Comprehending the Complexity of Countries

Download Comprehending the Complexity of Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811647097
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comprehending the Complexity of Countries by : Hans Kuijper

Download or read book Comprehending the Complexity of Countries written by Hans Kuijper and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues for computer-aided collaborative country research based on the science of complex and dynamic systems. It provides an in-depth discussion of systems and computer science, concluding that proper understanding of a country is only possible if a genuinely interdisciplinary and truly international approach is taken; one that is based on complexity science and supported by computer science. Country studies should be carefully designed and collaboratively carried out, and a new generation of country students should pay more attention to the fast growing potential of digitized and electronically connected libraries. In this frenzied age of globalization, foreign policy makers may – to the benefit of a better world – profit from the radically new country studies pleaded for in the book. Its author emphasizes that reductionism and holism are not antagonistic but complementary, arguing that parts are always parts of a whole and a whole has always parts.

Tinnitus - An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: Towards Understanding the Complexity of Tinnitus

Download Tinnitus - An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: Towards Understanding the Complexity of Tinnitus PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128223766
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tinnitus - An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: Towards Understanding the Complexity of Tinnitus by :

Download or read book Tinnitus - An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: Towards Understanding the Complexity of Tinnitus written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-25 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tinnitus - An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: Towards Understanding the Complexity of Tinnitus, Volume 262, the latest release in the Progress in Brain Research series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on current topics such as Cochlear implantation for patients with tinnitus – a systematic review, Event Related Potentials to Assess the Tinnitus complaint during drug treatment, The difference in post-stimulus suppression between residual inhibition and forward masking, Sleep, sleep apnea and tinnitus, A Bayesian brain in imbalance: medial, lateral and descending pathways in tinnitus and pain, Tinnitus features according to caffeine consumption, and much more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Progress in Brain Research series Includes the latest information on Tinnitus and its complexity

Dealing With Complexity in Development Evaluation

Download Dealing With Complexity in Development Evaluation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1483344258
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dealing With Complexity in Development Evaluation by : Michael Bamberger

Download or read book Dealing With Complexity in Development Evaluation written by Michael Bamberger and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognizing that complexity calls for innovative, conceptual, and methodological solutions, Dealing with Complexity in Development Evaluation by Michael Bamberger, Jos Vaessen, and Estelle Raimondo offers practical guidance to policymakers, managers, and evaluation practitioners on how to design and implement complexity-responsive evaluations that can be undertaken in the real world of time, budget, data, and political constraints. Introductory chapters present comprehensive, non-technical overviews of the most common evaluation tools and methodologies, and additional content addresses more cutting-edge material. The book also includes six case study chapters to illustrate examples of various evaluation contexts from around the world.

Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests

Download Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang
ISBN 13 : 9783039117178
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests by : Erik Castello

Download or read book Text Complexity and Reading Comprehension Tests written by Erik Castello and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2008 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the analysis of a specially compiled corpus of internationally recognized English as a foreign language (EFL) reading tests at different levels of proficiency, this volume explores the relation between the complexity of written texts and the difficulty of reading comprehension tests. It brings together linguistic investigations into the text-inherent complexity of the tests and a study of the data derived from their administration to groups of Italian university students. The study of text complexity draws on corpus linguistics, text linguistics and systemic functional linguistics. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are carried out on the language used in the reading texts and in the related tasks that make up the corpus of tests. The assessment of test difficulty, on the other hand, is informed by research on language testing, and, in particular, by findings and methodologies of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. Relevant aspects of these theories are used to analyze and interpret both the data obtained from the administration of the tests and the data collected by means of feedback questionnaires completed by test takers. The application of such diverse methodologies and the subsequent comparison of the results of the analyses has brought out interesting correlations between text-inherent complexity, perceived test difficulty and actual test difficulty.

The Patient’s Change: Understanding the Complexity of the Dynamics of Change and its Precursors in Psychotherapy

Download The Patient’s Change: Understanding the Complexity of the Dynamics of Change and its Precursors in Psychotherapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889715264
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Patient’s Change: Understanding the Complexity of the Dynamics of Change and its Precursors in Psychotherapy by : Giulio de Felice

Download or read book The Patient’s Change: Understanding the Complexity of the Dynamics of Change and its Precursors in Psychotherapy written by Giulio de Felice and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension

Download Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462528910
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension by : Susan E. Israel

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension written by Susan E. Israel and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2016-11-29 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This esteemed reference work and professional resource, now substantially revised, integrates classic and cutting-edge research on how children and adolescents make meaning from text. The comprehension tasks and challenges facing students at different grade levels are explored, with attention to multiple text types and reading purposes. Preeminent researchers offer a range of perspectives--cognitive, neuroscientific, sociocultural, pedagogical, and technological--on key aspects of comprehension. Effective approaches to assessment, instruction, and intervention are reviewed. The volume also addresses issues in teaching specific populations, including struggling readers and English language learners. New to This Edition *A decade's worth of significant research advances are reflected in 10 entirely new chapters. *Revised throughout to incorporate new studies and timely topics: the expanding role of technology, changing school populations, the Common Core standards, international research, and more. *Chapters on graphic, scientific, and multiple digital texts. *Chapters on fluency, professional learning, and literacy coaching.

Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension, Second Edition

Download Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462528899
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension, Second Edition by : Susan E. Israel

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension, Second Edition written by Susan E. Israel and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2016-12-30 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This edition provides a transformative snapshot of reading comprehension as a field of study at a seminal moment. It maintains the same high level of standards with respect to (1) historical perspectives useful for laying the foundation of study on reading comprehension; (2) theoretical perspectives that allow the reader to consider different views on how specific areas have evolved since the first edition; (3) excellent chapters on various elements of reading comprehension, including major research studies in assessment, cultural impacts of reading comprehension, issues affecting English language learners, and consideration of international populations; and (4) identification of future research needs to help raise important questions and stimulate possible hypotheses for future research"--

The Paradigm of Social Complexity

Download The Paradigm of Social Complexity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CEEY
ISBN 13 : 607803653X
Total Pages : 1032 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Paradigm of Social Complexity by : Gonzalo Castañeda

Download or read book The Paradigm of Social Complexity written by Gonzalo Castañeda and published by CEEY. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the recent developments in computing technologies and the thriving research scene in Complexity Science, economists and other social scientists have become aware of a more flexible and promising alternative for modelling socioeconomic systems; one that, in contrast with neoclassical economics, advocates for the realism of the assumptions, the importance of context and culture, the heterogeneity of agents (individuals or organizations), and the bounded rationality of individuals who behave and learn in multifaceted ways in uncertain environments. The book synthesizes an extensive body of work in the field of social complexity and constructs a unifying framework that allows developing concrete applications to important socioeconomic problems. This one-of-a-kind textbook provides a comprehensive panorama for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who want to become familiar with a wide range of issues related to social complexity. It is also a pioneering text that can support professors who wish to learn techniques and produce research in this novel field. Con los desarrollos recientes en las tecnologías de la computación y el floreciente dinamismo de las ciencias de la complejidad, economistas y otros científicos sociales tienen a su alcance una flexible y prometedora alternativa para la modelación de los sistemas socioeconómicos. Esta metodología, en contraste con la economía neoclásica, aboga por el realismo de los supuestos, la importancia del contexto y la cultura, la heterogeneidad de los agentes (individuos y organizaciones), y la racionalidad acotada de las personas que se comportan y aprenden de maneras muy diversas en entorno con incertidumbre. El libro sintetiza la extensa literatura que existe sobre la complejidad social, y construye un enfoque unificador que permite elaborar aplicaciones concretas con las que abordar importantes problemas socioeconómicos. Se trata de un texto singular dado que presenta un panorama comprensivo del campo de estudio, por lo que puede resultar de sumo interés para estudiante de licenciatura avanzados, y alumnos de posgrado que desean adentrarse en el tema. Asimismo, se trata de un texto pionero de gran utilidad para profesores y analistas interesados en aprender algunas de las técnicas del paradigma de la complejidad social para, de esta forma, aplicarlas en sus tareas de investigación.

Understanding Global Security

Download Understanding Global Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000860574
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Global Security by : Peter Hough

Download or read book Understanding Global Security written by Peter Hough and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-25 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised and updated, this fifth edition of Understanding Global Security considers the variety of ways in which peoples’ lives are threatened and / or secured in contemporary global politics. The traditional focus of security studies - war, deterrence and terrorism - are analyzed alongside non-military security issues such as famine, crime, disease, disasters, environmental degradation and human rights abuses to provide a comprehensive survey of how and why people are killed in the contemporary world. Key concepts of International Relations and globalization are defined and explained, prominent political thinkers and activists are profiled in short biographies and the human impact of the various security threats considered graphically illustrated in ‘top ten’ tables. Hence, this textbook introduces students to the full range of security issues in a clear and concise format that is easy to follow. Specific updates include: A refresh of the evolving theoretical literature on security including more analysis of feminist and post-colonial thought Key recent international political developments- such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the withdrawal of the US from Afghanistan - are appraised and incorporated A new section on hybrid warfare is included in Chapter 2, misogynistic terror is profiled in Chapter 3, whilst gun-smuggling and cybercrime are considered in more depth in Chapter 10 Chapter 5 features analysis of the rise of ‘genocide diplomacy’ The rise of private legal challenges to governments for failing to implement commitments to the Paris 2015 Climate Change Accords is reviewed and analysed Greater evaluation of global governance, in the face of populist nationalist challenges to international cooperation, is offered User-friendly and easy to follow, this textbook is designed to make a complex subject accessible to all. Key features include: ‘Top ten tables’ highlighting the most destructive events or forms of death in those areas throughout history Boxed descriptions elaborating key concepts in the fields of security and International Relations ‘Biographical boxes’ of key individuals who have shaped security politics Further reading and websites at the end of each chapter guiding you towards classic texts and the most up-to-date information on the various topics Glossary of political terminology This highly acclaimed and popular academic text will continue to be essential reading for everyone interested in security.

Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes

Download Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (689 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes by : Elio Endless

Download or read book Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes written by Elio Endless and published by . This book was released on 2023-11-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes Are you fascinated by the intricate dance of economics and social phenomena? Dive into the world of "Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes," a groundbreaking book that explores the intersection of complexity science, economics, and social dynamics. This book is your gateway to understanding the profound implications of complexity on our economic systems and social behaviors. Unveiling the World of Complexity EconomicsDiscover the Power of Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) Explore the innovative world of Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) and learn how these lightweight, resilient materials are transforming industries. Understand how PMCs distribute stress and offer exceptional resistance to wear and corrosion, making them essential in modern engineering. Challenge the Economic Status Quo Delve into the realm of Complexity Economics, a revolutionary field that questions conventional economic theories. Gain insights into how complexity thinking challenges mainstream economic ideas, including the theory of general equilibrium. Computational Economics Meets Complexity Science Witness the marriage of computational economics and complexity science, which opens new horizons in modeling and prediction. Explore "almost archetypal" models and the intriguing dynamics of the stock market, revealing outcomes that defy conventional wisdom. The Prisoner's Dilemma and Beyond Journey through different contexts where the prisoner's dilemma plays out, from network interactions to evolving strategies. Uncover the ever-changing distributions of strategies and their implications on economic systems. Emergence of Macro-Level Consequences Understand how seemingly simple interactions at the micro-level give rise to complex macro-level consequences. Break free from the constraints of the representative agent technique and embrace the emergentist perspective in economics. Quantifying Economic Complexity Learn about the groundbreaking work of César Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann in quantifying a country's economic complexity. Explore the "Product Space" concept and its pivotal role in understanding global economic networks. The Significance of Economic ComplexityEconomic Complexity Index (ECI) Grasp the significance of the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) in predicting a country's future GDP per capita growth. Discover how the ECI outperforms traditional measures like the World Bank's governance index and the Global Competitiveness Index. A Roadmap to Prosperity Gain insights into how understanding economic complexity can pave the way for a nation's economic growth. Realize that the ECI holds the key to unlocking a brighter economic future for countries worldwide. In "Complexity Research on Economic and Social Processes," you'll embark on a journey through the intricate web of complexity science, economics, and social dynamics. This book is a must-read for scholars, economists, and anyone intrigued by the hidden patterns shaping our world. Don't miss the opportunity to unravel the secrets of economic complexity and its profound impact on our future. Order your copy today and embark on a voyage of discovery into the fascinating world of complexity economics!

Understanding Complexity

Download Understanding Complexity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461513138
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Complexity by : Gillian Ragsdell

Download or read book Understanding Complexity written by Gillian Ragsdell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peter A. Coming Palo Alto, CA November, 2000 This volwne represents a distillation of the plenary sessions at a unique millenniwn year event -a World Congress of the Systems Sciences in conjunction with the 44th annual meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS). The overall theme of the conference was "Understanding Complexity in the New Millenniwn. " Held at Ryerson Polytechnic University in Toronto, Canada, from July 16-22,2000, the conference included some 350 participants from over 30 countries, many of whom were representatives of the 21 organizations and groups that co-hosted this landmark event. Each of these co-host organizations/groups also presented a segment of the program, including a plenary speech. In addition, the conference featured a nwnber of distinguished "keynote" speeches related to the three daily World Congress themes: (1) The Evolution of Complex Systems, (2) The Dynamics of Complex Systems, and (3) Human Systems in the 21st Century. There were also seven special plenary-level symposia on a range of timely topics, including: "The Art and Science of Forecasting in the Age of Global Wanning"; "Capitalism in the New Millenniwn: The Challenge of Sustainability"; "The Future of the Systems Sciences"; "Global Issues in the New Millenniwn"; "Resources and the Environment in the New Millenniwn"; "The Lessons of Y2K"; and "Can There be a Reconciliation Between Science and Religion?" Included in this special commemorative volume is a cross-section of these presentations.

