Color Atlas Of High Resolution Manometry

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Color Atlas of High Resolution Manometry

Author : Jeffrey Conklin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387882952
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

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Book Synopsis Color Atlas of High Resolution Manometry by : Jeffrey Conklin

Download or read book Color Atlas of High Resolution Manometry written by Jeffrey Conklin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-09 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While reflux disease, achalasia, esophageal spasm, gastroparesis and IBS include some of the most common disorders in all disease categories, the understanding of their pathophysiology has remained elusive. The field of clinical gastrointestinal motility has for decades relied on the measurement of intestinal movements for diagnosis and management of these difficult and enigmatic disorders of gut function. Although computers have increased the speed with which we can measure the movements of the gut, the devices to measure this movement have not changed in over 20 years. In the last 2 years, a new technologic breakthrough has taken place in the measurement of intestinal movement. The technology is called high resolution manometry. Rather than the old 4 and 8 channels systems of measuring pressure, high resolution employs 36 closely spaced solid state pressure transducers. By using this technology, the resolution of gut motor activity is incredible. This allows for better ways of viewing motility using color as pressure. This technology makes for beautiful images of gut motility that we have never seen before. We have made diagnoses that would never have been appreciated with the old technology. High resolution manometry is taking over conventional manometry worldwide and represents a dramatic leap in a long time stagnant area.

High Resolution and High Definition Anorectal Manometry

Author : Massimo Bellini
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030324192
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis High Resolution and High Definition Anorectal Manometry by : Massimo Bellini

Download or read book High Resolution and High Definition Anorectal Manometry written by Massimo Bellini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive overview of high resolution and high definition anorectal manometry (HRAM/HDAM), showing the possible benefits of a wider use of these techniques in clinical practice, as well as their limitations. Although these techniques provide fresh insights into anorectal function and offer a new perspective on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of many defecation disturbances, there is a need to clarify whether their use has beneficial effects on clinical management compared to conventional manometry. There is still a considerable way to go to gain the clinical diffusion of esophageal HRM, which has become the gold standard in studying esophageal motility. Indeed, many gastroenterologists and surgeons are convinced that further studies are necessary in order to be able to recommend HRAM and HDAM over and above conventional anorectal manometry. The first part of the book presents anorectal anatomy and pathophysiology, highlighting the indications and limitations of conventional anorectal manometry. The second part then focuses on the general concepts of high resolution manometry and the difference between conventional anorectal manometry and HRAM/HDAM, including technical aspects and different equipment. The third part explains how to perform, analyze and interpret HRAM and HDAM recordings, and describes the parameters study protocol, normal values and how to formulate a particular diagnosis. Lastly, the fourth part includes a collection of normal and pathological images with a glossary of the most frequently terms. Written by experts in the field of anorectal manometry and defecation disorders, this book is of interest to specialists and residents dealing with these conditions.

Clinical and Basic Neurogastroenterology and Motility

Author : Satish S.C. Rao
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128130385
Total Pages : 662 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical and Basic Neurogastroenterology and Motility by : Satish S.C. Rao

Download or read book Clinical and Basic Neurogastroenterology and Motility written by Satish S.C. Rao and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical and Basic Neurogastroenterology and Motility is a state-of-the-art, lucidly written, generously illustrated, landmark publication that comprehensively addresses the underlying mechanisms and management of common adult and pediatric motility disorders. These problems affect 50% of the population and include conditions such as dysphagia, achalasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gas and bloating, SIBO, constipation and fecal incontinence. The book brings together international experts and clinician scientists, epitomizing their years of wisdom into a concise yet practical text that is delivered in two distinct sections, basic and clinical. It fulfills a large unmet need, and bridges a long-awaited knowledge gap among trainees, clinicians, scientists, nurses and technicians, earnestly engaged in this field. - First of its kind text that covers both basic and clinical aspects, bridging the knowledge gap, and providing a bench to bedside approach for management of common disorders - Discusses the latest concepts and basic principles of neurogastroenterology and motility, and how the gut and brain interact in the genesis of functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders - Provides an illustrated and practical text on hot topics written by leading adult and pediatric gastroenterology experts across the globe - Includes an accompanying more detailed web version of the text with free access to future podcasts

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease E-Book

Author : Mark Feldman
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455749893
Total Pages : 3313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease E-Book by : Mark Feldman

