Coatesville and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker

Download Coatesville and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1625841035
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (258 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coatesville and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker by : Dennis B Downey

Download or read book Coatesville and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker written by Dennis B Downey and published by Arcadia Publishing. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A compelling narrative that moves crisply through the murder, the lynching, and the cover-up by silence that local residents thereafter affected.”—The Journal of American History On a warm August night in 1911, Zachariah Walker was lynched—burned alive—by an angry mob on the outskirts of Coatesville, a prosperous Pennsylvania steel town. At the time of his very public murder, Walker, an African American millworker, was under arrest for the shooting and killing of a respected local police officer. Investigated by the NAACP, the horrific incident garnered national and international attention. Despite this scrutiny, a conspiracy of silence shrouded the events, and the accused men and boys were found not guilty at trial. More than 100 years after the lynching, authors Dennis B. Downey and Raymond M. Hyser bring new insight to events that rocked a community.

Pennhurst and the Struggle for Disability Rights

Download Pennhurst and the Struggle for Disability Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 027108636X
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pennhurst and the Struggle for Disability Rights by : Dennis B. Downey

Download or read book Pennhurst and the Struggle for Disability Rights written by Dennis B. Downey and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2020-04-13 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conceived in the era of eugenics as a solution to what was termed the “problem of the feeble-minded,” state-operated institutions subjected people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to a life of compulsory incarceration. One of nearly 300 such facilities in the United States, Pennhurst State School and Hospital was initially hailed as a “model institution” but was later revealed to be a nightmare, where medical experimentation and physical and psychological abuse were rampant. At its peak, more than 3,500 residents were confined at Pennhurst, supervised by a staff of fewer than 600. Using a blended narrative of essays and first-person accounts, this history of Pennhurst examines the institution from its founding during an age of Progressive reform to its present-day exploitation as a controversial Halloween attraction. In doing so, it traces a decades-long battle to reform the abhorrent school and hospital and reveals its role as a catalyst for the disability rights movement. Beginning in the 1950s, parent-advocates, social workers, and attorneys joined forces to challenge the dehumanizing conditions at Pennhurst. Their groundbreaking advocacy, accelerated in 1968 by the explosive televised exposé Suffer the Little Children, laid the foundation for lawsuits that transformed American jurisprudence and ended mass institutionalization in the United States. As a result, Pennhurst became a symbolic force in the disability civil rights movement in America and around the world. Extensively researched and featuring the stories of survivors, parents, and advocates, this compelling history will appeal both to those with connections to Pennhurst and to anyone interested in the history of institutionalization and the disability rights movement.

The Lynching of Cleo Wright

Download The Lynching of Cleo Wright PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813156467
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Lynching of Cleo Wright by : Dominic J. CapeciJr.

Download or read book The Lynching of Cleo Wright written by Dominic J. CapeciJr. and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 20, 1942, black oil mill worker Cleo Wright assaulted a white woman in her home and nearly killed the first police officer who tried to arrest him. An angry mob then hauled Wright out of jail and dragged him through the streets of Sikeston, Missouri, before burning him alive. Wright's death was, unfortunately, not unique in American history, but what his death meant in the larger context of life in the United States in the twentieth-century is an important and compelling story. After the lynching, the U.S. Justice Department was forced to become involved in civil rights concerns for the first time, provoking a national reaction to violence on the home front at a time when the country was battling for democracy in Europe. Dominic Capeci unravels the tragic story of Wright's life on several stages, showing how these acts of violence were indicative not only of racial tension but the clash of the traditional and the modern brought about by the war. Capeci draws from a wide range of archival sources and personal interviews with the participants and spectators to draw vivid portraits of Wright, his victims, law-enforcement officials, and members of the lynch mob. He places Wright in the larger context of southern racial violence and shows the significance of his death in local, state, and national history during the most important crisis of the twentieth-century.

