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Author : Jeffrey Keith Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (625 download)
Download or read book Concrete Bridge Deck Behavior Under Thermal Loads written by Jeffrey Keith Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Anuoluwa Adediji
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (973 download)
Download or read book Behavior of Concrete Bridge Decks Under Combined Shrinkage Thermal and Live Loading written by Anuoluwa Adediji and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designers have consistently been concerned with long term deformation of bridges to mitigate unfavorable effects such as excessive movement and cracking. Furthermore, any developed tool of use to a designer must make use of parameters known at the time of design as well as be simplistic in nature as defined in the code. As such, many prediction models for the free shrinkage of a concrete specimen have been developed toward this end. However, structures designed and placed in the field experience shrinkage under restraint. Also, the differences in environmental conditions affect the shrinkage of structures. It is important to understand the restrained shrinkage of structures under field conditions and use this understanding to make improved guidelines on shrinkage from a design standpoint. In this study, the prediction and modelling of the free shrinkage of small samples under constant conditions were expanded to the prediction and modelling of restrained shrinkage under field conditions of large samples using finite element analysis. A parametric analysis was then performed to derive useful information from a design perspective such as the impact of various design parameters on the performance of a bridge deck. The findings indicated that the use of reinforcement is the preferable method of addressing shrinkage in bridge decks. Furthermore, the efficacy of the amount of reinforcement specified in the AASHTO guidelines to mitigate excessive cracking in bridge decks was discussed. The traditional and empirical methods of bridge deck design were investigated for shrinkage reinforcement. Finally, recommendations were suggested to the reinforcement requirements based on the findings of this study.
Author : E C Hambly
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0419172602
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (191 download)
Download or read book Bridge Deck Behaviour, Second Edition written by E C Hambly and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-07-25 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the underlying behaviour of steel and concrete bridge decks. It shows how complex structures can be analysed with physical reasoning and relatively simple computer models and without complicated mathematics.
Author : Waleed Khalid Hamid
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book Behavior of Bridge with Internally Cured Concrete Deck Under Environmental and Truck Loading written by Waleed Khalid Hamid and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term performance of a bridge deck depends on its resistance to bridge cracking. Most of these cracks are initiated at the early age. Early age cracking of bridge decks is a typical issue in the U.S. that reduces bridge service life. Therefore, internally cured concrete (ICC) has been used in some states to reduce or eliminate the development of cracks in reinforced concrete decks. In this study, the early age behavior of ICC deck and the effect of the internal curing on the long-term behavior of the bridge was measured and evaluated in the laboratory and field for newly adjacent constructed bridge, which were located on Route 271 in Mayfield, Ohio. Two different types of concrete mixtures were utilized for the decks: conventional concrete (CC) and internally cured concrete (ICC). Firstly, the ICC and CC mixtures were examined in the laboratory in terms of a mechanical properties test, a plastic shrinkage test, a free shrinkage test, and a restrained shrinkage test. Second, the field behavior of an ICC deck and an adjacent CC deck during their early age and long-term performance were evaluated. Also, the shrinkage development for both decks was examined during the very early age. Instrumentation was used to measure the concrete and reinforcement strains and the temperature in both bridges. The instrumentation and results for both bridges are discussed. Laboratory results indicated that using pre-wetted lightweight concrete in the concrete mixture led to decreased density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and free shrinkage strain, and increased tensile strength and cracking time of concrete compared to conventional concrete. In the field, from the early age test, it was observed that the time to develop concrete shrinkage was approximately 5-6 hours after casting the deck of the ICC and the CC.
Author : Damien L. Keogh
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780203984147
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (841 download)
Download or read book Bridge Deck Analysis written by Damien L. Keogh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-08-09 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive text in the field of Bridge Deck behaviour and analysis Bridge Deck Analysis is an essential reference for civil and structural engineers. It provides bridge designers with the knowledge to understand the behaviour of bridge decks, to be familiar with, and to understand the various numerical modelling techniques, to know which technique is most suited. The book covers the grillage analogy, dedicates a chapter to the modelling and analysis of integral bridge forms and also provides guidance of the application of the finite element method.
