Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces

Download Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3112471741
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (124 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces by : E. M. Polishchuk

Download or read book Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces written by E. M. Polishchuk and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces

Download Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034891717
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces by : E. Polishchuk

Download or read book Continual Means and Boundary Value Problems in Function Spaces written by E. Polishchuk and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fates of important mathematical ideas are varied. Sometimes they are instantly appreciated by the specialists and constitute the foundation of the development of theories or methods. It also happens, however, that even ideas uttered by distinguished mathematicians are surrounded with respectful indifference for a long time, and every effort of inter preters and successors has to be made in order to gain for them the merit deserved. It is the second case that is encountered in the present book, the author of which, the Leningrad mathematician E.M. Polishchuk, reconstructs and develops one of the dir.ctions in functional analysis that originated from Hadamard and Gateaux and was newly thought over and taken as the basis of a prospective theory by Paul Levy. Paul Levy, Member of the French Academy of Sciences, whose centenary of his birthday was celebrated in 1986, was one of the most original mathe matiCians of the second half of the 20th century. He could not complain about a lack of attention to his ideas and results. Together with A.N. Kolmogorov, A.Ya. Khinchin and William Feller, he is indeed one of the acknowledged founders of the theory of random processes. In the proba bility theory and, to a lesser degree, in functional analysis his work is well-known for its conceptualization and scope of the problems posed.

The Lévy Laplacian

Download The Lévy Laplacian PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139447966
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (479 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Lévy Laplacian by : M. N. Feller

Download or read book The Lévy Laplacian written by M. N. Feller and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-11-24 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Lévy Laplacian is an infinite-dimensional generalization of the well-known classical Laplacian. The theory has become well developed in recent years and this book was the first systematic treatment of the Lévy–Laplace operator. The book describes the infinite-dimensional analogues of finite-dimensional results, and more especially those features which appear only in the generalized context. It develops a theory of operators generated by the Lévy Laplacian and the symmetrized Lévy Laplacian, as well as a theory of linear and nonlinear equations involving it. There are many problems leading to equations with Lévy Laplacians and to Lévy–Laplace operators, for example superconductivity theory, the theory of control systems, the Gauss random field theory, and the Yang–Mills equation. The book is complemented by an exhaustive bibliography. The result is a work that will be valued by those working in functional analysis, partial differential equations and probability theory.

Discrete and Continuous Boundary Problems

Download Discrete and Continuous Boundary Problems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080955169
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Discrete and Continuous Boundary Problems by : Atkinson

Download or read book Discrete and Continuous Boundary Problems written by Atkinson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1964-01-01 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discrete and Continuous Boundary Problems

Extrema of Nonlocal Functionals and Boundary Value Problems for Functional Differential Equations

Download Extrema of Nonlocal Functionals and Boundary Value Problems for Functional Differential Equations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781600215643
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (156 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Extrema of Nonlocal Functionals and Boundary Value Problems for Functional Differential Equations by : Georgiĭ Aleksandrovich Kamenskiĭ

Download or read book Extrema of Nonlocal Functionals and Boundary Value Problems for Functional Differential Equations written by Georgiĭ Aleksandrovich Kamenskiĭ and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The non-local functional is an integral with the integrand depending on the unknown function at different values of the argument. These types of functionals have different applications in physics, engineering and sciences. The Euler type equations that arise as necessary conditions of extrema of non-local functionals are the functional differential equations. The book is dedicated to systematic study of variational calculus for non-local functionals and to theory of boundary value problems for functional differential equations. There are described different necessary and some sufficient conditions for extrema of non-local functionals. Theorems of existence and uniqueness of solutions to many kinds of boundary value problems for functional differential equations are proved. The spaces of solutions to these problems are, as a rule, Sobolev spaces and it is not often possible to apply the analytical methods for solution of these problems. Therefore it is important to have approximate methods for their solution. Different approximate methods of solution of boundary value problems for functional differential equations and direct methods of variational calculus for non-local functionals are described in the book. The non-local functional is an integral with the integrand depending on the unknown function at different values of the argument. These types of functionals have different applications in physics, engineering and sciences. The Euler type equations that arise as necessary conditions of extrema of non-local functionals are the functional differential equations. The book is dedicated to systematic study of variational calculus for non-local functionals and to theory of boundary value problems for functional differential equations. There are described different necessary and some sufficient conditions for extrema of non-local functionals. Theorems of existence and uniqueness of solutions to many kinds of boundary value problems for functional differential equations are proved. The spaces of solutions to these problems are, as a rule, Sobolev spaces and it is not often possible to apply the analytical methods for solution of these problems. Therefore it is important to have approximate methods for their solution. Different approximate methods of solution of boundary value problems for functional differential equations and direct methods of variational calculus for non-local functionals are described in the book.

