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Co2 Microemulsions With Additives
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Book Synopsis CO2-microemulsions with additives by : Yvonne Pütz
Download or read book CO2-microemulsions with additives written by Yvonne Pütz and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2015-07-20 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved building insulation is an important part of today´s efforts on energy saving. Here, nano-insulation materials promise especially low thermal conductivity. Therefore, an easy and cost-efficient production of these materials is an aim of present material research. One approach towards these materials is the expansion and fixation of polymerisable microemulsions of supercritical blowing agents. However, the nano-sized bubbles are found to undergo undesired coarsening processes. In order to reduce the increasing interfacial tension emerging during expansion and therewith the coarsening it was suggested to add low-molecular hydrophobic substances to the supercritical microemulsion. And indeed, the addition of cyclohexane to a microemulsion of the type brine – CO2 – fluorinated surfactants was found to reduce the fluorinated surfactant content – a measure for the interfacial tension - considerably. In this work a systematic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) contrast variation was performed and the data were analysed by model-independent Fourier analysis. It was found that a concentration gradient of cyclohexane inside the CO2/cyclohexane microemulsion droplets forms. Interestingly, the analysis reveals a depletion zone close to the amphiphilic film which presumably develops due to the known repulsive interactions of cyclohexane and the fluorinated surfactant tails. Using a specially designed high pressure SANS cell to perform stroboscopic pressure jumps, the influence of cyclohexane on pressure-induced elongation of microemulsion droplets as well as the early state of foaming after expansion was studied. Here, the pressure-dependent thermodynamic stability of such microemulsions allows for a fast repeatability of the pressure cycles. It turned out that cyclohexane systematically slows down the structural changes in all processes. Parallel pressure jump experiments with poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) particles revealed that hydration and dehydration kinetics can be studied with the same experimental setup. The first kinetic experiments which combine a CO2-microemulsion mixed with PNIPAM particles indicate that PNIPAM acts as a stabiliser for the microemulsion and further reduces the thermodynamic driving force of the demixing process.
Book Synopsis From Simple Solutions to Strongly Structured Microemulsions by : Shih-Yu Tseng
Download or read book From Simple Solutions to Strongly Structured Microemulsions written by Shih-Yu Tseng and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2022-12-12 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microemulsions are known for their versatile properties widely utilized in fundamental research and industrial applications. They are thermodynamically stable mixtures structured on a colloidal length scale with an amphiphilic film separating water- and oil-rich domains. However, recent studies claim the existence of “surfactant-free microemulsions,” which exhibit structures on a molecular length scale. By means of systematic phase behavior and scattering experiments, this dissertation provides deep insights into the pathway from simple solutions to weakly and strongly structured microemulsions. With bulk-contrast SANS, the scattering behavior of a simple solution system made of water, cyclohexane, 1- and 2-propanol was found to be dominated by critical composition fluctuations (Ornstein-Zernike). Further analysis of critical phenomena revealed the critical exponent doubling that follows the scaling law γ ~ “2” ν. On the other hand, weak scattering signals described with a new model were detected in the film-contrast SANS data due to the nearby tricritical point (TCP). After crossing the TCP, the formation of well-defined amphiphilic films was demonstrated by increasing the amphiphilicity of the amphiphile. Subsequently, the influence of modifications of the amphiphilic film by adding novel diblock polymers was studied. As a result, enhanced efficiency and strengthened structural ordering were achieved in typical alkane microemulsions and novel CO2 microemulsions. Finally, the properties of industry-relevant microemulsions were investigated in two application-oriented projects. One project focused on the phase behavior and the microstructure of polyol-rich CO2 microemulsions, which can be used for the polyurethane (PU) foam production with cell sizes of a few micrometers. The other project focused on the formulation of optimum microemulsions stabilized by highly efficient extended surfactants. The experimental parameters from phase behavior studies helped determine the coefficients of the HLD equation, which can serve as a prediction tool for tackling a wide variety of formulation problems. Above all, this doctoral dissertation elucidated the pathway toward structured microemulsions and demonstrated versatile aspects of microemulsions’ applications.