Download or read book Evaluating Concrete Bridge Deck Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the service life of concrete bridge decks designed by traditional procedures is often shorter than desired, their ability to withstand constant and heavy use in a variety of operating environments is of major concern. In this project, the relative performance of three bridge decks constructed with different concretes and reinforcing steel configurations was studied to help determine which deck offers the best performance over time. To achieve this objective, an array of strain and temperature instrumentation was embedded in each of the bridge decks prior to placing the deck concrete. The decks were tested under controlled live loads to characterize their structural behavior. The first set of such tests was performed immediately after the bridge decks were completed, and the second was conducted two years later. The long term performance of the three decks under environmental loads (notably, changes in temperature) was studied by continuously monitoring selected strain gages in each bridge, and by conducting periodic visual distress surveys and corrosion tests. In the data collected and analyzed from the live load tests and environmental response monitoring of the three decks, only subtle behavioral differences have been observed. While some aspects of the response have been found to statistically differ between bridges and over time, the significance of these differences remains uncertain, as the bridges are relatively young, and they only exhibit nominal signs of distress. The significance of these differences may become clear in the future, if substantial differences in deck durability and performance emerge over time. The visual distress surveys have found that the majority of the cracking that has occurred in the decks is near the integral abutments and that the Empirical deck had the most extensive cracking in this regard. The analysis presented herein generally serves as a baseline for the relative condition of the three bridges before prolonged demands from traffic and the environment. Should a follow-on project be initiated, data obtained from continued long-term monitoring and live load testing will likely provide a more complete body of evidence from which to ascertain which deck design offers superior performance. Relative to cost, initial expense for each deck was similar, thus the relative cost-to-benefit for the decks will be dependent on the service life that they offer.
Author : Quan Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 758 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (261 download)
Download or read book Effects of Thermal Loads on Texas Steel Bridges written by Quan Chen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of thermal loads on steel bridges are not well understood. Although thermal effects are discussed in the AASHTO specifications, the appropriateness of the recommended thermal gradients is questionable. Thermal effects on the bridges can impact the design of the steel superstructure, the support bearings, and even the bridge piers. Previous field monitoring of steel trapezoidal box girder bridges has shown that thermal stresses on the order of "5 ksi were not uncommon under regular daily thermal cycles. Stresses induced during annual thermal cycles may be potentially larger than those during daily thermal cycles. Recent data has shown that the bearings that are to allow the girders to expand and contract freely due to thermal movements are not frictionless. Because of the bearing friction, the supporting piers must flex to accommodate the bridge movements. In curved girder applications, questions have been raised by designers and contractors regarding the proper orientation of guided bearings. This research study includes field measurements, laboratory tests and finite element parametric analyses. The bearings of nine bridges in the Houston area have been instrumented and monitored for more than a year to measure bearing movements due to changes in temperature. Instrumentation of the steel girders on one of the Houston bridges was made utilizing thermocouples and vibrating wire strain gages to measure temperature distribution and thermal stresses. In addition, strain gages and thermal couples were applied to the steel girders and concrete bridge deck on a simple twin box girder bridge located at the Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory in Austin, Texas. The data from the field monitoring and laboratory tests were used to validate a finite element model. Based on this model, a detailed parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of bridge configuration. It is found that under the given weather conditions, the most critical thermal loads are achieved under the following bridge configurations: N-S bridge orientation, shorter lengths of the concrete deck overhang, deeper steel girder webs, thinner concrete decks, and larger spacing between two box girders. To evaluate the effect of environmental conditions and obtain extreme thermal loads for design purposes, the most critical configuration of bridge sections was modeled for thermal analysis with Texas weather data from 1961 to 2005 as the input environmental conditions. Four cities were considered to bound Texas weather conditions. Based on the thermal analyses, a 45-year sample data of thermal parameters were used to describe the temperature field over a section. Extreme value analyses of the sample data were performed to obtain the relationship between thermal loads and return periods. The thermal loads with 100-year return period were compared to the ones suggested by AASHTO. The thermal loads with 100-year return period were used to investigate structural response. The effect of bearing orientation and the point of fixity were studied. A rigid body model was proposed to estimate thermal movements at the ends, which matched those obtained from field monitoring and finite element analysis. The maximum possible thermal stresses were also evaluated. Design suggestions are put forward based on the analysis.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (891 download)
