Coding Freedom

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Coding Freedom

Author : E. Gabriella Coleman
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691144613
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Coding Freedom by : E. Gabriella Coleman

Download or read book Coding Freedom written by E. Gabriella Coleman and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who are computer hackers? What is free software? And what does the emergence of a community dedicated to the production of free and open source software--and to hacking as a technical, aesthetic, and moral project--reveal about the values of contemporary liberalism? Exploring the rise and political significance of the free and open source software (F/OSS) movement in the United States and Europe, Coding Freedom details the ethics behind hackers' devotion to F/OSS, the social codes that guide its production, and the political struggles through which hackers question the scope and direction of copyright and patent law. In telling the story of the F/OSS movement, the book unfolds a broader narrative involving computing, the politics of access, and intellectual property. E. Gabriella Coleman tracks the ways in which hackers collaborate and examines passionate manifestos, hacker humor, free software project governance, and festive hacker conferences. Looking at the ways that hackers sustain their productive freedom, Coleman shows that these activists, driven by a commitment to their work, reformulate key ideals including free speech, transparency, and meritocracy, and refuse restrictive intellectual protections. Coleman demonstrates how hacking, so often marginalized or misunderstood, sheds light on the continuing relevance of liberalism in online collaboration.

Coding Democracy

Author : Maureen Webb
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262542285
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Coding Democracy by : Maureen Webb

Download or read book Coding Democracy written by Maureen Webb and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hackers as vital disruptors, inspiring a new wave of activism in which ordinary citizens take back democracy. Hackers have a bad reputation, as shady deployers of bots and destroyers of infrastructure. In Coding Democracy, Maureen Webb offers another view. Hackers, she argues, can be vital disruptors. Hacking is becoming a practice, an ethos, and a metaphor for a new wave of activism in which ordinary citizens are inventing new forms of distributed, decentralized democracy for a digital era. Confronted with concentrations of power, mass surveillance, and authoritarianism enabled by new technology, the hacking movement is trying to "build out" democracy into cyberspace.

Dreaming in Code

Author : Scott Rosenberg
Publisher : Crown Currency
ISBN 13 : 1400082471
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Dreaming in Code by : Scott Rosenberg

Download or read book Dreaming in Code written by Scott Rosenberg and published by Crown Currency. This book was released on 2008-02-26 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our civilization runs on software. Yet the art of creating it continues to be a dark mystery, even to the experts. To find out why it’s so hard to bend computers to our will, Scott Rosenberg spent three years following a team of maverick software developers—led by Lotus 1-2-3 creator Mitch Kapor—designing a novel personal information manager meant to challenge market leader Microsoft Outlook. Their story takes us through a maze of abrupt dead ends and exhilarating breakthroughs as they wrestle not only with the abstraction of code, but with the unpredictability of human behavior— especially their own.

Code Girls

Author : Liza Mundy
Publisher : Hachette Books
ISBN 13 : 0316352551
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis Code Girls by : Liza Mundy

Download or read book Code Girls written by Liza Mundy and published by Hachette Books. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The award-winning New York Times bestseller about the American women who secretly served as codebreakers during World War II--a "prodigiously researched and engrossing" (New York Times) book that "shines a light on a hidden chapter of American history" (Denver Post). Recruited by the U.S. Army and Navy from small towns and elite colleges, more than ten thousand women served as codebreakers during World War II. While their brothers and boyfriends took up arms, these women moved to Washington and learned the meticulous work of code-breaking. Their efforts shortened the war, saved countless lives, and gave them access to careers previously denied to them. A strict vow of secrecy nearly erased their efforts from history; now, through dazzling research and interviews with surviving code girls, bestselling author Liza Mundy brings to life this riveting and vital story of American courage, service, and scientific accomplishment.

The Pragmatic Programmer

Author : Andrew Hunt
Publisher : Addison-Wesley Professional
ISBN 13 : 013211917X
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (321 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pragmatic Programmer by : Andrew Hunt

