Computational Nanotechnology

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Computational Nanotechnology

Author : Sarhan M. Musa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351833456
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Nanotechnology by : Sarhan M. Musa

Download or read book Computational Nanotechnology written by Sarhan M. Musa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of nanotechnology continue to fuel significant innovations in areas ranging from electronics, microcomputing, and biotechnology to medicine, consumer supplies, aerospace, and energy production. As progress in nanoscale science and engineering leads to the continued development of advanced materials and new devices, improved methods of modeling and simulation are required to achieve a more robust quantitative understanding of matter at the nanoscale. Computational Nanotechnology: Modeling and Applications with MATLAB® provides expert insights into current and emerging methods, opportunities, and challenges associated with the computational techniques involved in nanoscale research. Written by, and for, those working in the interdisciplinary fields that comprise nanotechnology—including engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine—this book covers a broad spectrum of technical information, research ideas, and practical knowledge. It presents an introduction to computational methods in nanotechnology, including a closer look at the theory and modeling of two important nanoscale systems: molecular magnets and semiconductor quantum dots. Topics covered include: Modeling of nanoparticles and complex nano and MEMS systems Theory associated with micromagnetics Surface modeling of thin films Computational techniques used to validate hypotheses that may not be accessible through traditional experimentation Simulation methods for various nanotubes and modeling of carbon nanotube and silicon nanowire transistors In regard to applications of computational nanotechnology in biology, contributors describe tracking of nanoscale structures in cells, effects of various forces on cellular behavior, and use of protein-coated gold nanoparticles to better understand protein-associated nanomaterials. Emphasizing the importance of MATLAB for biological simulations in nanomedicine, this wide-ranging survey of computational nanotechnology concludes by discussing future directions in the field, highlighting the importance of the algorithms, modeling software, and computational tools in the development of efficient nanoscale systems.

Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology

Author : Sarhan M. Musa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439893268
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology by : Sarhan M. Musa

Download or read book Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology written by Sarhan M. Musa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology demonstrates the capabilities of finite element methods in nanotechnology for a range of fields. Bringing together contributions from researchers around the world, it covers key concepts as well as cutting-edge research and applications to inspire new developments and future interdisciplinary research. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of finite element methods (FEMs) for computational tools in the development of efficient nanoscale systems. The book explores a variety of topics, including: A novel FE-based thermo-electrical-mechanical-coupled model to study mechanical stress, temperature, and electric fields in nano- and microelectronics The integration of distributed element, lumped element, and system-level methods for the design, modeling, and simulation of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (N/MEMS) Challenges in the simulation of nanorobotic systems and macro-dimensions The simulation of structures and processes such as dislocations, growth of epitaxial films, and precipitation Modeling of self-positioning nanostructures, nanocomposites, and carbon nanotubes and their composites Progress in using FEM to analyze the electric field formed in needleless electrospinning How molecular dynamic (MD) simulations can be integrated into the FEM Applications of finite element analysis in nanomaterials and systems used in medicine, dentistry, biotechnology, and other areas The book includes numerous examples and case studies, as well as recent applications of microscale and nanoscale modeling systems with FEMs using COMSOL Multiphysics® and MATLAB®. A one-stop reference for professionals, researchers, and students, this is also an accessible introduction to computational FEMs in nanotechnology for those new to the field.

Nanocomputing

Author : Jang-Yu Hsu
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 981424127X
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanocomputing by : Jang-Yu Hsu

Download or read book Nanocomputing written by Jang-Yu Hsu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-03 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the computational physics for nanoscience and nanotechnology. Based on MATLAB and the C++ distributed computing paradigm, the book gives instructive explanations of the underlying physics for mesoscopic systems with many listed programs that readily compute physical properties into nanoscales. Many generated graphical pictures demonstrate not only the principles of physics, but also the methodology of computing.