Book Synopsis Microemulsions with Polymer Additives by : Simona Maccarrone
Download or read book Microemulsions with Polymer Additives written by Simona Maccarrone and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microemulsions written by Reza Najjar and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-03-16 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapidly increasing number of applications for microemulsions has kept this relatively old topic still at the top point of research themes. This book provides an assessment of some issues influencing the characteristics and performance of the microemulsions, as well as their main types of applications. In chapter 1 a short introduction about the background, various aspects and applications of microemulsions is given. In Part 2 some experimental and modeling investigations on microstructure and phase behavior of these systems have been discussed. The last two parts of book is devoted to discussion on different types of microemulsion's applications, namely, use in drug delivery, vaccines, oil industry, preparation of nanostructured polymeric, metallic and metal oxides materials for different applications.
Book Synopsis Microemulsions and Related Systems by : Maurice Bourrel
Download or read book Microemulsions and Related Systems written by Maurice Bourrel and published by Editions TECHNIP. This book was released on 2010 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with P.A. Winsor's fundamental hypothesis on a natural interfacial curvature depending on the values of the formulation variables, this unique book shows scientists how to understand the intrinsic structure of these complex systems and their corresponding physical properties... predict how a change in one formulation variable (surfactant structure, oil structure, aqueous phase composition, temperature, etc.) will modify the microemulsion... and systematically formulate microemulsions for individual applications.This book provides a thermodynamic analysis supporting the existence of natural interfacial curvature... compares the behavior of commercial surfactant mixtures and pure isomeric surfactant molecules in order to point out differences and similarities highly significant for various uses... explains how micelles can evolve smoothly and continuously toward solutions containing large quantities of oil and water... gives procedures for fixing quantitative relationships among formulation variables... plus much more.Illustrated with more than 200 diagrams, tables, and photographs, and completely referenced, this superb volume is essential reading for surfactant, colloid, and physical chemists in both academe and industry, as well as chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and petroleum engineers.Contents: 1. The R-Ratio. 2. Aqueous solutions containing amphiphiles. 3. Nonpolar solutions containing amphiphiles. 4. The phase behavior and properties of solutions containing amphiphiles, organic liquids, and water: micellar solutions. 5. Methods for promoting phase changes. 6. Compensating changes between formulation variables. 7. Solubilization. 8. Thermodynamics of solubilized systems.
Book Synopsis From Corresponding States in Water - CO2 - F(CF2)iC2H4Ej Microemulsions Towards Foamable Nanostructured CO2-in-polyol Systems by : Stefan Lülsdorf
Download or read book From Corresponding States in Water - CO2 - F(CF2)iC2H4Ej Microemulsions Towards Foamable Nanostructured CO2-in-polyol Systems written by Stefan Lülsdorf and published by . This book was released on 2019-06-21 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today there is an increased focus on a considerable reduction of the total energy consumption in the world. As the heating of buildings constitutes a large part of this consumption, the development of highly efficient thermal insulation materials is highly demanded. The most promising class are polymeric nanofoams, which might be producible by using the "Principle Of Supercritical Microemulsion Expansion" (POSME). Within this approach, microemulsions with a high number density of CO2 nano-pools in a polymerizable material (e.g. polyol) are used as templates. Adjusting supercritical conditions, the nucleation of gaseous CO2 during the expansion is avoided, so that each CO2-swollen micelle should ideally grow to a nanopore. However, due to aging phenomena, so far only polyurethane (PU) foams with microcellular pores could be produced applying this approach. In order to improve the properties of the foamable microemulsion template, microemulsions of the type water - CO2 - non-ionic fluorinated surfactant (Capstone(R) FS-3100) were studied in the first part of this thesis as a model system. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements for the first time revealed the phase inversion from CO2-swollen micelles in water via bicontinuous structures to water-swollen micelles in CO2. Using a scaling description developed for microemulsions of the type water -alkane - CiEj, the temperature dependence of the length scales found in classical and CO2-microemulsions fall on top of each other. Moreover, the partial replacement of CO2 by cyclohexane was found to increase the efficiency of the fluorinated surfactant to form a bicontinuous microemulsion. This efficiency boosting could be correlated with the increase of the bending rigidities κ0, SANS and κNSE determined by SANS and neutron spin echo (NSE). In the second part of this thesis the gained knowledge was successfully used to formulate CO2-in-polyol microemulsions appropriate for the production of nanocellular PU foams. Usi