Operator Extensions, Interpolation of Functions and Related Topics

Download Operator Extensions, Interpolation of Functions and Related Topics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 303488575X
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Operator Extensions, Interpolation of Functions and Related Topics by : A. Gheondea

Download or read book Operator Extensions, Interpolation of Functions and Related Topics written by A. Gheondea and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1976 the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy (formerly the Department of Mathematics of INCREST) and the Faculty of Mathematics (formerly the Faculty of Sciences) of the University ofTimi~oara have organized several Con ferences on Operator Theory. These Conferences were held yearly in Timi~oara (or in Timi~oara and Herculane) and beginning with 1985 they were held in Bucharest (1985,1986), in Timi~oara (1988) and in Predeal (1990). At the beginning, these Conferences answered the need of a part of the Romanian Mathematical Community ofexploring other forms of survival, after the dissolution of the Institute of Mathematics in 1975. Soon, these meetings evolved to International Conferences with a broad participation and where important results in Operator Theory and Operator Algebras and their interplay with Complex Function Theory, Differential Equations, Mathematical Physics, System Theory, etc. were presented. The 14th Conference on Operator Theory was held between June 1st and June 5th 1992, at the University ofTimi~oara. It was partially supported by the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy and by the Faculty of Mathematics of the University ofTimi~oara. Another important contribution towards covering the costs of this meeting came from The Soros Foundation for an Open Society. Without this generous help the organizing of this event would be impossible. Since 1980, the Proceedings of OT Conferences were published by Birkhauser Verlag in the series Operator Theory: Advances and Applications. The abstracts of the talks were collected in the Conference Report, published by the University of Timi~oara.

Boundary Value Problems and Markov Processes

Download Boundary Value Problems and Markov Processes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642016766
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Boundary Value Problems and Markov Processes by : Kazuaki Taira

Download or read book Boundary Value Problems and Markov Processes written by Kazuaki Taira and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a thorough and accessible exposition on the functional analytic approach to the problem of construction of Markov processes with Ventcel’ boundary conditions in probability theory. It presents new developments in the theory of singular integrals.

Classes of Linear Operators

Download Classes of Linear Operators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 303488558X
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Classes of Linear Operators by : Israel Gohberg

Download or read book Classes of Linear Operators written by Israel Gohberg and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These two volumes constitute texts for graduate courses in linear operator theory. The reader is assumed to have a knowledge of both complex analysis and the first elements of operator theory. The texts are intended to concisely present a variety of classes of linear operators, each with its own character, theory, techniques and tools. For each of the classes, various differential and integral operators motivate or illustrate the main results. Although each class is treated seperately and the first impression may be that of many different theories, interconnections appear frequently and unexpectedly. The result is a beautiful, unified and powerful theory. The classes we have chosen are representatives of the principal important classes of operators, and we believe that these illustrate the richness of operator theory, both in its theoretical developments and in its applicants. Because we wanted the books to be of reasonable size, we were selective in the classes we chose and restricted our attention to the main features of the corresponding theories. However, these theories have been updated and enhanced by new developments, many of which appear here for the first time in an operator-theory text. In the selection of the material the taste and interest of the authors played an important role.

Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems

Download Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470906529
Total Pages : 883 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems by : Ivar Stakgold

Download or read book Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems written by Ivar Stakgold and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 883 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the Second Edition "This book is an excellent introduction to the wide field of boundary value problems."—Journal of Engineering Mathematics "No doubt this textbook will be useful for both students and research workers."—Mathematical Reviews A new edition of the highly-acclaimed guide to boundary value problems, now featuring modern computational methods and approximation theory Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems, Third Edition continues the tradition of the two prior editions by providing mathematical techniques for the use of differential and integral equations to tackle important problems in applied mathematics, the physical sciences, and engineering. This new edition presents mathematical concepts and quantitative tools that are essential for effective use of modern computational methods that play a key role in the practical solution of boundary value problems. With a careful blend of theory and applications, the authors successfully bridge the gap between real analysis, functional analysis, nonlinear analysis, nonlinear partial differential equations, integral equations, approximation theory, and numerical analysis to provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding and analyzing core mathematical and computational modeling problems. Thoroughly updated and revised to reflect recent developments, the book includes an extensive new chapter on the modern tools of computational mathematics for boundary value problems. The Third Edition features numerous new topics, including: Nonlinear analysis tools for Banach spaces Finite element and related discretizations Best and near-best approximation in Banach spaces Iterative methods for discretized equations Overview of Sobolev and Besov space linear Methods for nonlinear equations Applications to nonlinear elliptic equations In addition, various topics have been substantially expanded, and new material on weak derivatives and Sobolev spaces, the Hahn-Banach theorem, reflexive Banach spaces, the Banach Schauder and Banach-Steinhaus theorems, and the Lax-Milgram theorem has been incorporated into the book. New and revised exercises found throughout allow readers to develop their own problem-solving skills, and the updated bibliographies in each chapter provide an extensive resource for new and emerging research and applications. With its careful balance of mathematics and meaningful applications, Green's Functions and Boundary Value Problems, Third Edition is an excellent book for courses on applied analysis and boundary value problems in partial differential equations at the graduate level. It is also a valuable reference for mathematicians, physicists, engineers, and scientists who use applied mathematics in their everyday work.