Computational Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology

Author : Renat R. Letfullin
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319435779
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology by : Renat R. Letfullin

Download or read book Computational Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology written by Renat R. Letfullin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-10 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook, aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students, introduces the basic knowledge required for nanomedicine and nanotechnology, and emphasizes how the combined use of chemistry and light with nanoparticles can serve as treatments and therapies for cancer. This includes nanodevices, nanophototherapies, nanodrug design, and laser heating of nanoparticles and cell organelles. In addition, the book covers the emerging fields of nanophotonics and nanoplasmonics, which deal with nanoscale confinement of radiation and optical interactions on a scale much smaller than the wavelength of the light. The applications of nanophotonics and nanoplasmonics to biomedical research discussed in the book range from optical biosensing to photodynamic therapies.Cutting-edge and reflective of the multidisciplinary nature of nanomedicine, this book effectively combines knowledge and modeling from nanoscience, medicine, biotechnology, physics, optics, engineering, and pharmacy in an easily digestible format. Among the topics covered in-depth are:• The structure of cancer cells and their properties, as well as techniques for selective targeting of cancer and gene therapy.• Nanoplasmonics: Lorentz-Mie simulations of optical properties of nanoparticles and the use of plasmonic nanoparticles in diagnosis and therapy.• Nanophotonics: short and ultrashort laser pulse interactions with nanostructures, time and space simulations of thermal fields in and around the nanobioparticles, and nanoclusters heated by radiation.• Modeling of soft and hard biological tissue ablation by activated nanoparticles, as well as optical, thermal, kinetic, and dynamic modeling.• Detection techniques, including the design and methods of activation of nanodrugs and plasmon resonance detection techniques.• Design and fabrication of nanorobots and nanoparticles.• Effective implementation of nanotherapy treatments.• Nanoheat transfer, particularly the heating and cooling kinetics of nanoparticles.• ...and more!Each chapter contains a set of lectures in the form of text for student readers and PowerPoints for use by instructors, as well as homework exercises. Selected chapters also contain computer practicums, including Maple codes and worked-out examples. This book helps readers become more knowledgeable and versant in nanomedicine and nanotechnology, inspires readers to work creatively and go beyond the ideas and topics presented within, and is sufficiently comprehensive to be of value to research scientists as well as students.

Computational Nanotechnology

Author : Sarhan M. Musa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439841772
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Nanotechnology by : Sarhan M. Musa

Download or read book Computational Nanotechnology written by Sarhan M. Musa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of nanotechnology continue to fuel significant innovations in areas ranging from electronics, microcomputing, and biotechnology to medicine, consumer supplies, aerospace, and energy production. As progress in nanoscale science and engineering leads to the continued development of advanced materials and new devices, improved methods of modeling and simulation are required to achieve a more robust quantitative understanding of matter at the nanoscale. Computational Nanotechnology: Modeling and Applications with MATLAB® provides expert insights into current and emerging methods, opportunities, and challenges associated with the computational techniques involved in nanoscale research. Written by, and for, those working in the interdisciplinary fields that comprise nanotechnology—including engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine—this book covers a broad spectrum of technical information, research ideas, and practical knowledge. It presents an introduction to computational methods in nanotechnology, including a closer look at the theory and modeling of two important nanoscale systems: molecular magnets and semiconductor quantum dots. Topics covered include: Modeling of nanoparticles and complex nano and MEMS systems Theory associated with micromagnetics Surface modeling of thin films Computational techniques used to validate hypotheses that may not be accessible through traditional experimentation Simulation methods for various nanotubes and modeling of carbon nanotube and silicon nanowire transistors In regard to applications of computational nanotechnology in biology, contributors describe tracking of nanoscale structures in cells, effects of various forces on cellular behavior, and use of protein-coated gold nanoparticles to better understand protein-associated nanomaterials. Emphasizing the importance of MATLAB for biological simulations in nanomedicine, this wide-ranging survey of computational nanotechnology concludes by discussing future directions in the field, highlighting the importance of the algorithms, modeling software, and computational tools in the development of efficient nanoscale systems.

Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain

Author : Sarhan M. Musa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466583622
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain by : Sarhan M. Musa

Download or read book Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain written by Sarhan M. Musa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is an essential tool in modeling inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and dispersive media with random, multilayered, and periodic fundamental (or device) nanostructures due to its features of extreme flexibility and easy implementation. It has led to many new discoveries concerning guided modes in nanoplasmonic waveguides and continues to attract attention from researchers across the globe. Written in a manner that is easily digestible to beginners and useful to seasoned professionals, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain describes the key concepts of the computational FDTD method used in nanotechnology. The book discusses the newest and most popular computational nanotechnologies using the FDTD method, considering their primary benefits. It also predicts future applications of nanotechnology in technical industry by examining the results of interdisciplinary research conducted by world-renowned experts. Complete with case studies, examples, supportive appendices, and FDTD codes accessible via a companion website, Computational Nanotechnology Using Finite Difference Time Domain not only delivers a practical introduction to the use of FDTD in nanotechnology but also serves as a valuable reference for academia and professionals working in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, material science, quantum science, electrical and electronic engineering, electromagnetics, photonics, optical science, computer science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and aerospace engineering.

Computational Methods for Large Systems

Author : Jeffrey R. Reimers
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470934727
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Methods for Large Systems by : Jeffrey R. Reimers

Download or read book Computational Methods for Large Systems written by Jeffrey R. Reimers and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While its results normally complement the information obtained by chemical experiments, computer computations can in some cases predict unobserved chemical phenomena Electronic-Structure Computational Methods for Large Systems gives readers a simple description of modern electronic-structure techniques. It shows what techniques are pertinent for particular problems in biotechnology and nanotechnology and provides a balanced treatment of topics that teach strengths and weaknesses, appropriate and inappropriate methods. It’s a book that will enhance the your calculating confidence and improve your ability to predict new effects and solve new problems.

Advances in FDTD Computational Electrodynamics

Author : Allen Taflove
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1608071707
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in FDTD Computational Electrodynamics by : Allen Taflove

Download or read book Advances in FDTD Computational Electrodynamics written by Allen Taflove and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2013 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in photonics and nanotechnology have the potential to revolutionize humanitys ability to communicate and compute. To pursue these advances, it is mandatory to understand and properly model interactions of light with materials such as silicon and gold at the nanoscale, i.e., the span of a few tens of atoms laid side by side. These interactions are governed by the fundamental Maxwells equations of classical electrodynamics, supplemented by quantum electrodynamics. This book presents the current state-of-the-art in formulating and implementing computational models of these interactions. Maxwells equations are solved using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique, pioneered by the senior editor, whose prior Artech House books in this area are among the top ten most-cited in the history of engineering. This cutting-edge resource helps readers understand the latest developments in computational modeling of nanoscale optical microscopy and microchip lithography, as well as nanoscale plasmonics and biophotonics.

Theoretical and Technological Advancements in Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation: Interdisciplinary Gains

Author : MacLennan, Bruce
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1609601882
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical and Technological Advancements in Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation: Interdisciplinary Gains by : MacLennan, Bruce

Download or read book Theoretical and Technological Advancements in Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation: Interdisciplinary Gains written by MacLennan, Bruce and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2010-11-30 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical and Technological Advancements in Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation: Interdisciplinary Gains compiles research in areas where nanoscience and computer science meet. This book explores current and future trends that discus areas such as, cellular nanocomputers, DNA self-assembly, and the architectural design of a "nano-brain." The authors of each chapter have provided in-depth insight into the current state of research in nanotechnology and molecular computation as well as identified successful approaches, tools and methodologies in their research.

Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology

Author : Sarhan M. Musa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439893233
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology by : Sarhan M. Musa

Download or read book Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology written by Sarhan M. Musa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-10-19 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Finite Element Methods in Nanotechnology demonstrates the capabilities of finite element methods in nanotechnology for a range of fields. Bringing together contributions from researchers around the world, it covers key concepts as well as cutting-edge research and applications to inspire new developments and future interdisciplinary research. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of finite element methods (FEMs) for computational tools in the development of efficient nanoscale systems. The book explores a variety of topics, including: A novel FE-based thermo-electrical-mechanical-coupled model to study mechanical stress, temperature, and electric fields in nano- and microelectronics The integration of distributed element, lumped element, and system-level methods for the design, modeling, and simulation of nano- and micro-electromechanical systems (N/MEMS) Challenges in the simulation of nanorobotic systems and macro-dimensions The simulation of structures and processes such as dislocations, growth of epitaxial films, and precipitation Modeling of self-positioning nanostructures, nanocomposites, and carbon nanotubes and their composites Progress in using FEM to analyze the electric field formed in needleless electrospinning How molecular dynamic (MD) simulations can be integrated into the FEM Applications of finite element analysis in nanomaterials and systems used in medicine, dentistry, biotechnology, and other areas The book includes numerous examples and case studies, as well as recent applications of microscale and nanoscale modeling systems with FEMs using COMSOL Multiphysics® and MATLAB®. A one-stop reference for professionals, researchers, and students, this is also an accessible introduction to computational FEMs in nanotechnology for those new to the field.

Computational Approaches in Biomedical Nano-Engineering

Author : Ayesha Sohail
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344748
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Approaches in Biomedical Nano-Engineering by : Ayesha Sohail

Download or read book Computational Approaches in Biomedical Nano-Engineering written by Ayesha Sohail and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-31 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively and systematically treats modern understanding of the Nano-Bio-Technology and its therapeutic applications. The contents range from the nanomedicine, imaging, targeted therapeutic applications, experimental results along with modelling approaches. It will provide the readers with fundamentals on computational and modelling aspects of advanced nano-materials and nano-technology specifically in the field of biomedicine, and also provide the readers with inspirations for new development of diagnostic imaging and targeted therapeutic applications.

Intelligent Nanotechnology

Author : Yuebing Zheng
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323901417
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Intelligent Nanotechnology by : Yuebing Zheng

Download or read book Intelligent Nanotechnology written by Yuebing Zheng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intelligent Nanotechnology: Merging Nanoscience and Artificial Intelligence provides an overview of advances in science and technology made possible by the convergence of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI). Sections focus on AI-enhanced design, characterization and manufacturing and the use of AI to improve important material properties, with an emphasis on mechanical, photonic, electronic and magnetic properties. Designing benign nanomaterials through the prediction of their impact on biology and the environment is also discussed. Other sections cover the use of AI in the acquisition and analysis of data in experiments and AI technologies that have been enhanced through nanotechnology platforms. Final sections review advances in applications enabled by the merging of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, including examples from biomedicine, chemistry and automated research. Includes recent advances on AI-enhanced design, characterization and the manufacturing of nanomaterials Reviews AI technologies that have been enabled by nanotechnology Discusses potentially world-changing applications that could ensue as a result of merging these two fields

Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology

Author : Michael Rieth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781588830425
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology by : Michael Rieth

Download or read book Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology written by Michael Rieth and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advances in Nano Instrumentation Systems and Computational Techniques

Author : K. Kamalanand
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536150193
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Nano Instrumentation Systems and Computational Techniques by : K. Kamalanand

Download or read book Advances in Nano Instrumentation Systems and Computational Techniques written by K. Kamalanand and published by . This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is the novel technology that enables the control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where exclusive phenomena allow novel systems and applications to arise. In other words, nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating atoms, molecules and matter at nanometric length scales, to create new systems, materials, and devices. The field of nanotechnology delivers opportunities and challenges for scientists and technologists for the development of new materials and systems with greater functionality and speed. The rapidly emerging innovations in nano systems have enabled the creation of new sensors, transducers and measurement devices with great improvements in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, along with significant size reductions. Nanotechnology and nano engineering stand to produce significant scientific and technological advances in diverse fields including medicine and physiology, automation, space research, and sensor technology. Also, recent advances in computational nanoscience enables scientists and technologists to study nano materials and nano systems more efficiently with the help of mathematical models and simulation techniques. This edited book aims to provide useful scientific discussions on the recent advances in nano systems and computational techniques covering topics in the diverse fields of biomedical engineering, automobile engineering, mechatronics, materials technology and renewable energy.