Lynching in America

Download Lynching in America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814784801
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lynching in America by : Christopher Waldrep

Download or read book Lynching in America written by Christopher Waldrep and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether conveyed through newspapers, photographs, or Billie Holliday’s haunting song “Strange Fruit,” lynching has immediate and graphic connotations for all who hear the word. Images of lynching are generally unambiguous: black victims hanging from trees, often surrounded by gawking white mobs. While this picture of lynching tells a distressingly familiar story about mob violence in America, it is not the full story. Lynching in America presents the most comprehensive portrait of lynching to date, demonstrating that while lynching has always been present in American society, it has been anything but one-dimensional. Ranging from personal correspondence to courtroom transcripts to journalistic accounts, Christopher Waldrep has extensively mined an enormous quantity of documents about lynching, which he arranges chronologically with concise introductions. He reveals that lynching has been part of American history since the Revolution, but its victims, perpetrators, causes, and environments have changed over time. From the American Revolution to the expansion of the western frontier, Waldrep shows how communities defended lynching as a way to maintain law and order. Slavery, the Civil War, and especially Reconstruction marked the ascendancy of racialized lynching in the nineteenth century, which has continued to the present day, with the murder of James Byrd in Jasper, Texas, and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas’s contention that he was lynched by Congress at his confirmation hearings. Since its founding, lynching has permeated American social, political, and cultural life, and no other book documents American lynching with historical texts offering firsthand accounts of lynchings, explanations, excuses, and criticism.

Lynching Reconsidered

Download Lynching Reconsidered PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317983963
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lynching Reconsidered by : William D. Carrigan

Download or read book Lynching Reconsidered written by William D. Carrigan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of lynching and mob violence has become a subject of considerable scholarly and public interest in recent years. Popular works by James Allen, Philip Dray, and Leon Litwack have stimulated new interest in the subject. A generation of new scholars, sparked by these works and earlier monographs, are in the process of both enriching and challenging the traditional narrative of lynching in the United States. This volume contains essays by ten scholars at the forefront of the movement to broaden and deepen our understanding of mob violence in the United States. These essays range from the Reconstruction to World War Two, analyze lynching in multiple regions of the United States, and employ a wide range of methodological approaches. The authors explore neglected topics such as: lynching in the Mid-Atlantic, lynching in Wisconsin, lynching photography, mob violence against southern white women, black lynch mobs, grassroots resistance to racial violence by African Americans, nineteenth century white southerners who opposed lynching, and the creation of 'lynching narratives' by southern white newspapers. This book was first published as a special issue of American Nineteenth Century History

Embodying Black Experience

Download Embodying Black Experience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472027093
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Embodying Black Experience by : Harvey Young

Download or read book Embodying Black Experience written by Harvey Young and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2010-10-22 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Young's linkage between critical race theory, historical inquiry, and performance studies is a necessary intersection. Innovative, creative, and provocative." ---Davarian Baldwin, Paul E. Raether Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Trinity College In 1901, George Ward, a lynching victim, was attacked, murdered, and dismembered by a mob of white men, women, and children. As his lifeless body burned in a fire, enterprising white youth cut off his toes and, later, his fingers and sold them as souvenirs. In Embodying Black Experience, Harvey Young masterfully blends biography, archival history, performance theory, and phenomenology to relay the experiences of black men and women who, like Ward, were profoundly affected by the spectacular intrusion of racial violence within their lives. Looking back over the past two hundred years---from the exhibition of boxer Tom Molineaux and Saartjie Baartman (the "Hottentot Venus") in 1810 to twenty-first century experiences of racial profiling and incarceration---Young chronicles a set of black experiences, or what he calls, "phenomenal blackness," that developed not only from the experience of abuse but also from a variety of performances of resistance that were devised to respond to the highly predictable and anticipated arrival of racial violence within a person's lifetime. Embodying Black Experience pinpoints selected artistic and athletic performances---photography, boxing, theater/performance art, and museum display---as portals through which to gain access to the lived experiences of a variety of individuals. The photographs of Joseph Zealy, Richard Roberts, and Walker Evans; the boxing performances of Jack Johnson, Joe Louis, and Muhammad Ali; the plays of Suzan-Lori Parks, Robbie McCauley, and Dael Orlandersmith; and the tragic performances of Bootjack McDaniels and James Cameron offer insight into the lives of black folk across two centuries and the ways that black artists, performers, and athletes challenged the racist (and racializing) assumptions of the societies in which they lived. Blending humanistic and social science perspectives, Embodying Black Experience explains the ways in which societal ideas of "the black body," an imagined myth of blackness, get projected across the bodies of actual black folk and, in turn, render them targets of abuse. However, the emphasis on the performances of select artists and athletes also spotlights moments of resistance and, indeed, strength within these most harrowing settings. Harvey Young is Associate Professor of Theatre, Performance Studies, and Radio/Television/Film at Northwestern University. A volume in the series Theater: Theory/Text/Performance