Download or read book In-situ Monitoring and Testing of IBRC Bridges in Wisconsin written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sabreena Nasrin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)
Download or read book Numerical Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Ultra-high-performance Concrete Hybrid Bridge Deck Connections written by Sabreena Nasrin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the use of modular bridge deck components has gained popularity for facilitating more durable components in bridge decks, but these components require field-applied connections for constructing the entire bridge. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is being extensively used for highway bridges in the field connections between girders and deck panels for its superior quality than conventional concrete.Thus far, very limited data is available on the modeling of hybrid-bridge deck connections. In this study, finite element models have been developed to identify the primary properties affecting the response of hybrid deck panel system under monotonic and reverse cyclic loads. The commercial software ABAQUS was used to validate the models and to generate the data presented herein. The concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model was used to simulate both the conventional concrete and UHPC. In addition, numerical results were validated against experimental data available in the literature. The key parameters studied were the mesh size, the dilation angle, reinforcement type, concrete constitutive models, steel properties, and the contact type between the UHPC and the conventional concrete. The models were found to capture the load-deformation response, failure modes, crack patterns and ductility indices satisfactorily. The damage in concrete under monotonic loading is found higher in normal concrete than UHPC with no signs of de-bonding between the two materials. It is observed that increasing the dilation angle leads to an increase in the initial stiffness of the model. Changing the dilation angle from 20℗ʻ to 40℗ʻ results in an increase of 7.81% in ultimate load for the panel with straight reinforcing bars, whereas for the panel with headed bars, the increase in ultimate load was found 8.56 %.Furthermore, four different types of bridge deck panels were simulated under reversed cyclic loading to observe overall behavior and the damage pattern associated with the reversed cyclic load. The key parameters investigated were the configurations of steel connections between the precast concrete deck elements, the loading position, ductility index, and the failure phenomena. The headed bar connections were found to experience higher ductility than the ones with straight bars in the range of 10.12% to 30.70% in all loading conditions, which is crucial for ensuring safe structural performance. This numerical investigation provides recommendations for predicting the location of the local damage in UHPC concrete bridge deck precast panel connections under reversed cyclic loading.Despite of having excellent mechanical and material properties, the use of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHP-FRC) is not widespread due to its high cost and lack of widely accepted design guidelines. This research also aims to develop a UHPC mixture using locally and domestically available materials without heat curing in hopes of reducing the production cost. Several trial mixtures of UHPC have been developed using locally available basalt and domestically available steel fibers. Among them, one trial mixture of 20.35 ksi compressive strength was selected for further study. To investigate the applicability of this locally produced UHPC in bridge closure, two full scale-8 ft. span hybrid bridge deck slabs with UHPC closure were constructed and tested under monotonic loading to identify the structural and material responses. The load-deflection response of the hybrid connection confirms that the deflection increased linearly until the initiation of first crack, after that it increased non-linearly up to the failure of the connection. The strain response also confirms that UHPC experiences less strain than normal strength concrete under compression loading. In addition, a moment curvature analytical graphical user interface model of hybrid bridge deck connection has been developed using MATLAB to predict ductility, curvature, and the stress distributions in those connections. The predicted value of moment and curvature from the code was found in good agreement with experimental data as well. The code provides a tool to professional engineers to predict ductility, curvature, and the stress distributions in those connections. The code is built in such a way to allow various input parameters such as concrete strength, dimensions of hybrid connection and deck panels, reinforcement configuration and the shape of the connection.Though, ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) has very high compressive strength compared to conventional concrete, the failure strain of UHP-FRC is not enough to withstand large plastic deformations under high stain rate loading such as impact and blast loading. Hence, a numerical study has been conducted to simulate low-velocity impact phenomenon of UHP-FRC. The responses obtained from the numerical study are in good agreement with the experimental results under impact loads. Five different types of UHP-FRC beams were simulated under impact loading to observe the global and local material responses. The key parameters investigated were the reinforcement ratio (Ï1), impact load under various drop heights (h), and the failure phenomena. It was observed that higher reinforcement ratio showed better deflection recovery under the proposed impact. Also, for a specific