White Noise Calculus and Fock Space

Download White Noise Calculus and Fock Space PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540484116
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis White Noise Calculus and Fock Space by : Nobuaki Obata

Download or read book White Noise Calculus and Fock Space written by Nobuaki Obata and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-11-15 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: White Noise Calculus is a distribution theory on Gaussian space, proposed by T. Hida in 1975. This approach enables us to use pointwise defined creation and annihilation operators as well as the well-established theory of nuclear space.This self-contained monograph presents, for the first time, a systematic introduction to operator theory on fock space by means of white noise calculus. The goal is a comprehensive account of general expansion theory of Fock space operators and its applications. In particular,first order differential operators, Laplacians, rotation group, Fourier transform and their interrelations are discussed in detail w.r.t. harmonic analysis on Gaussian space. The mathematical formalism used here is based on distribution theory and functional analysis , prior knowledge of white noise calculus is not required.

Well-Posedness of Parabolic Difference Equations

Download Well-Posedness of Parabolic Difference Equations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034885180
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Well-Posedness of Parabolic Difference Equations by : A. Ashyralyev

Download or read book Well-Posedness of Parabolic Difference Equations written by A. Ashyralyev and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A well-known and widely applied method of approximating the solutions of problems in mathematical physics is the method of difference schemes. Modern computers allow the implementation of highly accurate ones; hence, their construction and investigation for various boundary value problems in mathematical physics is generating much current interest. The present monograph is devoted to the construction of highly accurate difference schemes for parabolic boundary value problems, based on Padé approximations. The investigation is based on a new notion of positivity of difference operators in Banach spaces, which allows one to deal with difference schemes of arbitrary order of accuracy. Establishing coercivity inequalities allows one to obtain sharp, that is, two-sided estimates of convergence rates. The proofs are based on results in interpolation theory of linear operators. This monograph will be of value to professional mathematicians as well as advanced students interested in the fields of functional analysis and partial differential equations.

Differentiable Operators and Nonlinear Equations

Download Differentiable Operators and Nonlinear Equations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034885121
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Differentiable Operators and Nonlinear Equations by : Victor Khatskevich

Download or read book Differentiable Operators and Nonlinear Equations written by Victor Khatskevich and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to study holomorphic mappings in infinite dimensional spaces, in all likelihood, arose for the first time in connection with the development of nonlinear analysis. A systematic study of integral equations with an analytic nonlinear part was started at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries by A. Liapunov, E. Schmidt, A. Nekrasov and others. Their research work was directed towards the theory of nonlinear waves and used mainly the undetermined coefficients and the majorant power series methods, which subsequently have been refined and developed. Parallel with these achievements, the theory of functions of one or several complex variables was gradually enriched with more significant and subtle results. The present book is a first step towards establishing a bridge between nonlinear analysis, nonlinear operator equations and the theory of holomorphic mappings on Banach spaces. The work concludes with a brief exposition of the theory of spaces with indefinite metrics, and some relevant applications of the holomorphic mappings theory in this setting. In order to make this book accessible not only to specialists but also to students and engineers, the authors give a complete account of definitions and proofs, and also present relevant prerequisites from functional analysis and topology. Contents: Preliminaries • Differential calculus in normed spaces • Integration in normed spaces • Holomorphic (analytic) operators and vector-functions on complex Banach spaces • Linear operators • Nonlinear equations with differentiable operators • Nonlinear equations with holomorphic operators • Banach manifolds • Non-regular solutions of nonlinear equations • Operators on spaces with indefinite metric • References • List of Symbols • Subject Index.

Measures of Noncompactness and Condensing Operators

Download Measures of Noncompactness and Condensing Operators PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034857276
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Measures of Noncompactness and Condensing Operators by : Akhmerov

Download or read book Measures of Noncompactness and Condensing Operators written by Akhmerov and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A condensing (or densifying) operator is a mapping under which the image of any set is in a certain sense more compact than the set itself. The degree of noncompactness of a set is measured by means of functions called measures of noncompactness. The contractive maps and the compact maps [i.e., in this Introduction, the maps that send any bounded set into a relatively compact one; in the main text the term "compact" will be reserved for the operators that, in addition to having this property, are continuous, i.e., in the authors' terminology, for the completely continuous operators] are condensing. For contractive maps one can take as measure of noncompactness the diameter of a set, while for compact maps can take the indicator function of a family of non-relatively com pact sets. The operators of the form F( x) = G( x, x), where G is contractive in the first argument and compact in the second, are also condensing with respect to some natural measures of noncompactness. The linear condensing operators are characterized by the fact that almost all of their spectrum is included in a disc of radius smaller than one. The examples given above show that condensing operators are a sufficiently typical phenomenon in various applications of functional analysis, for example, in the theory of differential and integral equations. As is turns out, the condensing operators have properties similar to the compact ones.

