Contesting The Far Right

Download Contesting The Far Right full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Contesting The Far Right ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Contesting the Far Right

Author : Claudia Leeb
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231559704
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Contesting the Far Right by : Claudia Leeb

Download or read book Contesting the Far Right written by Claudia Leeb and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2024-04-23 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why have so many people responded to the insecurity, exploitation, alienation, and isolation of precarity capitalism by supporting the far right? In this timely book, Claudia Leeb argues that psychoanalytic and feminist critical theory illuminates how economic and psychological factors interact to produce this extreme political shift. Contesting the Far Right examines right-wing recruitment tactics in the United States and Austria, where people discontented with the status quo have turned to far-right parties and movements that further cement capitalism’s adverse effects. Leeb contends that Freudian psychoanalytic theory and early Frankfurt School Critical Theory provide analytical tools to explain this apparent contradiction in psychological terms. Living under precarity capitalism generates feelings of failure and anxiety, which people experience as non-wholeness, because it has become difficult if not impossible to live up to the fetish of economic, interpersonal, and bodily success, and the far right preys on such feelings. Its psychologically oriented propaganda tactics produce the illusion of wholeness and a positive sense of self while leaving the socioeconomic conditions that cause people’s suffering intact. At the same time, they remove the inhibitions that keep people’s repressed aggression and racist and sexist attitudes in check. To demonstrate the workings of this process, Leeb compares cases including Trump and the alt-right in the United States and the Freedom Party and the identitarian movement in Austria. At once theoretically rich and politically engaged, this book also offers ways to resist the far right and counter the psychological appeal of its propaganda techniques.

Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe

Author : Michaela Köttig
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319435337
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe by : Michaela Köttig

Download or read book Gender and Far Right Politics in Europe written by Michaela Köttig and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-20 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a systematic consideration of the link between the extreme right and the discourse about developments in regard to gender issues within different national states. The contributors analyze right-wing extremist tendencies in Europe under the specific perspective on gender. The volume brings together the few existing findings concerning the quantitative dimension of activities carried out by men and women in different countries, and illuminates and juxtaposes gender ratios along with the role of women in right-wing extremism. Along with the gender-specific access to right-wing groups, the chapters look at networks, organizational forms, specific strategies of female right-wing extremists, their ideologies (especially regarding femininity and masculinity), hetero normativity, discourses on sexuality, and preventive and counter-strategies. The book will be of use to students and scholars interested in gender and politics, European politics, and political extremism.

The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion

Author : Elizabeth Suhay
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190860839
Total Pages : 1124 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion by : Elizabeth Suhay

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion written by Elizabeth Suhay and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elections are the means by which democratic nations determine their leaders, and communication in the context of elections has the potential to shape people's beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Thus, electoral persuasion is one of the most important political processes in any nation that regularly holds elections. Moreover, electoral persuasion encompasses not only what happens in an election but also what happens before and after, involving candidates, parties, interest groups, the media, and the voters themselves. This volume surveys the vast political science literature on this subject, emphasizing contemporary research and topics and encouraging cross-fertilization among research strands. A global roster of authors provides a broad examination of electoral persuasion, with international perspectives complementing deep coverage of U.S. politics. Major areas of coverage include: general models of political persuasion; persuasion by parties, candidates, and outside groups; media influence; interpersonal influence; electoral persuasion across contexts; and empirical methodologies for understanding electoral persuasion.

The Right to Vote

Author : Alexander Keyssar
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465010148
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Right to Vote by : Alexander Keyssar

Download or read book The Right to Vote written by Alexander Keyssar and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 2000, The Right to Vote was widely hailed as a magisterial account of the evolution of suffrage from the American Revolution to the end of the twentieth century. In this revised and updated edition, Keyssar carries the story forward, from the disputed presidential contest of 2000 through the 2008 campaign and the election of Barack Obama. The Right to Vote is a sweeping reinterpretation of American political history as well as a meditation on the meaning of democracy in contemporary American life.