Download or read book Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease E-Book written by Mark Feldman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 3313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its 10th edition, Sleisenger and Fordtran?s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease remains your indispensable source for definitive, state-of-the-art answers on every aspect of gastroenterology and hepatology. Overcome your most complex clinical challenges and make optimal use of the newest techniques, technologies, and treatments?with superb guidance from hundreds of world-renowned authorities. Meticulous updates throughout include the latest approaches and improvements in gastrointestinal and liver disease diagnosis and therapy as well as hundreds of images and 35 new procedural videos. "..one of the most valuable clinical resources in the dynamic field of gastroenterology and hepatology." Reviewed by Brindusa Diaconu on behalf of the Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, July 2015 "..an engaging, educational yet clinically orientated textbook which is relevant to modern clinical practice." Reviewed by Dr Harry Brown on behalf of glycosmedia.com, April 2015 "I can personally attest to the remarkable advances that have been made, as I was author of the chapter on eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the second edition of the textbook, and reading the same chapter in the tenth edition underscores the important advances that have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis as well as the pathophysiology of this and related disorders." Foreword by Norton J. Greenberger, MD Boston, Massachusetts, June 2015 Consult this title on your favorite e-reader. Get the essential gastroenterology information you need from one authoritative source with an outstanding global reputation for excellence. Zero in on the key information you need to know with a consistent, full-color chapter design. Stay up to date with emerging and challenging topics: enteric microbiota and probiotics; fecal microbiota transplantation; Clostridium difficile colitis; and factitious gastrointestinal diseases. Incorporate the latest findings and improvements in care for liver disease patients—from diagnosis and treatment through post-treatment strategies and management of complications. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, references, and videos from the book on a variety of devices.

Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition

Author : Reza Shaker
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461437784
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition by : Reza Shaker

Download or read book Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition written by Reza Shaker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-12 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition is the first in class comprehensive multidisciplinary text to encompass the entire field of deglutition. The book is designed to serve as a treasured reference of diagnostics and therapeutics for swallowing clinicians from such diverse backgrounds as gastroenterology, speech language pathology, otolaryngology, rehabilitation medicine, radiology and others. Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition brings together up-to-date information on state-of-the–art diagnostic and therapeutic modalities form disciplines of gastroenterology, speech language pathology, otolaryngology and radiology through contributions of 28 innovators, and master clinicians for the benefit of patients and providers alike. It concisely organizes the wealth of knowledge that exists in each of the contributing disciplines into one comprehensive information platform. Manual of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques for Disorders of Deglutition provides a one-stop destination for members of all specialties to obtain state-of-the-knowledge information on advanced diagnostic modalities and management. It is an essential reference for all deglutologists.

Atlas of High-Resolution Manometry, Impedance, and pH Monitoring

Author : Sarvee Moosavi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030272419
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Atlas of High-Resolution Manometry, Impedance, and pH Monitoring by : Sarvee Moosavi

Download or read book Atlas of High-Resolution Manometry, Impedance, and pH Monitoring written by Sarvee Moosavi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-02 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This atlas provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of high-resolution manometry, impedance and pH monitoring. Through instructive text and over 130 high-yield images, the atlas describes the basic principles of esophageal, antroduodenal and anorectal high-resolution manometry, reviews both normal and pathologic findings on manometry, covers technical aspects of pH monitoring and impedance, and outlines advances in equipment, software, and diagnostic guidelines. Written by experts in the field, Atlas of High-Resolution Manometry, Impedance, and pH Monitoring is a valuable resource for gastroenterologists and other clinicians and practitioners who work or are interested in the GI motility field.

Dysphagia

Author : Dinesh Chhetri
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323569366
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Dysphagia by : Dinesh Chhetri

Download or read book Dysphagia written by Dinesh Chhetri and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-07-29 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get a quick, expert overview of the many aspects of the evaluation and management of dysphagia from a team of experts in the field, led by otolaryngologists Drs. Dinesh K. Chhetri at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine and Karuna Dewan at Stanford University. This practical resource presents a focused summary of today's current knowledge on anatomy and physiology of swallowing, assessment of swallowing, and treatment of dysphagia. It's an easy-to-read, one-stop resource for staying up to date in this high-demand area. - Features up-to-date information on assessment of swallowing, including the physical exam, FEES, TNE, MBSS, Barium Esophagram, and HRM. - Offers current coverage of dysphagia treatment, including Neurologic Dysphagia; Chemoradiation-induced Dysphagia; Epiglottic Dysfunction; Cervical Osteophytes; Glottic Insufficiency; Cricopharyngeal Achalasia; Zenker's Diverticulum; Dysphagia After Laryngectomy; Esophageal Dysphagia; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; and Swallowing Therapy. - Discusses future directions in dysphagia treatment. - Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into one convenient resource.