Download or read book The Pragmatic Programmer written by Andrew Hunt and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 1999-10-20 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What others in the trenches say about The Pragmatic Programmer... “The cool thing about this book is that it’s great for keeping the programming process fresh. The book helps you to continue to grow and clearly comes from people who have been there.” — Kent Beck, author of Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change “I found this book to be a great mix of solid advice and wonderful analogies!” — Martin Fowler, author of Refactoring and UML Distilled “I would buy a copy, read it twice, then tell all my colleagues to run out and grab a copy. This is a book I would never loan because I would worry about it being lost.” — Kevin Ruland, Management Science, MSG-Logistics “The wisdom and practical experience of the authors is obvious. The topics presented are relevant and useful.... By far its greatest strength for me has been the outstanding analogies—tracer bullets, broken windows, and the fabulous helicopter-based explanation of the need for orthogonality, especially in a crisis situation. I have little doubt that this book will eventually become an excellent source of useful information for journeymen programmers and expert mentors alike.” — John Lakos, author of Large-Scale C++ Software Design “This is the sort of book I will buy a dozen copies of when it comes out so I can give it to my clients.” — Eric Vought, Software Engineer “Most modern books on software development fail to cover the basics of what makes a great software developer, instead spending their time on syntax or technology where in reality the greatest leverage possible for any software team is in having talented developers who really know their craft well. An excellent book.” — Pete McBreen, Independent Consultant “Since reading this book, I have implemented many of the practical suggestions and tips it contains. Across the board, they have saved my company time and money while helping me get my job done quicker! This should be a desktop reference for everyone who works with code for a living.” — Jared Richardson, Senior Software Developer, iRenaissance, Inc. “I would like to see this issued to every new employee at my company....” — Chris Cleeland, Senior Software Engineer, Object Computing, Inc. “If I’m putting together a project, it’s the authors of this book that I want. . . . And failing that I’d settle for people who’ve read their book.” — Ward Cunningham Straight from the programming trenches, The Pragmatic Programmer cuts through the increasing specialization and technicalities of modern software development to examine the core process--taking a requirement and producing working, maintainable code that delights its users. It covers topics ranging from personal responsibility and career development to architectural techniques for keeping your code flexible and easy to adapt and reuse. Read this book, and you'll learn how to Fight software rot; Avoid the trap of duplicating knowledge; Write flexible, dynamic, and adaptable code; Avoid programming by coincidence; Bullet-proof your code with contracts, assertions, and exceptions; Capture real requirements; Test ruthlessly and effectively; Delight your users; Build teams of pragmatic programmers; and Make your developments more precise with automation. Written as a series of self-contained sections and filled with entertaining anecdotes, thoughtful examples, and interesting analogies, The Pragmatic Programmer illustrates the best practices and major pitfalls of many different aspects of software development. Whether you're a new coder, an experienced programmer, or a manager responsible for software projects, use these lessons daily, and you'll quickly see improvements in personal productivity, accuracy, and job satisfaction. You'll learn skills and develop habits and attitudes that form the foundation for long-term success in your career. You'll become a Pragmatic Programmer.

Freedom from the Known

Author : J Krishnamurti
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1407060791
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Freedom from the Known by : J Krishnamurti

Download or read book Freedom from the Known written by J Krishnamurti and published by Random House. This book was released on 2010-07-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Born in poverty in India, Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986) became a leading spiritual and philosophical thinker whose ideas continue to influence us today. George Bernard Shaw declared that he was the most beautiful human being he had ever seen and Aldous Huxley was one of his close friends. Whether debating politics with Nehru, discussing theories with Rupert Sheldrake and Iris Murdoch, or challenging his students not to take his words at face value, Krishnamurti engaged fully with every aspect of life. He is regarded by many modern religious figures as a great teacher, an extraordinary individual with revolutionary insights; Joseph Campbell, Alan Watts, Eckhart Tolle and Deepak Chopra are all indebted to his writings. Freedom from the Known is one of Krishnamurti's most accessible works. Here, he reveals how we can free ourselves radically and immediately from the tyranny of the expected. By changing ourselves, we can alter the structure of society and our relationships. The vital need for change and the recognition of its very possibility form an essential part of this important book's message.

Beautiful Code

Author : Greg Wilson
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 0596554672
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (965 download)

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Book Synopsis Beautiful Code by : Greg Wilson