The ideology of the extreme right

Author : Cas Mudde
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1847795315
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (477 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The ideology of the extreme right by : Cas Mudde

Download or read book The ideology of the extreme right written by Cas Mudde and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the five main parties of the extreme right in the Netherlands (Centrumdemocraten, Centrumpartij), Belgium (Vlaams Blok), and Germany (Die Republikaner, Deutsche Volksunion). Using primary research — including internal party documents — it concludes that rather than right-wing and extremist, the core ideology of these parties is xenophobic nationalist, including also a mix of law and order and welfare chauvinism. The author's research and conclusions have broader implications for the study of the extreme-right phenomenon and party ideology in general.

The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right

Author : Jens Rydgren
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190274557
Total Pages : 761 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right by : Jens Rydgren

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right written by Jens Rydgren and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The radical right : an introduction / Jens Rydgren -- Ideology and discourse -- The radical right and nationalism / Tamir Bar-On -- The radical right and islamophobia / Aristotle Kallis -- The radical right and anti-semitism / Ruth Wodak -- The radical right and populism / Hans-Georg Betz -- The radical right and fascism / Nigel Copsey -- The radical right and euroscepticism / Sofia Vasilopoulou -- Issues -- Explaining electoral support for the radical right / Kai Arzheimer -- Party systems and radical right-wing parties / Herbert Kitschelt -- The radical right and gender / Hilde Coffé -- Globalization, cleavages, and the radical right / Simon Bornschier -- Party organization and the radical right / David Art -- Charisma and the radical right / Roger Eatwell -- Media and the radical right / Antonis A. Ellinas -- The non-party sector of the radical right / John Veugelers and Gabriel Menard -- The political impact of the radical right / Michelle Hale Williams -- The radical right as social movement organizations / Manuela Caiani and Donatella Della Porta -- Youth and the radical right / Cynthia Miller Idriss -- Religion and the radical right / Michael Minkenberg -- Cross-national links and international cooperation / Manuela Caiani -- Political violence and the radical right / Leonard Weinberg and Eliot Assoudeh -- Case studies -- The radical right in France / Nonna Mayer -- The radical right in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland / Uwe Backes -- The radical right in Belgium and the Netherlands / Joop J.M. van Holsteyn -- The radical right in Southern Europe / Carlo Ruzza -- The radical right in the UK / Matthew J. Goodwin and James Dennison -- The radical right in the Nordic countries / Anders Widfeldt -- The radical right in Eastern Europe / Lenka Butíková -- The radical right in post-soviet Russia / Richard Arnold and Andreas Umland -- The radical right in post-soviet Ukraine / Melanie Mierzejewski-Voznyak -- The radical right in the United States of America / Christopher Sebastian Parker -- The radical right in Australia / Andy Fleming and Aurelien Mondon -- The radical right in Israel / Arie Perliger and Ami Pedhazur -- The radical right in Japan / Naoto Higuchi

Reactionary Democracy

Author : Aurelien Mondon
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1788734246
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reactionary Democracy by : Aurelien Mondon

Download or read book Reactionary Democracy written by Aurelien Mondon and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Democracy is not necessarily progressive, and will only be if we make it so. What Mondon and Winter call 'reactionary democracy' is the use of the concept of democracy and its associated understanding of the power to the people (demos cratos) for reactionary ends. The resurgence of racism, populism and the far right is not the result of popular demands as we are often told. It is rather the logical conclusion of the more or less conscious manipulation by the elite of the concept of 'the people' and the working class to push reactionary ideas. These narratives place racism as a popular demand, rather than as something encouraged and perpetuated by elites, thus exonerating those with the means to influence and control public discourse through the media in particular. This in turn has legitimised the far right, strengthened its hand and compounded inequalities. These actions diverts us away from real concerns and radical alternatives to the current system. Through a careful and thorough deconstruction of the hegemonic discourse currently preventing us from thinking beyond the liberal vs populist dichotomy, this book develops a better understanding of the systemic forces underpinning our current model and its exploitative and discriminatory basis. The book shows us that the far right would not have been able to achieve such success, either electorally or ideologically, were it not for the help of elite actors (the media, politicians and academics). While the far right is a real threat and should not be left off the hook, the authors argue that we need to shift the responsibility of the situation towards those who too often claim to be objective, and even powerless, bystanders despite their powerful standpoint and clear capacity to influence the agenda, public discourse, and narratives, particularly when they platform and legitimise racist and far right ideas and actors.

Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy

Author : A. James McAdams
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000431967
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy by : A. James McAdams

Download or read book Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy written by A. James McAdams and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-27 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first systematic analysis of the efforts of a broad range of contemporary far-right thinkers to popularize their critiques of liberal-democratic norms and institutions and make their ideas the subjects of sustained political and academic debate. The book focuses on outspoken thinkers in western and eastern Europe, Russia, the United States, Canada, and Australia. They include Alain de Benoist, Guillaume Faye, Götz Kubitschek, Pat Buchanan, Fróði Midjord, Jason Jorjani, contributors to the online magazine Quillette, and the elusive personality known as the Bronze Age Pervert. The book explores the diverse intellectual foundations of these thinkers’ positions, the similarities and differences in their ideas, and their prospects for influencing attitudes about democratic politics within their respective countries. It examines diverse movements and schools of thought, including the European New Right, Paleoconservatism, the Alt-right, Identitarianism, White nationalism, and antifeminism. Providing a much-needed global perspective, this book will be of considerable interest to students and scholars of populism, right-wing extremism, identity politics, fascism, racism, and conservatism.

The Far-Right Discourse of Multiculturalism in Intergroup Interactions

Author : Katarina Pettersson
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303089066X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Far-Right Discourse of Multiculturalism in Intergroup Interactions by : Katarina Pettersson

Download or read book The Far-Right Discourse of Multiculturalism in Intergroup Interactions written by Katarina Pettersson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-02 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book employs discursive psychology to examine how far-right discourse on issues related to multiculturalism is received, interpreted, adapted and contested in political rhetoric and informal talk. It brings together the latest research from sociology and media studies concerning the circulation of far-right messages in the era of digitalization and the ‘hybrid media system’, and critical discursive psychology research into political and lay discourse pertaining to multiculturalism. Drawing on empirical material from the Nordic context allows for an analysis of political discourse within societies in which a strong tradition of social democratic welfare states now exists alongside the rise of populist and far-right parties. Operating in countries with comparatively high national internet and social media penetration, this book explores the extent to which the success of these parties is linked to their skilful use of social media, in order to mobilise popular support for their political agendas. The collection’s multilevel perspective aims to further the understanding of how the anti-immigration and anti-multiculturalist ideologies propagated by these parties contributes to the mainstreaming of their rhetoric among the political ‘elite’, as well as to the societal normalization of nationalist and xenophobic discourse. In doing so it will provide fresh insights for students and scholars of sociology, social psychology, discourse analysis, media and communication, and political science.

Legal Challenges to the Far-Right

Author : Natalie Alkiviadou
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000750485
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Legal Challenges to the Far-Right by : Natalie Alkiviadou

Download or read book Legal Challenges to the Far-Right written by Natalie Alkiviadou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work considers the international and European obligations of the UK in the realm of challenging the far-right and assesses the extent to which it adheres to them. It looks at the role of criminal law in tackling hate speech and hate crime and assesses how English law deals with political parties which may deviate from agreed norms and principles such as non-discrimination. The legal analysis is placed within a contextual framework of far-right parties in the United Kingdom and also incorporates a definitional framework in terms of how the law defines themes relevant to challenging the far-right, such as racial discrimination, terrorism and extremism. The book presents a valuable guide for students, academics and policy-makers in the areas of International Human Rights Law, Criminal Law, Comparative Constitutional Law, National Security Law, Comparative Politics and Terrorism Studies.

Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe

Author : Bartek Pytlas
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317495861
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe by : Bartek Pytlas

Download or read book Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe written by Bartek Pytlas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Central and Eastern Europe, radical right actors significantly impact public debates and mainstream policy agenda. But despite this high discursive influence, the electoral fortune of radical right parties in the region is much less stable. It has been suggested that this may be due to the fact that mainstream competitors increasingly co-opt issues which are fundamental for the radical right. However, the extent to which such tactics play a role in radical right electoral success and failure is still a subject for debate. This book is the first to provide a systematic theoretical framework and in-depth empirical research on the interaction between discursive influence, party competition and the electoral fortune of radical right parties in Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that in order to fully explain the impact of mainstream party strategies in this regard, it is vital to widen the analysis beyond competition over issues themselves, and towards their various legitimizing narratives and frame ownership. Up-to-date debates over policies of collective identity (minority, morality and nationalizing politics) in Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia serve as best cases to observe these under-researched phenomena. The analytical model is evaluated comparatively using original, primary data combined with election studies and expert surveys. Advancing an innovative, fine-grained approach on the mechanisms and effects of party competition between radical right and mainstream parties, this book will be of interest to students and scholars researching the far right and European party politics, as well as political contestation and framing.

The Right in Latin America

Author : Barry Cannon
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113502183X
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Right in Latin America by : Barry Cannon

Download or read book The Right in Latin America written by Barry Cannon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most current analysis on Latin American politics has been directed at examining the shift to the left in the region. Very little attention, however, has been paid to the reactions of the right to this phenomenon. What kind of discursive, policy, and strategic responses have emerged among the right in Latin America as a result of this historic turn to the left? Have there been any shifts in attitudes to inequality and poverty as a result of the successes of the left in those areas? How has the right responded strategically to regain the political initiative from the left? And what implications might such responses have for democracy in the region? The Right in Latin America seeks to provide answers to these questions while helping to fill a gap in the literature on contemporary Latin American politics. Unlike previous studies, Barry Cannon’s book does not simply concentrate on party political responses to the contemporary challenges for the right in the region. Rather he uses a wider, more comprehensive theoretical framework, grounded in political sociology, in recognition of the deep social roots of the right among Latin America’s elites, in a region known for its startling inequalities. Using Michael Mann’s pioneering work on power, he shows how elite dominance in the key areas of the economy, ideology, the military, and in transnational relations, has had a profound influence on the political strategies of the Latin American right. He shows how left governments, especially the more radical ones, have threatened elite power in these areas, influencing right-wing strategic responses as a result. These responses, he persuasively argues, can vary from elections, through street protests and media campaigns, to military coups, depending on the level of perceived threat felt by elites from the left. In this way, Cannon uncovers the dialectical nature of the left/right relationship in contemporary Latin American politics, while simultaneously providing pointers as to how the left can respond to the challenge of the right’s resurgence in the current context of left retrenchment. Cannon’s multi-faceted inter-disciplinary approach, including original research among right-leaning actors in the region makes the book an essential reference not only for those interested in the contemporary Latin American right but for anyone interested in the region’s politics at a critical juncture in its history.

The Party Decides

Author : Marty Cohen
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226112381
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Party Decides by : Marty Cohen

Download or read book The Party Decides written by Marty Cohen and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-05-15 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the contest for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination, politicians and voters alike worried that the outcome might depend on the preferences of unelected superdelegates. This concern threw into relief the prevailing notion that—such unusually competitive cases notwithstanding—people, rather than parties, should and do control presidential nominations. But for the past several decades, The Party Decides shows, unelected insiders in both major parties have effectively selected candidates long before citizens reached the ballot box. Tracing the evolution of presidential nominations since the 1790s, this volume demonstrates how party insiders have sought since America’s founding to control nominations as a means of getting what they want from government. Contrary to the common view that the party reforms of the 1970s gave voters more power, the authors contend that the most consequential contests remain the candidates’ fights for prominent endorsements and the support of various interest groups and state party leaders. These invisible primaries produce frontrunners long before most voters start paying attention, profoundly influencing final election outcomes and investing parties with far more nominating power than is generally recognized.

The Far Right Today

Author : Cas Mudde
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 150953685X
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Far Right Today by : Cas Mudde

Download or read book The Far Right Today written by Cas Mudde and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The far right is back with a vengeance. After several decades at the political margins, far-right politics has again taken center stage. Three of the world’s largest democracies – Brazil, India, and the United States – now have a radical right leader, while far-right parties continue to increase their profile and support within Europe. In this timely book, leading global expert on political extremism Cas Mudde provides a concise overview of the fourth wave of postwar far-right politics, exploring its history, ideology, organization, causes, and consequences, as well as the responses available to civil society, party, and state actors to challenge its ideas and influence. What defines this current far-right renaissance, Mudde argues, is its mainstreaming and normalization within the contemporary political landscape. Challenging orthodox thinking on the relationship between conventional and far-right politics, Mudde offers a complex and insightful picture of one of the key political challenges of our time.