reinforcement ratio, the maximum deflection increases approximately 15% when drop height decreases from 100 mm to 25 mm. Moreover, the applicability of concrete damage plasticity model for impact loading is investigated. The results also provided recommendations for predicting the location of the local damage in UHP-FRC beams under impact loading.Moreover, this research work includes a nonlinear finite element analysis of high-strength concrete confined with opposing circular spiral reinforcements. The spiral reinforcement is a very common technique used for reinforcing columns in active seismic regions due to its high ductility and high energy absorption. The results are compared with previously tested small-scale concrete columns made with the same technique under monotonic axial loads. The proposed technique is developed to improve the strength and ductility of concrete columns confined with conventional spiral systems. The finite element (FE) analysis results have shown that the proposed model can predict the failure load and crack pattern of columns with reasonable accuracy. Beside this, the concrete plasticity damage showed very good results in simulating columns with opposing spirals. The FE model is used to conduct a study on the effect of spiral spacing, Îđ (ratio of the core diameter to the whole cross section diameter) and compressive strength on the behavior of circular spiral reinforced concrete columns confined with opposing circular spiral reinforcements. The results of the parametric study demonstrated that for the same spacing between spirals and same strength of concrete, increasing Îđ increases the failure load of the column. It is also observed from the study that the ductility of the studied columns is not affected by changing the value of Îđ. In addition, a correlation between the Îđ factor, three different compressive concrete strengths, and the spacing of opposing spirals was developed in this study.
Author : Robert J. Frosch
Publisher : Purdue University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781622601080
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (1 download)
Download or read book High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks: A Fast-Track Implementation Study, Volume 1: Structural Behavior written by Robert J. Frosch and published by Purdue University Press. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transverse cracking of concrete bridge decks is problematic in numerous states. Cracking has been identified in the negative and positive moment regions of bridges and can appear shortly after opening the structure to live loads. To improve the service life of the bridge deck as well as decrease maintenance costs, changes to current construction practices in Indiana are being considered. A typical bridge deck was instrumented which incorporated the following: increased reinforcement amounts, decreasing reinforcement spacing, and high-performance, low-shrinkage concrete. The low shrinkage concrete was achieved using a ternary concrete mix. The objective of this research was to determine the performance, particularly in terms of transverse cracking and shrinkage, of a bridge incorporating design details meant to reduce cracking. Based on measurements from the bridge, it was determined that maximum tensile strains experienced in the concrete were not sufficient to initiate cracking. An on-site inspection was performed to confirm that cracking had not initiated. The data was analyzed and compared with the behavior of a similarly constructed bridge built with nearly identical reinforcing details, but with a more conventional concrete to evaluate the effect of the HPC. Based on this study, it was observed that full-depth transverse cracks did not occur in the structure and that the use of HPC lowered the magnitude of restrained shrinkage strains and resulting tensile stresses.
Author : Hiroshi Yokota
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000173755
Total Pages : 926 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations written by Hiroshi Yokota and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations contains lectures and papers presented at the Tenth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2020), held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, April 11–15, 2021. This volume consists of a book of extended abstracts and a USB card containing the full papers of 571 contributions presented at IABMAS 2020, including the T.Y. Lin Lecture, 9 Keynote Lectures, and 561 technical papers from 40 countries. The contributions presented at IABMAS 2020 deal with the state of the art as well as emerging concepts and innovative applications related to the main aspects of maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and technological innovations of bridges. Major topics include: advanced bridge design, construction and maintenance approaches, safety, reliability and risk evaluation, life-cycle management, life-cycle sustainability, standardization, analytical models, bridge management systems, service life prediction, maintenance and management strategies, structural health monitoring, non-destructive testing and field testing, safety, resilience, robustness and redundancy, durability enhancement, repair and rehabilitation, fatigue and corrosion, extreme loads, and application of information and computer technology and artificial intelligence for bridges, among others. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of the field of bridge engineering and significant contributions to the process of making more rational decisions on maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability and technological innovations of bridges for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. The Editors hope that these Proceedings will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with bridge structure and infrastructure systems, including engineers, researchers, academics and students from all areas of bridge engineering.