Trends in Computational Nanomechanics

Author : Traian Dumitrica
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402097859
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Trends in Computational Nanomechanics by : Traian Dumitrica

Download or read book Trends in Computational Nanomechanics written by Traian Dumitrica and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-14 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trends in Computational Nanomechanics reviews recent advances in analytical and computational modeling frameworks to describe the mechanics of materials on scales ranging from the atomistic, through the microstructure or transitional, and up to the continuum. The book presents new approaches in the theory of nanosystems, recent developments in theoretical and computational methods for studying problems in which multiple length and/or time scales must be simultaneously resolved, as well as example applications in nanomechanics. This title will be a useful tool of reference for professionals, graduates and undergraduates interested in Computational Chemistry and Physics, Materials Science, Nanotechnology.

Molecular and Nano Electronics: Analysis, Design and Simulation

Author : Jorge M. Seminario
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080465838
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (658 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular and Nano Electronics: Analysis, Design and Simulation by : Jorge M. Seminario

Download or read book Molecular and Nano Electronics: Analysis, Design and Simulation written by Jorge M. Seminario and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-10-24 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of Molecular and Nano Electronics: Analysis, Design and Simulation is to draw together contributions from some of the most active researchers in this new field in order to illustrate a theory guided-approach to the design of molecular and nano-electronics. The field of molecular and nano-electronics has driven solutions for a post microelectronics era, where microelectronics dominate through the use of silicon as the preferred material and photo-lithography as the fabrication technique to build binary devices (transistors). The construction of such devices yields gates that are able to perform Boolean operations and can be combined with computational systems, capable of storing, processing, and transmitting digital signals encoded as electron currents and charges. Since the invention of the integrated circuits, microelectronics has reached increasing performances by decreasing strategically the size of its devices and systems, an approach known as scaling-down, which simultaneously allow the devices to operate at higher speeds. * Provides a theory-guided approach to the design of molecular and nano-electronics * Includes solutions for researchers working in this area * Contributions from some of the most active researchers in the field of nano-electronics

Computational Nanoscience

Author : Elena Bichoutskaia
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849731330
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Nanoscience by : Elena Bichoutskaia

Download or read book Computational Nanoscience written by Elena Bichoutskaia and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscience is one of the most exciting scientific disciplines as it is concerned with materials and systems, which exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical and biological properties due to their small nanoscale size. It stretches across the whole spectrum of modern science including medicine and health, physics, engineering and chemistry. Providing a deep understanding of the behaviour of matter at the scale of individual atoms and molecules, it takes a crucial step towards future applications of nanotechnology. The remarkable improvements in both theoretical methods and computational techniques make it possible for computational nanoscience to achieve a new level of accuracy. Computational nanoscience is now a discipline capable of leading and guiding experimental efforts. Computational Nanoscience addresses modern challenges in computational science, within the context of the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology. It satisfies the need for a comprehensive, yet concise and up-to-date, survey of new developments and applications presented by the world's leading academics. It documents major, recent advances in scientific computation, mathematical models and theory development that specifically target the applications in nanotechnology. Suitable for theoreticians, experimental researchers and students, the book shows readers what computational nanoscience can achieve, and how it may be applied in their own work. The twelve chapters cover topics including the concepts behind recent breakthroughs in nanoscience, the development of cutting edge simulation tools, and the variety of new applications.