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Cloud Microphysical Effects Of Aerosol Particle Sources And Marine Boundary Layer Processes
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Book Synopsis Cloud Microphysical Effects of Aerosol Particle Sources and Marine Boundary Layer Processes by : Kevin Joseph Sanchez
Download or read book Cloud Microphysical Effects of Aerosol Particle Sources and Marine Boundary Layer Processes written by Kevin Joseph Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds are an important, though uncertain, part of Earth's radiative budget. Previous studies have shown sources of aerosol particles in the remote MBL consist of primary sea spray, secondary organic and inorganic vapors derived from the ocean, entrainment from the free troposphere, and anthropogenic pollution. The potential for these particles to become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is largely dependent on their hygroscopic properties. Furthermore, when clouds form, physical processes can alter the optical properties of the cloud. This dissertation aims to identify variations in aerosol sources that affect MBL CCN concentrations and physical processes throughout the cloud lifetime that influence cloud optical properties. Ambient measurements of marine particles and clouds were made throughout two campaigns in the north Pacific and four campaigns in the north Atlantic. Both clean marine and polluted clouds were sampled. Dry MBL particles were measured to identify their chemical composition and size distribution, which is necessary to identify their potential to be CCN active. The organic hygroscopicity influenced CCN concentrations and cloud optical properties significantly for particles that were mostly organic, such as ship stack and generated smoke particles. For a typical range of organic hygroscopicity the amount of reflected solar radiation varied by 0.02-0.07 for polluted conditions and less than 0.01 for clean conditions (where 1.0 reflects all solar radiation). Simulated droplet spectral width was shown to be more representative of observations when using a weighted distribution of cloud base heights and updraft velocities, and increased the albedo up to 0.02. Cloud top entrainment and decoupling of the MBL were found to account for a decrease in cloud radiative forcing. Cloud top entrainment was corrected for homogeneous entrainment and accounted for a decrease in radiative forcing of up to 50 Wm-2. Clustering of individual marine aerosol particles resulted in the identification of particle types derived from dimethyl-sulfide (DMS) oxidation. Two particle types were identified to come from DMS oxidation products and accounted for approximately 25% and 65% of CCN at 0.1% supersaturation during the winter and summer, respectively.
Book Synopsis Clouds, Aerosol, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (CAP-MBL) Final Campaign Report by :
Download or read book Clouds, Aerosol, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (CAP-MBL) Final Campaign Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extensive coverage of low clouds over the subtropical eastern oceans greatly impacts the current climate. In addition, the response of low clouds to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols is a major source of uncertainty, which thwarts accurate prediction of future climate change. Low clouds are poorly simulated in climate models, partly due to inadequate long-term simultaneous observations of their macrophysical and microphysical structure, radiative effects, and associated aerosol distribution in regions where their impact is greatest. The thickness and extent of subtropical low clouds is dependent on tight couplings between surface fluxes of heat and moisture, radiative cooling, boundary layer turbulence, and precipitation (much of which evaporates before reaching the ocean surface and is closely connected to the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei). These couplings have been documented as a result of past field programs and model studies. However, extensive research is still required to achieve a quantitative understanding sufficient for developing parameterizations, which adequately predict aerosol indirect effects and low cloud response to climate perturbations. This is especially true of the interactions between clouds, aerosol, and precipitation. These processes take place in an ever-changing synoptic environment that can confound interpretation of short time period observations.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation by : Zev Levin
Download or read book Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation written by Zev Levin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life on Earth is critically dependent upon the continuous cycling of water between oceans, continents and the atmosphere. Precipitation (including rain, snow, and hail) is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. It is also the key physical process that links aspects of climate, weather, and the global hydrological cycle. Changes in precipitation regimes and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, severe ice/snow storms, monsoon fluctuations and hurricanes are of great potential importance to life on the planet. One of the factors that could contribute to precipitation modification is aerosol pollution from various sources such as urban air pollution and biomass burning. Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric aerosols might have important implications for precipitation by influencing the hydrological cycle, which in turn could feed back to climate changes. From an Earth Science perspective, a key question is how changes expected in climate will translate into changes in the hydrological cycle, and what trends may be expected in the future. We require a much better understanding and hence predictive capability of the moisture and energy storages and exchanges among the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, continents and biological systems. This book is a review of our knowledge of the relationship between aerosols and precipitation reaching the Earth's surface and it includes a list of recommendations that could help to advance our knowledge in this area.