GI Motility Testing

Author : Henry P. Parkman
Publisher : SLACK Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 1556429584
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (564 download)

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Book Synopsis GI Motility Testing by : Henry P. Parkman

Download or read book GI Motility Testing written by Henry P. Parkman and published by SLACK Incorporated. This book was released on 2011 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some Chapter Topics Include:

Thoracic Surgery Clerkship

Author : Thomas Ng
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031446453
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Thoracic Surgery Clerkship by : Thomas Ng

Download or read book Thoracic Surgery Clerkship written by Thomas Ng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Enteric Nervous System II

Author : Nick J. Spencer
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031058437
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The Enteric Nervous System II by : Nick J. Spencer

Download or read book The Enteric Nervous System II written by Nick J. Spencer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on the proceedings of the Enteric Nervous System conference in Adelaide, Australia, under the auspices of the International Federation for Neurogastroenterology and Motility. The book focuses on methodological strategies and unresolved issues in the field and explores where the future is heading and what technological advances have been made to address current and future questions. The Enteric Nervous System II continues in the tradition of a popular earlier volume which covered the previous meeting. Many of the same authors are contributing to this new volume, presenting state-of-the-art updates on the many developments in the field since the earlier meeting. The coverage include a wide range of topics, from structure and function of the enteric nervous system through gut motility and visceral pain. The author team includes long-established authorities who significantly contributed to the advances in ENS research over the past two decades and the new generation that will continue to contribute to advancing our understanding of the field.

Physiology and Pathophysiology of Digestion

Author : D. Neil Granger
Publisher : Biota Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615047875
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Physiology and Pathophysiology of Digestion by : D. Neil Granger

Download or read book Physiology and Pathophysiology of Digestion written by D. Neil Granger and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collaboration of two physiologists and a gastroenterologist provides medical and graduate students, medical and surgical residents, and subspecialty fellows a comprehensive summary of digestive system physiology and addresses the pathophysiological processes that underlie some GI diseases. The textual approach proceeds by organ instead of the traditional organization followed by other GI textbooks. This approach lets the reader track the food bolus as it courses through the GI tract, learning on the way each organ's physiologic functions as the bolus directly or indirectly contacts it. The book is divided into three parts: 1) Chapters 1-3 include coverage of basic concepts that pertain to all (or most) organs of the digestive system, salivation, chewing, swallowing, and esophageal function, 2) Chapters 4-6 are focused on the major secretory organs (stomach, pancreas, liver) that assist in the assimilation of a meal, and 3) Chapters 7 and 8 address the motor, transport, and digestive functions of the small and large intestines. Each chapter includes its own pathophysiology and clinical correlation section that underscores the importance of the organ's normal function.

Gut Instincts

Author : Eric Esrailian
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040142273
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Gut Instincts by : Eric Esrailian

Download or read book Gut Instincts written by Eric Esrailian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gut Instincts: A Clinician’s Handbook of Digestive and Liver Diseases is a practical handbook that focuses on the diagnosis and management of the most commonly encountered digestive diseases. Gut Instincts: A Clinician’s Handbook of Digestive and Liver Diseases is portable enough to keep in a lab coat or briefcase, yet informative enough for day-to-day patient care. Written and edited by Dr. Esrailian and over 50 contributing experts, the language throughout is clear and concise enough for application at the office, or at the bedside. Gut Instincts combines knowledge, experience, and evidence, helping providers of all levels to deliver the highest quality patient care. However, the chapters are concise and designed to be used as quick reference even during patient visits. Unique Benefits and Features Include: A “Gut Instincts” sidebar in each chapter with important clinical pearls for patient care Addresses the most frequently encountered clinical problems in digestive diseases Focuses primarily on diagnosis and management More than 50 algorithms, tables, and figures throughout the book Uses a coherent format while distributing high-yield information Some Chapter Topics Include: Barrett’s esophagus Pancreatic diseases Colon polyps Non alcoholic fatty liver disease Complications of portal hypertension Gut Instincts combines knowledge, experience, and evidence and is the ideal resource for practicing gastroenterologists and fellows, residents and medical students, nurse practitioners and physician assistants, and all primary care providers and trainees on the “front line” of patient care.