The Management of Hate

Author : Nitzan Shoshan
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691171963
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Management of Hate by : Nitzan Shoshan

Download or read book The Management of Hate written by Nitzan Shoshan and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-09 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since German reunification in 1990, there has been widespread concern about marginalized young people who, faced with bleak prospects for their future, have embraced increasingly violent forms of racist nationalism that glorify the country's Nazi past. The Management of Hate, Nitzan Shoshan’s riveting account of the year and a half he spent with these young right-wing extremists in East Berlin, reveals how they contest contemporary notions of national identity and defy the clichés that others use to represent them. Shoshan situates them within what he calls the governance of affect, a broad body of discourses and practices aimed at orchestrating their attitudes toward cultural difference—from legal codes and penal norms to rehabilitative techniques and pedagogical strategies. Governance has conventionally been viewed as rational administration, while emotions have ordinarily been conceived of as individual states. Shoshan, however, convincingly questions both assumptions. Instead, he offers a fresh view of governance as pregnant with affect and of hate as publicly mediated and politically administered. Shoshan argues that the state’s policies push these youths into a right-extremist corner instead of integrating them in ways that could curb their nationalist racism. His point is certain to resonate across European and non-European contexts where, amid robust xenophobic nationalisms, hate becomes precisely the object of public dispute. Powerful and compelling, The Management of Hate provides a rare and disturbing look inside Germany’s right-wing extremist world, and shines critical light on a German nationhood haunted by its own historical contradictions.

From Twitter to Capitol Hill

Author : Panayota Gounari
Publisher : Critical Media Literacies
ISBN 13 : 9789004428317
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (283 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From Twitter to Capitol Hill by : Panayota Gounari

Download or read book From Twitter to Capitol Hill written by Panayota Gounari and published by Critical Media Literacies. This book was released on 2021-12-09 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What does the backlash against Critical Race Theory, the Capitol insurrection, Trumpism, Twitter, and neo-Nazis have in common? This book delves deep into conservative social media and far-right extremist platforms to understand the revival and proliferation of far-right authoritarian populist discourses after Trump's ascent to power. After the January 6th Capitol insurrection and the role social media have played in normalizing and promoting far-right populist authoritarianism, there is a renewed interest to study digital discursive aggression. Inspired by Critical Theory, Panayota Gounari masterfully uses Critical Discourse Studies to analyze social media data and articulate a discursive, pedagogical and historical project"--

Radical American Partisanship

Author : Nathan P. Kalmoe
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226820289
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Radical American Partisanship by : Nathan P. Kalmoe

Download or read book Radical American Partisanship written by Nathan P. Kalmoe and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2022-05-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "On January 6 we witnessed what many of us consider a failed insurrection at the US Capitol. But others think this was political violence in service of the preservation of our democracy. When did our political views become extreme? When did guns and violence become a feature of American politics? Nathan Kalmoe and Lily Mason have been researching the increase in radical partisanship in American politics and the associated increasing propensity to support or engage in violence through a series of surveys and survey experiments for several years. Kalmoe and Mason argue that many Americans have become increasingly radical in their identification with their political party and more inclined to view partisans of the other party negatively as people. Their reactions to opposing political views give little room for respect or compromise and make increasing numbers of Americans more likely to either participate in political violence or to view those who do so on behalf of their party favorably. They also find that radical partisans are more apt to be receptive to messages from radical political leaders and less receptive to conflicting information and views. Radical partisanship and political violence are not new to the United States. In most of the 20th century we experienced less radical partisanship, with measures of attitudes towards partisans of other parties that were not as extreme as we see now but this has not been the case throughout much of American history, as witness the fight over slavery that led to the Civil War as well as the violence associated with racism after the fall of reconstruction to the present day"--