Download or read book Microemulsions written by Monzer Fanun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-12-15 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effective use of microemulsions has increased dramatically during the past few decades as major industrial applications have expanded in a variety of fields. Microemulsions: Properties and Applications provides a complete and systematic assessment of all topics affecting microemulsion performance and discusses the fundamental characteristics, t
Book Synopsis Preparation of Polymer Nano-Foams by : Alexander Müller
Download or read book Preparation of Polymer Nano-Foams written by Alexander Müller and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current energy debate considerably affects science, economy and politics. A key aspect of this discussion is energy saving by improvement of thermal insulations for buildings. In this regard, nano insulation materials (NIMs) are the insulation materials of the future. If additionally, a pore size reduction to nanoscale results in optical transparency, completely new markets for polymer foams will arise. However, the realization of these high-potential materials is accompanied by many challenges, as for example the extremely high interfacial tension emerging during foaming processes that cause an undesired coarsening of the foam structure. To overcome these challenges, new strategies and templates have to be scientifically developed. Moreover, it is crucial to understand the foaming in detail. In this context the early state of foaming was studied by means of the principle of supercritical microemulsion expansion (POSME). The benefit of using microemulsions containing a super- or near-critical fluid as oil component is the thermodynamic stability at high pressures. This allows a fast repeatability of the expansion process at nanoscale by applying pressure cycles. In combination with a specially designed stroboscopic high pressure cell, the structural processes could be observed by time resolved small angle neutron scattering experiments. It turned out that the addition of a low molecular oil as anti aging agent results in a deceleration of foam coarsening during expansion by more than an order of magnitude. Parallel to these studies, the nanofoams by continuity inversion of dispersions (NF-CID) principle was utilized for the preparation of nanoporous polymeric materials. The significant innovation of the NF-CID principle is the generation of an extremely high number density of propellant pools by a continuity inversion of a CO2-soaked colloidal crystal, i.e. the formerly discrete polymer nanoparticles convert into a homogeneous matrix with nanodisperse fluid inclusions, if the temperature is raised above the glass transition of the respective polymer. Expanding those templates by applying a specific set of parameters led to polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene nanoporous materials that feature pore sizes smaller than 100 nm.
Book Synopsis Influence of Additives on Microstructure of Reverse Micelles by : Surinder Mehta
Download or read book Influence of Additives on Microstructure of Reverse Micelles written by Surinder Mehta and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dynamics of nanometer sized water droplets have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The model system for such studies is water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion, comprising of water droplets in a non-polar fluid and stabilized by the surfactant. One of the aspects in current research on microemulsion concerns the high solubilization of additives and green synthesis in microemulsion media. The effect of solubilized additives on the microemulsion varies according to the structures of the components. Such changes, however, are often greater than those found in aqueous solutions. Therefore, due care must be exercised in evaluating the effects of even small additions on the aggregation characteristics of surfactants in aqueous solvents. This book is a comprehensive reference that describes microemulsion as a media for solubilization and synthesis. The information is important for better understanding of chemistry and mechanics of organic catalysis, as a probe for studying the mechanistic aspects of many reactions, and as a route to improve yields in reactions of academic interest.