African Americans Confront Lynching

Download African Americans Confront Lynching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742552739
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (527 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis African Americans Confront Lynching by : Christopher Waldrep

Download or read book African Americans Confront Lynching written by Christopher Waldrep and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2009 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines African Americans' strategies for resisting white racial violence from the Civil War until the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1968 and up to the Clinton era. Christopher Waldrep's semi-biographical approach to the pioneers in the anti-lynching campaign portrays African Americans as active participants in the effort to end racial violence rather than as passive victims. In telling this more than 100-year-old story of violence and resistance, Waldrep describes how white Americans legitimized racial violence after the Civil War, and how black journalists campaigned against the violence by invoking the Constitution and the law as a source of rights. He shows how, toward the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, anti-lynching crusaders Ida B. Wells and Monroe Work adopted a more sociological approach, offering statistics and case studies to thwart white claims that a black propensity for crime justified racial violence. Waldrep describes how the NAACP, founded in 1909, represented an organized, even bureaucratic approach to the fight against lynching. Despite these efforts, racial violence continued after World War II, as racists changed tactics, using dynamite more than the rope or the gun. Waldrep concludes by showing how modern day hate crimes continue the lynching tradition, and how the courts and grass-roots groups have continued the tradition of resistance to racial violence. A rich selection of documents helps give the story a sense of immediacy. Sources include nineteenth-century eyewitness accounts of lynching, courtroom testimony of Ku Klux Klan victims, South Carolina senator Ben Tillman's 1907 defense of lynching, and the text of the first federal hate crimes law.

Lynching in the New South

Download Lynching in the New South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252053737
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lynching in the New South by : W. Fitzhugh Brundage

Download or read book Lynching in the New South written by W. Fitzhugh Brundage and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2022-08-15 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lynching was a national crime. But it obsessed the South. W. Fitzhugh Brundage's multidisciplinary approach to the complex nature of lynching delves into the such extrajudicial murders in two states: Virginia, the southern state with the fewest lynchings; and Georgia, where 460 lynchings made the state a measure of race relations in the Deep South. Brundage's analysis addresses three central questions: How can we explain variations in lynching over regions and time periods? To what extent was lynching a social ritual that affirmed traditional white values and white supremacy? And, what were the causes of the decline of lynching at the end of the 1920s? A groundbreaking study, Lynching in the New South is a classic portrait of the tradition of violence that poisoned American life.

Lynchings

Download Lynchings PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595376509
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lynchings by : Walter Howard

Download or read book Lynchings written by Walter Howard and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2005-12 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lynchings: Extralegal Violence in Florida during the 1930s This study examines the 13 lynchings that occurred in the southern state of Florida during the decade of the 1930s. It provides a lively and detailed narrative account of each lynching and concludes that there is no one single theory or explanation of these extralegal executions. The author does, however, reveal several patterns common to these separate acts of vigilantism. For example, most Florida lynchings were not rural, small-town ceremonial hangings of black males accused of sexual offenses. Rather, the majority of lynch victims were forcibly seized from police and shot by small bands of carefully organized vigilantes rather than frenzied mobs. Moreover, one third of these lynchings occurred in urban areas. The study finishes with a brief overview of the three Florida lynchings of the 1940s and the sudden end of this southern lynch law in modern America.