Book Synopsis Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation by : H.R. Pruppacher
Download or read book Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation written by H.R. Pruppacher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-12-31 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following addi tional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics respon sible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipi tation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition ofthe atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Warm-cloud Microphysics Using a Multi-component Cloud Model by : Stephen Gary Zahn
Download or read book An Investigation of Warm-cloud Microphysics Using a Multi-component Cloud Model written by Stephen Gary Zahn and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds, especially low, warm, boundary-layer clouds, play an important role in regulating the earth's climate due to their significant contribution to the global albedo. The radiative effects of individual clouds are controlled largely by cloud microstructure, which is itself sensitive to the concentration and spectral distribution of the atmospheric aerosol. Increases in aerosol particle concentrations from anthropogenic activity could result in increased cloud albedo and global cloudiness, increasing the amount of reflected solar radiation. However, the effects of increased aerosol particle concentrations could be offset by the presence of giant or ultragiant aerosol particles. A one-dimensional, multi-component microphysical cloud model has been used to demonstrate the effects of aerosol particle spectral variations on the microstructure of warm clouds. Simulations performed with this model demonstrate that the introduction of increased concentrations of giant aerosol particles has a destabilizing effect on the cloud microstructure. Also, it is shown that warm-cloud microphysical processes modify the aerosol particle spectrum, favoring the generation of the largest sized particles via the collision-coalescence process. These simulations provide further evidence that the effect of aerosol particles on cloud microstructure must be addressed when considering global climate forecasts.
Book Synopsis Physics and Chemistry of Clouds by : Dennis Lamb
Download or read book Physics and Chemistry of Clouds written by Dennis Lamb and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds affect our daily weather and play key roles in the global climate. Through their ability to precipitate, clouds provide virtually all of the fresh water on Earth and are a crucial link in the hydrologic cycle. With ever-increasing importance being placed on quantifiable predictions - from forecasting the local weather to anticipating climate change - we must understand how clouds operate in the real atmosphere, where interactions with natural and anthropogenic pollutants are common. This textbook provides students - whether seasoned or new to the atmospheric sciences - with a quantitative yet approachable path to learning the inner workings of clouds. Developed over many years of the authors' teaching at Pennsylvania State University, Physics and Chemistry of Clouds is an invaluable textbook for advanced students in atmospheric science, meteorology, environmental sciences/engineering and atmospheric chemistry. It is also a very useful reference text for researchers and professionals.
Book Synopsis Sea Salt Aerosol Production by : Ernie R. Lewis
Download or read book Sea Salt Aerosol Production written by Ernie R. Lewis and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152. Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth's surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth's aerosol burden.
Book Synopsis Experimental and Modeling Studies of Interactions of Marine Aerosols and Clouds by :
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Studies of Interactions of Marine Aerosols and Clouds written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goals of this research were to address the following key questions regarding marine aerosol/ cloud interactions: (1) What factors control the abundance and vertical distribution of aerosol in the marine boundary layer? (2) How do these factors affect the formation and lifetime of marine clouds? These questions have been addressed through a combination of modeling and experimental approaches, as described below. The goal of the modeling component was to produce a model description of aerosol evolution and aerosol / cloud interaction that can be applied to a variety of marine boundary layer scenarios. The specific objective of this component was to develop a model for prediction of the effects of aerosol characteristics on cloud formation and evolution, and, in turn, the effects of cloud processes on the marine aerosol. The models built in this project can be used to study the role of aerosol in cloud modification, including ship tracks and indirect climate effects. The goals of the experimental component were to develop new measurement techniques aimed at elucidating some important aerosol / cloud interactions, and to adapt and use these techniques in field work involving characterization of marine aerosol. A particular objective was the development of techniques for determination of size dependent particle properties with high time resolution.
Book Synopsis Mixed-Phase Clouds by : Constantin Andronache
Download or read book Mixed-Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. - Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate - Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry - Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Book Synopsis A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change by : National Research Council
Download or read book A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-05-17 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.