Book Synopsis Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactant Science by : Bidyut K. Paul
Download or read book Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactant Science written by Bidyut K. Paul and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-07-27 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will be summarized on the basis of the topics of Ionic Liquids in the form of chapters and sections. It would be emphasized on the synthesis of ILs of different types, and stabilization of amphiphilic self-assemblies in conventional and newly developed ILs to reveal formulation, physicochemical properties, microstructures, internal dynamics, thermodynamics as well as new possible applications. It covers: Topics of ionic liquid assisted micelles and microemulsions in relation to their fundamental characteristics and theories Development bio-ionic liquids or greener, environment-friendly solvents, and manifold interesting and promising applications of ionic liquid based micelles and micremulsions
Book Synopsis Surfactant Aggregation by : J.H. Clint
Download or read book Surfactant Aggregation written by J.H. Clint and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface Active Agents (surfactants) are vital components in biological systems, form key ingredients in consumer products and play an important role in many industrial processes. For example, cell membranes owe their structure to the aggregation of surfactants known as lipids which form a major component of the membrane. Other natural surfactants occur in the digestive system, in the lungs, and even in such substances as crude oil. Man-made surfactants are used in a wide range of domestic and industrial products and processes. In addition to detergents and personal care products, surfactants have found uses in almost every branch of the chemical industry as well as in several other industries. These include dyestuffs, fibres, mineral process ing, oil field chemicals, paints, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Surfactants are versatile materials which are manufactured in a huge variety of forms to suit all of these applications. As a result of their importance, the technical literature on all aspects of surfactant behaviour is now very extensive. Surprisingly, however, the treatment in textbooks has been somewhat fragmented, often in the form of conference proceedings or edited, multi-authored works, both lacking in continuity.
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1981-01-01 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enhanced Oil Recovery
Book Synopsis Water-in-carbon dioxide microemulsions and emulsions by : Charles Ted Lee
Download or read book Water-in-carbon dioxide microemulsions and emulsions written by Charles Ted Lee and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science by : Tharwat Tadros
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science written by Tharwat Tadros and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative and comprehensive reference relevant to all scientists and engineers in the field. This encyclopedia not only helps chemistry, materials science and physics researchers to understand the principles, but also provides practicing engineers with the necessary information for implementing practical applications, such as Food and agrochemicals Polymers and ceramics Cosmetics and detergents Paints and coatings Pharmaceuticals and drug delivery In addition, the encyclopedia is an important reference for industrial chemists and chemical engineers faced with a multitude of industrial systems of a colloidal nature. As wide as the range of applications that colloid and interface science has is the range of scientific disciplines that contribute to research and development in this field. These encompass chemistry, physics, biology and mathematics as well as nanoscience and nanotechnology. The encyclopedia provides easy-to-digest information for meeting these interdisciplinary challenges. While providing numerous concise definitions of key terms, the encyclopedia also features more than forty in-depth essays on topics ranging from Agrochemical Formulations to Zeta Potential. All entries are cross-referenced and include selected references to original literature as well as synonyms.
Book Synopsis Formation Kinetics of Microemulsions: The Influence of Amphiphilic Additives by : Carola Harbauer
Download or read book Formation Kinetics of Microemulsions: The Influence of Amphiphilic Additives written by Carola Harbauer and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability by : Sang-Eon Park
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability written by Sang-Eon Park and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-10-27 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing global environmental problems, such as global warming is essential to global sustainability. Continued research leads to advancement in standard methods and produces new data. Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Global Sustainability: Proceedings of the 7th ICCDU (International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization) reflects the most recent research results, as well as stimulating scientific discussions with new challenges in advancing the development of carbon dioxide utilization. Drawing on a wealth of information, this well structured book will benefit students, researchers and consultants looking to catch up on current developments in environmental and chemical engineering. * Provides comprehensive data on CO2 utilisation* Contains up-to-date information, including recent research trends* Is written for students, researchers and consultants in environmental and chemical engineering
Book Synopsis Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery by : Patrizio Raffa
Download or read book Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Patrizio Raffa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