The Lynching of Cleo Wright

Download The Lynching of Cleo Wright PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813189268
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Lynching of Cleo Wright by : Dominic J. CapeciJr.

Download or read book The Lynching of Cleo Wright written by Dominic J. CapeciJr. and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 20, 1942, black oil mill worker Cleo Wright assaulted a white woman in her home and nearly killed the first police officer who tried to arrest him. An angry mob then hauled Wright out of jail and dragged him through the streets of Sikeston, Missouri, before burning him alive. Wright's death was, unfortunately, not unique in American history, but what his death meant in the larger context of life in the United States in the twentieth-century is an important and compelling story. After the lynching, the U.S. Justice Department was forced to become involved in civil rights concerns for the first time, provoking a national reaction to violence on the home front at a time when the country was battling for democracy in Europe. Dominic Capeci unravels the tragic story of Wright's life on several stages, showing how these acts of violence were indicative not only of racial tension but the clash of the traditional and the modern brought about by the war. Capeci draws from a wide range of archival sources and personal interviews with the participants and spectators to draw vivid portraits of Wright, his victims, law-enforcement officials, and members of the lynch mob. He places Wright in the larger context of southern racial violence and shows the significance of his death in local, state, and national history during the most important crisis of the twentieth-century.

Eradicating this Evil

Download Eradicating this Evil PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136712534
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eradicating this Evil by : Mary Jane Brown

Download or read book Eradicating this Evil written by Mary Jane Brown and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America

Download The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America by : William F. Pinar

Download or read book The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America written by William F. Pinar and published by Peter Lang Incorporated, International Academic Publishers. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps not since Gunnar Myrdal's 1944 classic An American Dilemma has a book appeared as synoptic and unsettling as The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America. Here William F. Pinar elucidates the great «American dilemma», that «peculiar» institution of racial subjugation, especially its gendered - and specifically «queer» - psychosexual dynamics. Explicating in detail two imprinting episodes in American racial history - lynching and prison rape - Pinar argues that the gender of racial politics and violence in America is in some fundamental sense «queer». This book will be of interest to students in education, cultural studies, African American studies, women's and gender studies, and history.

Under Sentence of Death

Download Under Sentence of Death PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 0807866555
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Under Sentence of Death by : W. Fitzhugh Brundage

Download or read book Under Sentence of Death written by W. Fitzhugh Brundage and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the assembled work of fifteen leading scholars emerges a complex and provocative portrait of lynching in the American South. With subjects ranging in time from the late antebellum period to the early twentieth century, and in place from the border states to the Deep South, this collection of essays provides a rich comparative context in which to study the troubling history of lynching. Covering a broad spectrum of methodologies, these essays further expand the study of lynching by exploring such topics as same-race lynchings, black resistance to white violence, and the political motivations for lynching. In addressing both the history and the legacy of lynching, the book raises important questions about Southern history, race relations, and the nature of American violence. Though focused on events in the South, these essays speak to patterns of violence, injustice, and racism that have plagued the entire nation. The contributors are Bruce E. Baker, E. M. Beck, W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Joan E. Cashin, Paula Clark, Thomas G. Dyer, Terence Finnegan, Larry J. Griffin, Nancy MacLean, William S. McFeely, Joanne C. Sandberg, Patricia A. Schechter, Roberta Senechal de la Roche, Stewart E. Tolnay, and George C. Wright.

Rough Justice

Download Rough Justice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 9780252029172
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (291 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rough Justice by : Michael James Pfeifer

Download or read book Rough Justice written by Michael James Pfeifer and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the pervasive and persistent commitment to "rough justice" that characterized rural and working class areas of most of the United States in the late nineteenth century. This work examines the influence of race, gender, and class on understandings of criminal justice and shows how they varied across regions.