Book Synopsis Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation by : H.R. Pruppacher
Download or read book Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation written by H.R. Pruppacher and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy. This book concentrates on one major aspect: cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles. Common practice has shown that one may distinguish among the following additional major aspects: cloud dynamics, which is concerned with the physics responsible for the macroscopic features of clouds; cloud electricity, which deals with the electrical structure of clouds and the electrification processes of cloud and precipitation particles; and cloud optics and radar meteorology, which describe the effects of electromagnetic waves interacting with clouds and precipitation. Another field intimately related to cloud physics is atmospheric chemistry, which involves the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the life cycle and characteristics of its gaseous and particulate constituents. In view of the natural interdependence of the various aspects of cloud physics, the subject of microphysics cannot be discussed very meaningfully out of context. Therefore, we have found it necessary to touch briefly upon a few simple and basic concepts of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, and to provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles. We have also included a separate chapter on some of the effects of electric fields and charges on the precipitation-forming processes.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy by : Ruth Signorell
Download or read book Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy written by Ruth Signorell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-20 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problem
Book Synopsis Exploring the Interface of Land-atmosphere Interactions and Boundary Layer Cloud Physics by : Samuel Pennypacker
Download or read book Exploring the Interface of Land-atmosphere Interactions and Boundary Layer Cloud Physics written by Samuel Pennypacker and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Boundary layer clouds are fundamental components of the climate system because of their first order impacts on the global energy balance. While marine boundary layer clouds have received most of the attention in this field because of their connection to global climate sensitivity and radiative forcing, continental boundary layer clouds also play a crucial role in controlling the amount of radiation reaching the land surface. Sitting at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, these clouds are fundamentally linked to underlying land surface processes. We present three studies that explore the connection between land-atmosphere interactions and shallow clouds with eye toward improving process-based understanding of this system. The first shows that marine boundary layer clouds are an important sink for aerosol particles over the southeast Atlantic Ocean, helping mitigate the impact of continental African biomass burning aerosols transported to the vicinity of these low clouds. Then, we look to ground our mechanistic understanding of the response of continental shallow cumulus clouds to two different land cover changes, boreal forest expansion and tropical deforestation, using an idealized modeling framework. This analysis reveals the importance of environmental context, especially soil moisture availability and background atmospheric humidity, in determining the response of the convective boundary layer and cloud cover to these land surface perturbations. The co-evolution of boundary layer and lifting condensation level heights also emerges as key and should motivate examination of results from models that cannot faithfully represent these parameters. Finally, using a combination of the same idealized modeling system and observations from two ARM sites, we explore the effects of variations in the surface energy budget, in response to both land cover change and natural variability, on boundary layer convective velocities, initial shallow cumulus updraft speeds and the number of aerosol particles activated into cloud droplets. While the simulations and observations show that surface heat fluxes are not likely the dominant driver of changes in shallow cumulus droplet number in most settings, environments with lower evaporative fractions do favor a stronger coupling. We connect each of these studies to larger questions in cloud physics and land-atmosphere interactions, and hope to motivate further work on the detailed properties of this system.
Book Synopsis Investigating Marine Boundary Layer Aerosol Budgets and Variability by : Johannes Karel Christiaan Mohrmann
Download or read book Investigating Marine Boundary Layer Aerosol Budgets and Variability written by Johannes Karel Christiaan Mohrmann and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine boundary layer (MBL) aerosol particles are an important feature of the climate system due in major part to their effect on marine boundary layer clouds, but the factors controlling their variability are not fully understood. A better understanding of the budget and controlling factors of these aerosol particles is needed to evaluate the effect of anthropogenic perturbations on aerosol concentrations and ultimately cloud radiative properties. Using data primarily collected during the MAGIC field campaign in the northeast Pacific, complemented by aerosol and meteorological reanalysis, we consider a simplified aerosol budget consisting of advection, precipitation loss, wind-mediated sea-surface generation, and entrainment from the lower free-troposphere. A major feature in MBL aerosol variability is the strong seasonal cycle, with concentrations observed to be approximately 50 cm−3 in winter and 100 cm−3 in the summer in the focus region (northeast Pacific). We explore seasonal differences in the concentration of accumulation mode aerosol particle number concentration using a steady-state model, which captures approximately two-thirds of the observed summer-winter difference. We find that precipitation differences account for approximately 53\% of the seasonal difference in aerosol particle concentrations, seasonal differences in advection account for 25%, and wind-driven surface sources and entrainment account for 18% and 4% respectively. Secondary particle formation and growth from smaller modes are not considered. The longitudinal gradient in aerosol particle number concentration is well-reproduced in summer, but overestimated in winter. Sensitivity analysis weighted by estimated variable uncertainty show that uncertainty in aerosol particle advection and free-tropospheric aerosol concentrations are the largest contributors to modeled aerosol uncertainty. On subseasonal timescales, high aerosol concentration events (in the top quartile of 6-hourly means) are found to correlate with shallow, non-precipitating boundary layers with high overlying aerosol concentrations, with no correlation with wind speed; this was observed in both summer and winter.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Effects on Microphysical Properties of Amazonian Clouds by : Oliver Lauer