Swallowing – Physiology, Disorders, Diagnosis and Therapy

Author : Gauri Mankekar
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132224191
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis Swallowing – Physiology, Disorders, Diagnosis and Therapy by : Gauri Mankekar

Download or read book Swallowing – Physiology, Disorders, Diagnosis and Therapy written by Gauri Mankekar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-23 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Swallowing difficulty or dysphagia is a common disorder and affects all age groups from the newborn to the elderly. Several medical conditions like lack of dentition, gastroesophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, cardiomegaly and strokes can cause dysphagia. It can also follow head -neck surgeries. It is important to diagnose and treat dysphagia, otherwise it can lead to malnutrition and dehydration. Improved understanding of the physiology of swallowing, advances in endoscopic and radiological techniques along with an increasing elderly population has resulted in development of a separate swallowing disorders discipline. This book would be an aid for clinicians, educators and trainees from the fields of speech language pathology, pediatrics, otolaryngology, gastroenterology, oncology, neurology, geriatrics and rehabilitation, all of who form a part of the multidisciplinary swallowing team.

Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Second Edition

Author : David Daiho Yuh
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071714936
Total Pages : 1470 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Second Edition by : David Daiho Yuh

Download or read book Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Second Edition written by David Daiho Yuh and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2014-02-05 with total page 1470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE LANDMARK GUIDE TO ADULT CARDIAC, CONGENITAL CARDIAC, AND GENERAL THORACIC SURGERY--COMPLETELY UPDATED AND REVISED IN FULL COLOR An essential guide for daily clinical practice and a thorough review for the cardiothoracic boards, Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery is filled with authoritative guidance on surgical techniques and pre- and postoperative strategies for managing cardiothoracic disease. The content of this trusted classic reflects the rapidly changing field of cardiothoracic surgery. In addition to the basic curriculum required for certification, you will find coverage of advanced concepts, controversial issues, and new technologies. Johns Hopkins Textbook of Cardiothoracic Surgery provides an in-depth look at the full-spectrum of disorders and their surgical and medical management options, including congenital, acquired, and neoplastic diseases. Supporting this detailed coverage is an easy-to-navigate design and step-by-step explanations of the most complex operations. THE SECOND EDITION IS HIGHLIGHTED BY: NEW board review Q&A Ten NEW chapters including: Surgical Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation, Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, and Stem Cells for Cardiac Surgical Disease NEW full-color illustrations An increased number of decision-making flow charts that will prove valuable when preparing for cases and examinations Key Concepts that highlight epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic and treatment strategies, and outcomes for each topic NOTE: This book was previously known as the Johns Hopkins Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery but the second edition has been renamed to better reflect its scope and comprehensive nature.

Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Author : Frank G. Gress
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1444346288
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography by : Frank G. Gress

Download or read book Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography written by Frank G. Gress and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-23 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography provides readers with a large collection of excellent images obtained from both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The Atlas includes a DVD which will be an invaluable addition to the library of trainee and practising gastroenterologists with video clips and searchable database of images. Together the book and DVD offer a first class collection of images to give a highly integrated introduction to endoscopic ultrasonography. The Atlas is an ideal companion to Dr Gress et al’s Endoscopic Ultrasonography, Second Edition.

Yamada's Atlas of Gastroenterology

Author : Timothy C. Wang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119600502
Total Pages : 2560 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Yamada's Atlas of Gastroenterology by : Timothy C. Wang

