTERMEASURES TECHNOLOGIES * MANPADS at Work: Mechanics of the Kill * Missile Components: Present and Future * Current Countermeasure Technology Program and Investments * Mid-Term Countermeasure Technologies-MEDUSA * Future Programs: Hard-Kill Lasers * Radio Frequency Weapons * Summary and Recommendations * CHAPTER IV * TWO STRATEGIES TO DEFEAT MANPADS THREATS * Aircraft-Based Countermeasures System * Ground-Based Countermeasures System * Summary and Recommendations * CHAPTER V * CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * APPENDIX A * LIST OF NATIONS WITH MANPADS Man-portable air defense system threats are not a Middle-East phenomenon; mobility aircraft face increasing surface-to-air threats in all regions of the world. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports that there have been 29 instances in which civilian transport planes crashed after being hit by shoulder-fired missiles, causing up to 550 deaths. These include attacks on transports in Columbia, Angola, Congo, Chechnya, Sri Lanka, and Kosovo. Jane's Intelligence Review reported seven military transports were downed and another one struck by non-state use of man-portable air defense system (MANPADS) missiles from 1996 to 2001. The nature of the threat environment mobility assets face can be broadly categorized into three levels. The first includes the use of small to medium-caliber automatic weapons, up to 14.5-millimeter heavy machine guns, and infrared (IR) guided man-portable air defense systems. This level is characterized by the use of enemy-controlled agents, sympathizers, and terrorists. The next threat level includes more advanced, short to medium-range radar-guided anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missiles. These systems are associated with regular combat units and more traditional nation-states. The final threat level, consisting of a sophisticated enemy air defense system with integrated high performance surface-to-air missiles and air interceptors, represents a major theater war scenario with a near-peer competitor. Currently only a few nation-states could present this most advanced level of threat.