Comprehension Instruction, Second Edition

Download Comprehension Instruction, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 1606237829
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comprehension Instruction, Second Edition by : Cathy Collins Block

Download or read book Comprehension Instruction, Second Edition written by Cathy Collins Block and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2008-04-22 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive professional resource and text is based on cutting-edge research. In each chapter, leading scholars provide an overview of a particular aspect of comprehension, offer best-practice instructional guidelines and policy recommendations, present key research questions still to be answered, and conclude with stimulating questions for individual study or discussion. Coverage includes such timely topics as differentiated instruction, technology and reading comprehension, teaching English language learners, and the implications of current neuroscientific findings.

Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy

Download Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319424246
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy by : Jeffrey Johnson

Download or read book Non-Equilibrium Social Science and Policy written by Jeffrey Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall aim of this book, an outcome of the European FP7 FET Open NESS project, is to contribute to the ongoing effort to put the quantitative social sciences on a proper footing for the 21st century. A key focus is economics, and its implications on policy making, where the still dominant traditional approach increasingly struggles to capture the economic realities we observe in the world today - with vested interests getting too often in the way of real advances. Insights into behavioral economics and modern computing techniques have made possible both the integration of larger information sets and the exploration of disequilibrium behavior. The domain-based chapters of this work illustrate how economic theory is the only branch of social sciences which still holds to its old paradigm of an equilibrium science - an assumption that has already been relaxed in all related fields of research in the light of recent advances in complex and dynamical systems theory and related data mining. The other chapters give various takes on policy and decision making in this context. Written in nontechnical style throughout, with a mix of tutorial and essay-like contributions, this book will benefit all researchers, scientists, professionals and practitioners interested in learning about the 'thinking in complexity' to understand how socio-economic systems really work.

Jury Comprehension in Complex Cases

Download Jury Comprehension in Complex Cases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Jury Comprehension in Complex Cases by :

Download or read book Jury Comprehension in Complex Cases written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

What the Science of Reading Says about Reading Comprehension and Content Knowledge

Download What the Science of Reading Says about Reading Comprehension and Content Knowledge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teacher Created Materials
ISBN 13 : 1087696704
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (876 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What the Science of Reading Says about Reading Comprehension and Content Knowledge by : Jennifer Jump

Download or read book What the Science of Reading Says about Reading Comprehension and Content Knowledge written by Jennifer Jump and published by Teacher Created Materials. This book was released on 2022-07-15 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover all about how students learn to read! This teacher resource explores current research on the science of reading and discusses what it means for classrooms today. From detailed background information to helpful classroom tips, authors Jennifer Jump and Kathy Kopp provide everything teachers need to improve students’ reading comprehension and content knowledge skills. Perfect for professional development, this book includes key words for teacher understanding, teaching checklists, top must-dos, and other features to help teachers bring these research-based strategies into their classrooms.

Understanding Complexity in Organizations

Download Understanding Complexity in Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780415576710
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (767 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Complexity in Organizations by : Timothy Ludwig

Download or read book Understanding Complexity in Organizations written by Timothy Ludwig and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains articles by internationally recognized experts in Behavioral Systems Analyis who discuss the role of organizational practices in their study of performance improvement and cultural change from both practical and conceptual perspectives. This book was published as a special issue in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management.

Modelling, Simulation and Applications of Complex Systems

Download Modelling, Simulation and Applications of Complex Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811626294
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modelling, Simulation and Applications of Complex Systems by : Mohd Hafiz Mohd

Download or read book Modelling, Simulation and Applications of Complex Systems written by Mohd Hafiz Mohd and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the latest progresses and developments on complex systems research and intends to give an exposure to prospective readers about the theoretical and practical aspects of mathematical modelling, numerical simulation and agent-based modelling frameworks. The main purpose of this book is to emphasize a unified approach to complex systems analysis, which goes beyond to examine complicated phenomena of numerous real-life systems; this is done by investigating a huge number of components that interact with each other at different (microscopic and macroscopic) scales; new insights and emergent collective behaviours can evolve from the interactions between individual components and also with their environments. These tools and concepts permit us to better understand the patterns of various real-life systems and help us to comprehend the mechanisms behind which distinct factors shaping some complex systems phenomena being influenced. This book is published in conjunction with the International Workshop on Complex Systems Modelling & Simulation 2019 (CoSMoS 2019): IoT & Big Data Integration. This international event was held at the Universiti Sains Malaysia Main Campus, Penang, Malaysia, from 8 to 11 April 2019. This book appeals to readers interested in complex systems research and other related areas such as mathematical modelling, numerical simulation and agent-based modelling frameworks.