Download or read book Beautiful Code written by Greg Wilson and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2007-06-26 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do the experts solve difficult problems in software development? In this unique and insightful book, leading computer scientists offer case studies that reveal how they found unusual, carefully designed solutions to high-profile projects. You will be able to look over the shoulder of major coding and design experts to see problems through their eyes. This is not simply another design patterns book, or another software engineering treatise on the right and wrong way to do things. The authors think aloud as they work through their project's architecture, the tradeoffs made in its construction, and when it was important to break rules. This book contains 33 chapters contributed by Brian Kernighan, KarlFogel, Jon Bentley, Tim Bray, Elliotte Rusty Harold, Michael Feathers,Alberto Savoia, Charles Petzold, Douglas Crockford, Henry S. Warren,Jr., Ashish Gulhati, Lincoln Stein, Jim Kent, Jack Dongarra and PiotrLuszczek, Adam Kolawa, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Diomidis Spinellis, AndrewKuchling, Travis E. Oliphant, Ronald Mak, Rogerio Atem de Carvalho andRafael Monnerat, Bryan Cantrill, Jeff Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, SimonPeyton Jones, Kent Dybvig, William Otte and Douglas C. Schmidt, AndrewPatzer, Andreas Zeller, Yukihiro Matsumoto, Arun Mehta, TV Raman,Laura Wingerd and Christopher Seiwald, and Brian Hayes. Beautiful Code is an opportunity for master coders to tell their story. All author royalties will be donated to Amnesty International.

Confident Coding

Author : Rob Percival
Publisher : Kogan Page Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1789663091
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Confident Coding by : Rob Percival

Download or read book Confident Coding written by Rob Percival and published by Kogan Page Publishers. This book was released on 2020-09-10 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BRONZE RUNNER UP: Axiom Awards 2018 - Business Technology Category (1st edition) Coding is one of the most in-demand skills in the job market. Whether you're an entrepreneur, a recent graduate or a professional, you can supercharge your career simply by grasping the fundamentals, and Confident Coding is here to help. This new and improved second edition of the award-winning book gives you a step-by-step learning guide to HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, building iPhone and Android apps and debugging. For entrepreneurs, being able to create your own website or app can grant you valuable freedom and revolutionize your business. For aspiring developers, this book will give you the building blocks to embark on your career path. For working professionals, coding skills can add a valuable edge to your CV. Whatever your professional profile, if you want to master the fundamentals of coding and kick start your career, Confident Coding is the book for you. About the Confident series... From coding and web design to data, digital content and cyber security, the Confident books are the perfect beginner's resource for enhancing your professional life, whatever your career path.

Race After Technology

Author : Ruha Benjamin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509526439
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Race After Technology by : Ruha Benjamin

Download or read book Race After Technology written by Ruha Benjamin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-09 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From everyday apps to complex algorithms, Ruha Benjamin cuts through tech-industry hype to understand how emerging technologies can reinforce White supremacy and deepen social inequity. Benjamin argues that automation, far from being a sinister story of racist programmers scheming on the dark web, has the potential to hide, speed up, and deepen discrimination while appearing neutral and even benevolent when compared to the racism of a previous era. Presenting the concept of the “New Jim Code,” she shows how a range of discriminatory designs encode inequity by explicitly amplifying racial hierarchies; by ignoring but thereby replicating social divisions; or by aiming to fix racial bias but ultimately doing quite the opposite. Moreover, she makes a compelling case for race itself as a kind of technology, designed to stratify and sanctify social injustice in the architecture of everyday life. This illuminating guide provides conceptual tools for decoding tech promises with sociologically informed skepticism. In doing so, it challenges us to question not only the technologies we are sold but also the ones we ourselves manufacture. Visit the book's free Discussion Guide here.

Digital Speech Transmission

Author : Peter Vary
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470031751
Total Pages : 644 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Digital Speech Transmission by : Peter Vary

Download or read book Digital Speech Transmission written by Peter Vary and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-08-04 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enormous advances in digital signal processing (DSP) technology have contributed to the wide dissemination and success of speech communication devices – be it GSM and UMTS mobile telephones, digital hearing aids, or human-machine interfaces. Digital speech transmission techniques play an important role in these applications, all the more because high quality speech transmission remains essential in all current and next generation communication networks. Enhancement, coding and error concealment techniques improve the transmitted speech signal at all stages of the transmission chain, from the acoustic front-end to the sound reproduction at the receiver. Advanced speech processing algorithms help to mitigate a number of physical and technological limitations such as background noise, bandwidth restrictions, shortage of radio frequencies, and transmission errors. Digital Speech Transmission provides a single-source, comprehensive guide to the fundamental issues, algorithms, standards, and trends in speech signal processing and speech communication technology. The authors give a solid, accessible overview of fundamentals of speech signal processing speech coding, including new speech coders for GSM and UMTS error concealment by soft decoding artificial bandwidth extension of speech signals single and multi-channel noise reduction acoustic echo cancellation This text is an invaluable resource for engineers, researchers, academics, and graduate students in the areas of communications, electrical engineering, and information technology.