Download or read book Aerosol Effects on Microphysical Properties of Amazonian Clouds written by Oliver Lauer and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosol particles fundamentally affect cloud formation and properties by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at cloud base and beyond. The effects of aerosols on clouds in theory and processes on small scale are well understood. For real clouds and for a range of atmospheric pollution states, however, the understand- ing of microphysical processes across the entire cloud structure still bears major open questions. Aircraft studies have accurately measured the aerosol effects on clouds on local scales and for short time periods. Satellite investigations cover large scales for extended periods, but with limited accuracy on microphysical processes at different cloud levels, often covering the cloud tops only. A combination of both,provides a comprehensive picture of aerosol and cloud microphysics on large geographic scales across multiple years, which is crucial to understand the current state and future development of the climate system. In this thesis, in situ aerosol data and high-resolution satellite observations across multiple years were combined for the atmosphere over the remote Amazon rain for- est. Satellite retrieved profiles of the temperature and the effective radius of cloud droplets were used to resolve seasonal changes in fundamental cloud properties. A clear seasonality was found in aerosol and cloud parameters. The fraction of aerosol particles being activated into cloud droplets was high during the pristine wet season, but also during the polluted dry season. It was higher than expected from previous studies. The results show that the cloud formation in the Amazon is both, aerosol- and updraft-sensitive, not just for the low aerosol concentrations in the wet season, but also under the heavy biomass burning smoke influence in the dry season. Our findings shed light on the aerosol-driven changes in fundamental parameters of trop- ical convective clouds and suggest that the buffering effect of updraft-limited droplet activation at high aerosol concentrations is smaller than expected. The effects of aerosol particles on cloud properties are not limited to cloud base, but cover the entire vertical cloud structure. Seasonal patterns in the vertical cloud structure were investigated by resolving the distinct microphysical zones of conden- sational droplet growth, collision and coalescence, secondary droplet activation, the mixed phase of water and ice particles as well as the ice phase. The vertical profiles of the effective radius of cloud particles as a function of temperature differ strongly between the low aerosol conditions during the wet season and the biomass burning smoke dominated dry season. The vertical depth of the cloud microphysical zones is strongly seasonal as well. The seasonality is most pronounced for the condensational growth zone, which is much deeper in the dry season. In contrast, the secondary activation zone plays a more significant role in the wet season. These findings under- line that the widely variable aerosol population in the Amazon has profound effects on microphysical processes across the entire vertical profile of convective clouds.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Impacts of Aerosol Sources Upon Coastal Clouds by : Gavin Cornwell
Download or read book Investigating the Impacts of Aerosol Sources Upon Coastal Clouds written by Gavin Cornwell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols can affect climate and precipitation through their ability to serve as cloud seeds. Of particular interest to this dissertation are the sources of aerosols impacting storms that cross the coast of California. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are particles capable of triggering heterogeneous ice formation in the atmosphere. Even though they are rare, they can have an outsized effect due to their ability to trigger cloud glaciation even at low concentrations. In this dissertation, the effect of aerosol sources and microphysical properties, particularly those of INPs, upon coastal clouds are studied using a combination of lab experiments, field measurements, remote sensing, and atmospheric modeling. Measurements of ambient particles showed that specific meteorological conditions can lead to the transport of anthropogenic pollution particles to the coast of California from the Central Valley, potentially modifying properties of coastal clouds. The role of meteorological conditions in dictating particle source during a winter storm was also investigated by analyzing precipitation samples and remote sensing of clouds. The features of single particle mass spectrometer measurements of dust and bioparticles are explored and characterized. The findings from these lab experiments are used to develop a novel decision tree for the identification of bioparticles in ambient measurements. For the first time, single particle measurements of marine and coastal INP composition were performed. The major source of INPs active at T = -30 oC was dust, while sea spray aerosol (SSA) and bioparticles were minor sources. SSA that activated into ice crystals were found to be enriched in organics. A novel methodology was developed to estimate INP sources without using direct measurements of INPs. Bioparticles are found to dominate INPs active at T = -20 oC. Finally, a series of experiments showed that dust can be resuspended from the ocean and still be able to nucleate ice. Aerosol transport simulations of this phenomenon showed that this process may be important for INP populations in the Southern Ocean.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Effects on Climate by : S. G. Jennings
Download or read book Aerosol Effects on Climate written by S. G. Jennings and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is now a growing awareness that, in addition to the well publicized influence of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases on the warming of the earth's atmosphere, aerosol particles may also play an important role in forcing climate change. This volume brings together previously unavailable data and interpretative analyses, derived from studies in both the U.S. and U.S.S.R., which review, update, and assess aerosol-related climatic effects.