Author : Judy Gaudet
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (438 download)
Download or read book Behavior of a Multi-girder Externally-restrained Concrete Bridge Deck Under Service and Ultimate Loads written by Judy Gaudet and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Fernando Rafael Benitez Ortiz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book Study of Internal Strains Developed in Concrete Decks at Early Ages in Steel Continuous Bridges written by Fernando Rafael Benitez Ortiz and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT) has identified bridge deck cracking shortly after concrete decks are placed and prior to applying traffic loads. Previous researchers have confirmed improper construction practices and design methods can lead to deck cracking. Currently, many contractors throughout Arkansas are using continuous deck pours. This construction approach may restrict the concrete slab from movement during early age shrinkage, causing tensile stresses to develop. The final stresses at the end of construction must be lower than the concrete tensile strength, if not cracking issues will develop. Eventually, these cracks may enlarge due to service load stresses and environmental damage. A nation-wide Department of Transportation (US DOTs) survey was performed to investigate the early age cracking extensiveness level in other state's bridges and what corrections, if any, they have made to address this problem. Additionally, Arkansas bridges with early age cracking were visited to examine any trends and inform instrumentation for bridge testing. A bridge deck was instrumented with 32 vibrating wire strain gauges prior to concrete placement to investigate strain and temperature changes in the first 14 days. Eurocode and ACI approximations for concrete mechanical properties were compared to field measured data for improving the understanding of an early age concrete deck behavior in a continuous steel bridge. Stress analysis study through the span length of bridge 030428 detected some locations prone to concrete cracking due to the variability of concrete mechanical properties and stress developed in the concrete deck. This thesis describes the results of this monitoring and anything that can be learned about formation of concrete stresses in continuous concrete bridge deck pours.
Author : Krit Laosiriphong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (565 download)
Download or read book Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of FRP Bridge Decks Under Thermal Loads written by Krit Laosiriphong and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Malcolm J. S. Hirst
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Thermal Loading of Concrete Bridges written by Malcolm J. S. Hirst and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nathan Currier
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (61 download)
Download or read book Validation of Stresses Caused by Thermal Gradients in Segmental Concrete Bridges - Phase II written by Nathan Currier and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prestressed concrete specimens were constructed to replicate the top 8 in. of a segmental concrete bridge deck where the self-equilibrating stresses cause net tension. A series of six test sets were performed during the experimental research. The specimens were initially prestressed and then loaded in tension until a crack formed. The objective was to determine the effect of an applied nonlinear thermal gradient on the cracking stress and behavior of the concrete specimen relative to a specimen that had no thermal gradient applied. A negative nonlinear thermal gradient was applied to one specimen from each test set using an open-channel flow of chilled water. The specimens were each loaded to failure and the results of each test set compared. The comparison of results from each test set led to no discernable effect of the negative nonlinear thermal gradient on cracking behavior of the concrete. Rather, the influence of variability associated with the cracking behavior of concrete in tension dominated any influence the negative nonlinear thermal gradient may have.
Author : Rami Ameer Bahjat
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)
Download or read book Short and Long-term Performance of a Skewed Integral Abutment Prestressed Concrete Bridge written by Rami Ameer Bahjat and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents the behavior of a precast skewed integral abutment bridge (IAB) using the recently developed NEXT-F Beam section in particular. In order to understand the bridge response, a 3-dimensional finite element model of a bridge (Brimfield Bridge) was developed to examine the thermal effect on the response of the bridge structural components. Eighteen months of field monitoring including abutments displacements, abutment rotations, deck strains, and beam strains was conducted utilizing 136 strain gauges, 6 crackmeters, and 2 tiltmeters. The behavior of the NEXT beams during construction was examined by conducting hand calculation considering all factors that could affect strain readings captured by strain gauges embedded in the 6 beams. Parametric analysis and model validation were conducted considering the effect of soil conditions, distribution of thermal loads, and the coefficient of thermal expansion used for the analyses. Using the validated model, the effect pile orientation was investigated. All the results and illustration plots are presented in detail in this study. As a result of this study, the behavior of the NEXT beams during construction was explained. Long term behavior of the bridge was also explained using field data and FE model. Furthermore, it was concluded that the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete and temperature variation along the bridge depth and transverse direction can have a significant effect on the strain readings and calculated response, respectively. Lastly, it was found that orienting piles with their web perpendicular on the bridge centerline or with their web perpendicular to the abutment centerline will result in small ratio of moment demand to moment capacity.