Download or read book Yamada's Atlas of Gastroenterology written by Timothy C. Wang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 2560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: YAMADA'S Atlas of Gastroenterology Gastroenterology and Hepatology remain highly visual specialties, in part because of the tremendous accessibility of the luminal gastrointestinal tract to endoscopic examination and biopsy, and other internal digestive organs to advanced imaging modalities and sampling. Thus, in addition to standard views of cross-sectional imaging and histopathologic analysis used in many disorders, the field encompasses multimodal endoscopic imaging, which has continued to advance over the last decade. This sixth edition of Yamada's Atlas of Gastroenterology continues to offer diverse images that provide an overview of the field of digestive diseases, and aims to provide a synopsis through pictures and illustrations rather than through text. Consequently, this Atlas is designed to complement and accompany the primary textbook in the field, the seventh edition of Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology. This newest edition of the Atlas presents a wealth of pictorial material designed to provide a highly informative snapshot of major gastrointestinal, pancreatic and hepatobiliary diseases. Every GI disorder from liver abscesses, endocrine neoplasms of the pancreas, to motility disorders of the esophagus are fully illustrated through the use of endoscopic and transabdominal ultrasonographs, computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance images, radionuclide images, angiograms, and high resolution manometry, in addition to histopathology and cytology. The Atlas includes over 2000 exceptional images, organized by disease entity and therapeutic modality, including histopathology slides, MRI and CT scans, endoscopy, EUS, and open surgery images. Boasting an outstanding editorial team and 200 chapter authors, who are internationally renowned experts in their fields of expertise, Yamada’s Atlas of Gastroenterology is designed for a wide spectrum of readers, including students, residents, fellows and other trainees, practicing clinicians, professors and related specialists. For a busy trainee or clinician seeking a quick introduction to the spectrum of GI diseases, Yamada's Atlas of Gastroenterology represents a practical and useful introduction to important disorders, and brings to life the salient points of the topic accurately and comprehensively.

Diagnostic Atlas of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Author : Parakrama T. Chandrasoma
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080878032
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Diagnostic Atlas of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease by : Parakrama T. Chandrasoma

Download or read book Diagnostic Atlas of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease written by Parakrama T. Chandrasoma and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-08-29 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most common maladies of mankind. Approximately 40% of the adult population of the USA suffers from significant heartburn and the numerous antacids advertised incessantly on national television represents a $8 billion per year drug market. The ability to control acid secretion with the increasingly effective acid-suppressive agents such as the H2 blockers (pepcid, zantac) and proton pump inhibitors (nexium, prevacid) has given physicians an excellent method of treating the symptoms of acid reflux.Unfortunately, this has not eradicated reflux disease. It has just changed its nature. While heartburn, ulceration and strictures have become rare, reflux-induced adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is becoming increasingly common. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia is now the most rapidly increasing cancer type in the Western world.At present, there is no histologic test that has any practical value in the diagnosis of reflux disease. The only histologic diagnostic criteria are related to changes in the squamous epithelium which are too insensitive and nonspecific for effective patient management. It is widely recognized that columnar metaplasia of the esophagus (manifest histologically as cardiac, oxyntocardiac and intestinal epithelia) is caused by reflux. However, except for intestinal metaplasia, which is diagnostic for Barrett esophagus, these columnar epithelia are not used to diagnose reflux disease in biopsies. The reason for this is that these epithelial types are indistinguishable from "normal" "gastric" cardiac mucosa. In standard histology texts, this "normal gastric cardia" is 2-3 cm long.In the mid-1990s, Dr. Chandrasoma and his team at USC produced autopsy data suggesting that cardiac and oxyntocardiac mucosa is normally absent from this region and that their presence in biopsies was histologic evidence of reflux disease. From this data, they determined that the presence of cardiac mucosa was a pathologic entity caused by reflux and could therefore be used as a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic criterion for the histologic diagnosis of reflux disease. They call this entity "reflux carditis". In addition, the length of these metaplastic columnar epithelia in the esophagus was an accurate measure of the severity of reflux disease in a given patient.At present, there is some controversy over whether cardiac mucosa is totally absent or present normally to the extent of 0-4 mm. While this should not be a deterrent to changing criteria which are dependent on there normally being 20-30 cm of cardiac mucosa, there has been little mainstream attempt to change existing endoscopic and pathologic diagnostic criteria in the mainstream of either gastroenterology or pathology. The ATLAS will be the source of easily digestible practical information for pathologists faced with biopsies from this region. It will also guide gastroenterologists as they biopsy these patients. - The American Gastroenterological Association claims there are 14,500 members worldwide who are practicing physicians and scientists who research, diagnose and treat disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver - According to the American Society for Clinical Pathology, there are 12,000 board certified pathologists in the U.S. - Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia is now the most rapidly increasing cancer type in the Western world - Approximately 40% of the adult population of the U.S. suffers from significant heartburn and the numerous antacids advertised on national television represents an $8 billion per year drug market