Nonselfadjoint Operators and Related Topics

Download Nonselfadjoint Operators and Related Topics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034885229
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nonselfadjoint Operators and Related Topics by : A. Feintuch

Download or read book Nonselfadjoint Operators and Related Topics written by A. Feintuch and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our goal is to find Grabner bases for polynomials in four different sets of expressions: 1 x- , (1 - x)-1 (RESOL) X, 1 x- (1 - xy)-1 (EB) X, , y-1, (1-yx)-1 y, (1_y)-1 (1-x)-1 (preNF) (EB) plus and (1 - xy)1/2 (1 - yx )1/2 (NF) (preNF) plus and Most formulas in the theory of the Nagy-Foias operator model [NF] are polynomials in these expressions where x = T and y = T*. Complicated polynomials can often be simplified by applying "replacement rules". For example, the polynomial (1 - xy)-2 - 2xy(1-xy)-2 + xy2 (1 - xy)-2 -1 simplifies to O. This can be seen by three applications of the replacement rule (1-xy) -1 xy -t (1 - xy)-1 -1 which is true because of the definition of (1-xy)-1. A replacement rule consists of a left hand side (LHS) and a right hand side (RHS). The LHS will always be a monomial. The RHS will be a polynomial whose terms are "simpler" (in a sense to be made precise) than the LHS. An expression is reduced by repeatedly replacing any occurrence of a LHS by the corresponding RHS. The monomials will be well-ordered, so the reduction procedure will terminate after finitely many steps. Our aim is to provide a list of substitution rules for the classes of expressions above. These rules, when implemented on a computer, provide an efficient automatic simplification process. We discuss and define the ordering on monomials later.

Operator Theory and Complex Analysis

Download Operator Theory and Complex Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783764328245
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Operator Theory and Complex Analysis by : J. K. Aggarwal

Download or read book Operator Theory and Complex Analysis written by J. K. Aggarwal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-01-22 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a set of papers based on the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Multisensor Fusion for Computer Vision, held in Grenoble, France, in June 1989. The workshop focused on the fusion or integration of sensor information to achieve the optimum interpretation of a scene. The papers cover a broad range of topics, including principles and issues in multisensor fusion, information fusion for navigation, multisensor fusion for object recognition, network approaches to multisensor fusion, computer architectures for multisensor fusion, and applications of multisensor fusion. The authors have documented their own research and, in so doing,have presented the state of the art in the field. Each author is a recognized leader in his or her area in the academic, governmental, or industrial research community. Several contributors present novel points of view on the integration of information. The book gives a representative picture of current progress in multisensor fusion for computer vision among the leading research groups in Europe and North America.

Time-Variant Systems and Interpolation

Download Time-Variant Systems and Interpolation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034886152
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Time-Variant Systems and Interpolation by : I. Gohberg

Download or read book Time-Variant Systems and Interpolation written by I. Gohberg and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Partially Specified Matrices and Operators: Classification, Completion, Applications

Download Partially Specified Matrices and Operators: Classification, Completion, Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034891008
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Partially Specified Matrices and Operators: Classification, Completion, Applications by : Israel Gohberg

Download or read book Partially Specified Matrices and Operators: Classification, Completion, Applications written by Israel Gohberg and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to a new direction in linear algebra and operator theory that deals with the invariants of partially specified matrices and operators, and with the spectral analysis of their completions. The theory developed centers around two major problems concerning matrices of which part of the entries are given and the others are unspecified. The first is a classification problem and aims at a simplification of the given part with the help of admissible similarities. The results here may be seen as a far reaching generalization of the Jordan canonical form. The second problem is called the eigenvalue completion problem and asks to describe all possible eigenvalues and their multiplicities of the matrices which one obtains by filling in the unspecified entries. Both problems are also considered in an infinite dimensional operator framework. A large part of the book deals with applications to matrix theory and analysis, namely to stabilization problems in mathematical system theory, to problems of Wiener-Hopf factorization and interpolation for matrix polynomials and rational matrix functions, to the Kronecker structure theory of linear pencils, and to non everywhere defined operators. The eigenvalue completion problem has a natural associated inverse, which appears as a restriction problem. The analysis of these two problems is often simpler when a solution of the corresponding classification problem is available.