30-Second Coding

Author : Mark Steadman
Publisher : 30 Second
ISBN 13 : 0711263647
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis 30-Second Coding by : Mark Steadman

Download or read book 30-Second Coding written by Mark Steadman and published by 30 Second. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decrypt the science behind coding, the language of computer programming, and understand how it can shape every aspect of modern technology.

Geek Sublime

Author : Vikram Chandra
Publisher : Graywolf Press
ISBN 13 : 1555973264
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (559 download)

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Book Synopsis Geek Sublime by : Vikram Chandra

Download or read book Geek Sublime written by Vikram Chandra and published by Graywolf Press. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nonfiction debut from the author of the international bestseller Sacred Games about the surprising overlap between writing and computer coding Vikram Chandra has been a computer programmer for almost as long as he has been a novelist. In this extraordinary new book, his first work of nonfiction, he searches for the connections between the worlds of art and technology. Coders are obsessed with elegance and style, just as writers are, but do the words mean the same thing to both? Can we ascribe beauty to the craft of writing code? Exploring such varied topics as logic gates and literary modernism, the machismo of tech geeks, the omnipresence of an "Indian Mafia" in Silicon Valley, and the writings of the eleventh-century Kashmiri thinker Abhinavagupta, Geek Sublime is both an idiosyncratic history of coding and a fascinating meditation on the writer's art. Part literary essay, part technology story, and part memoir, it is an engrossing, original, and heady book of sweeping ideas.

Programming Collective Intelligence

Author : Toby Segaran
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 0596550685
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (965 download)

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Book Synopsis Programming Collective Intelligence by : Toby Segaran

Download or read book Programming Collective Intelligence written by Toby Segaran and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Want to tap the power behind search rankings, product recommendations, social bookmarking, and online matchmaking? This fascinating book demonstrates how you can build Web 2.0 applications to mine the enormous amount of data created by people on the Internet. With the sophisticated algorithms in this book, you can write smart programs to access interesting datasets from other web sites, collect data from users of your own applications, and analyze and understand the data once you've found it. Programming Collective Intelligence takes you into the world of machine learning and statistics, and explains how to draw conclusions about user experience, marketing, personal tastes, and human behavior in general -- all from information that you and others collect every day. Each algorithm is described clearly and concisely with code that can immediately be used on your web site, blog, Wiki, or specialized application. This book explains: Collaborative filtering techniques that enable online retailers to recommend products or media Methods of clustering to detect groups of similar items in a large dataset Search engine features -- crawlers, indexers, query engines, and the PageRank algorithm Optimization algorithms that search millions of possible solutions to a problem and choose the best one Bayesian filtering, used in spam filters for classifying documents based on word types and other features Using decision trees not only to make predictions, but to model the way decisions are made Predicting numerical values rather than classifications to build price models Support vector machines to match people in online dating sites Non-negative matrix factorization to find the independent features in a dataset Evolving intelligence for problem solving -- how a computer develops its skill by improving its own code the more it plays a game Each chapter includes exercises for extending the algorithms to make them more powerful. Go beyond simple database-backed applications and put the wealth of Internet data to work for you. "Bravo! I cannot think of a better way for a developer to first learn these algorithms and methods, nor can I think of a better way for me (an old AI dog) to reinvigorate my knowledge of the details." -- Dan Russell, Google "Toby's book does a great job of breaking down the complex subject matter of machine-learning algorithms into practical, easy-to-understand examples that can be directly applied to analysis of social interaction across the Web today. If I had this book two years ago, it would have saved precious time going down some fruitless paths." -- Tim Wolters, CTO, Collective Intellect

The Coddling of the American Mind

Author : Greg Lukianoff
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0735224919
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis The Coddling of the American Mind by : Greg Lukianoff