1948

Download 1948 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Diversion Books
ISBN 13 : 1635764475
Total Pages : 727 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (357 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 1948 by : David Pietrusza

Download or read book 1948 written by David Pietrusza and published by Diversion Books. This book was released on 2018-09-04 with total page 727 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wild, combative inside story of the most stunning upset in the history of presidential elections—Harry Truman's victory over Tom Dewey: “Outstanding.”—Minneapolis Star-Tribune In this lively account, award-winning historian David Pietrusza unpacks the most ingloriously iconic headline in the history of presidential elections—DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN—to reveal the 1948 campaign's backstage events and recount the down-to-the-wire brawl fought against the background of an erupting Cold War, the Berlin Airlift, the birth of Israel, and a post-war America facing exploding storms over civil rights and domestic communism. “Coherent, compelling…A skillful, authoritative investigation.”—Kirkus Reviews “A terrific book…a must-read.”—Ron Faucheux, former editor-in-chief, Campaigns & Elections magazine “Brilliantly portrays President Harry Truman's successful efforts to stave off the challenge of New York Gov. Tom Dewey, who was making a repeat bid as the Republican nominee.”—David Mark, author of Going Dirty: The Art of Negative Campaigning “Sweeping…compelling.”—Library Journal “Gripping detail.”—The New York Journal of Books

Unbought Spirit

Download Unbought Spirit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 9780252067242
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (672 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Unbought Spirit by : John Jay Chapman

Download or read book Unbought Spirit written by John Jay Chapman and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this collection of his essays and a sampling of his letters, John Jay Chapman (1862-1933) embraces the world at large. Predicting the depersonalization of twentieth-century society, Chapman argues that a civilization based upon a commerce which is in all its parts corruptly managed will present a social life which is unintelligent and mediocre, made up of people afraid of each other, whose ideas are shopworn, whose manners are self-conscious. Chapman should be studied more carefully and at full length, Edmund Wilson wrote in 1929, but in the meantime, what is most important is to have his essays made accessible.... If his books were reprinted and read, we should recognize that we possess in John Jay Chapman -- by reason of the intensity of the spirit, the brilliance of the literary gift and the continuity of the thought which they embody -- an American classic. Jacques Barzun has observed, We have produced very few great critics, but John Jay Chapman equals any of his foreign contemporaries. An American original, Chapman is a tonic to cynicism and an antidote to a society gone flaccid and complacent.

Destructive Impulses

Download Destructive Impulses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of America
ISBN 13 : 9780819196637
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (966 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Destructive Impulses by : Albert James Williams-Myers

Download or read book Destructive Impulses written by Albert James Williams-Myers and published by University Press of America. This book was released on 1995 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: White violence in America is a hidden issue in race relations that must be addressed before the racial impasse between black and white can be transcended. This innovative book cites the failure to raise this issue of white violence in the race relations debate as the cause of the omnipresent gap in the search for a resolution to the race problem. Serving also as an historical essay that looks at white violence in America in its overt and secretive forms, this book suggests that allowing history to teach us how to avoid the mistakes of the past will make bridging the racial abyss more probable. Contents: Introduction; In Search of a Theoretical Basis for White Violence Against Blacks: Finding Windows of Opportunity; Crucible of American Violence: Historical Perception; White Violence: The Sealing of a Partnership in a Cultural Community of Whiteness; White Violence: The Leveling Force in Race Relations; Destructively Common: Racial Radicalism and the Era of Separate But Equal; Images: The Ritual of Lynching; Johnny's March Home: A Violent Perception in the Inter-War Years; Destructive Impulses: Circumventing Brown v. Board of Education; Black Violence: A Mirror Image of its Creator; Seeds of Destruction: The White Backlash and an Attack on Affirmative Action; Past, Present, Future: The State of Race Relations; Notes.