Download or read book The Coddling of the American Mind written by Greg Lukianoff and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2019-08-20 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times Bestseller • Finalist for the 2018 National Book Critics Circle Award in Nonfiction • A New York Times Notable Book • Bloomberg Best Book of 2018 “Their distinctive contribution to the higher-education debate is to meet safetyism on its own, psychological turf . . . Lukianoff and Haidt tell us that safetyism undermines the freedom of inquiry and speech that are indispensable to universities.” —Jonathan Marks, Commentary “The remedies the book outlines should be considered on college campuses, among parents of current and future students, and by anyone longing for a more sane society.” —Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Something has been going wrong on many college campuses in the last few years. Speakers are shouted down. Students and professors say they are walking on eggshells and are afraid to speak honestly. Rates of anxiety, depression, and suicide are rising—on campus as well as nationally. How did this happen? First Amendment expert Greg Lukianoff and social psychologist Jonathan Haidt show how the new problems on campus have their origins in three terrible ideas that have become increasingly woven into American childhood and education: What doesn’t kill you makes you weaker; always trust your feelings; and life is a battle between good people and evil people. These three Great Untruths contradict basic psychological principles about well-being and ancient wisdom from many cultures. Embracing these untruths—and the resulting culture of safetyism—interferes with young people’s social, emotional, and intellectual development. It makes it harder for them to become autonomous adults who are able to navigate the bumpy road of life. Lukianoff and Haidt investigate the many social trends that have intersected to promote the spread of these untruths. They explore changes in childhood such as the rise of fearful parenting, the decline of unsupervised, child-directed play, and the new world of social media that has engulfed teenagers in the last decade. They examine changes on campus, including the corporatization of universities and the emergence of new ideas about identity and justice. They situate the conflicts on campus within the context of America’s rapidly rising political polarization and dysfunction. This is a book for anyone who is confused by what is happening on college campuses today, or has children, or is concerned about the growing inability of Americans to live, work, and cooperate across party lines.

Prototype Nation

Author : Silvia M. Lindtner
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691179484
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Prototype Nation by : Silvia M. Lindtner

Download or read book Prototype Nation written by Silvia M. Lindtner and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-15 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A vivid look at China’s shifting place in the global political economy of technology production How did China’s mass manufacturing and “copycat” production become transformed, in the global tech imagination, from something holding the nation back to one of its key assets? Prototype Nation offers a rich transnational analysis of how the promise of democratized innovation and entrepreneurial life has shaped China’s governance and global image. With historical precision and ethnographic detail, Silvia Lindtner reveals how a growing distrust in Western models of progress and development, including Silicon Valley and the tech industry after the financial crisis of 2007–8, shaped the rise of the global maker movement and the vision of China as a “new frontier” of innovation. Lindtner’s investigations draw on more than a decade of research in experimental work spaces—makerspaces, coworking spaces, innovation hubs, hackathons, and startup weekends—in China, the United States, Africa, Europe, Taiwan, and Singapore, as well as in key sites of technology investment and industrial production—tech incubators, corporate offices, and factories. She examines how the ideals of the maker movement, to intervene in social and economic structures, served the technopolitical project of prototyping a “new” optimistic, assertive, and global China. In doing so, Lindtner demonstrates that entrepreneurial living influences governance, education, policy, investment, and urban redesign in ways that normalize the persistence of sexism, racism, colonialism, and labor exploitation. Prototype Nation shows that by attending to the bodies and sites that nurture entrepreneurial life, technology can be extricated from the seemingly endless cycle of promise and violence. Cover image: Courtesy of Cao Fei, Vitamin Creative Space and Sprüth Magers

Clean Code

Author : Robert C. Martin
Publisher : Pearson Education
ISBN 13 : 0132350882
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (323 download)

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Book Synopsis Clean Code by : Robert C. Martin

Download or read book Clean Code written by Robert C. Martin and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2009 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looks at the principles and clean code, includes case studies showcasing the practices of writing clean code, and contains a list of heuristics and "smells" accumulated from the process of writing clean code.

Critical Code Studies

Author : Mark C. Marino
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262357437
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Code Studies by : Mark C. Marino

Download or read book Critical Code Studies written by Mark C. Marino and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that we must read code for more than what it does—we must consider what it means. Computer source code has become part of popular discourse. Code is read not only by programmers but by lawyers, artists, pundits, reporters, political activists, and literary scholars; it is used in political debate, works of art, popular entertainment, and historical accounts. In this book, Mark Marino argues that code means more than merely what it does; we must also consider what it means. We need to learn to read code critically. Marino presents a series of case studies—ranging from the Climategate scandal to a hactivist art project on the US-Mexico border—as lessons in critical code reading. Marino shows how, in the process of its circulation, the meaning of code changes beyond its functional role to include connotations and implications, opening it up to interpretation and inference—and misinterpretation and reappropriation. The Climategate controversy, for example, stemmed from a misreading of a bit of placeholder code as a “smoking gun” that supposedly proved fabrication of climate data. A poetry generator created by Nick Montfort was remixed and reimagined by other poets, and subject to literary interpretation. Each case study begins by presenting a small and self-contained passage of code—by coders as disparate as programming pioneer Grace Hopper and philosopher Friedrich Kittler—and an accessible explanation of its context and functioning. Marino then explores its extra-functional significance, demonstrating a variety of interpretive approaches.