Closed Loop Neuroscience

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Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128026413
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Closed Loop Neuroscience by : Ahmed El Hady

Download or read book Closed Loop Neuroscience written by Ahmed El Hady and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closed Loop Neuroscience addresses the technical aspects of closed loop neurophysiology, presenting the implementation of these approaches spanning several domains of neuroscience, from cellular and network neurophysiology, through sensory and motor systems, and then clinical therapeutic devices. Although closed-loop approaches have long been a part of the neuroscientific toolbox, these techniques are only now gaining popularity in research and clinical applications. As there is not yet a comprehensive methods book addressing the topic as a whole, this volume fills that gap, presenting state-of-the-art approaches and the technical advancements that enable their application to different scientific problems in neuroscience. Presents the first volume to offer researchers a comprehensive overview of the technical realities of employing closed loop techniques in their work Offers application to in-vitro, in-vivo, and hybrid systems Contains an emphasis on the actual techniques used rather than on specific results obtained Includes exhaustive protocols and descriptions of software and hardware, making it easy for readers to implement the proposed methodologies Encompasses the clinical/neuroprosthetic aspect and how these systems can also be used to contribute to our understanding of basic neurophysiology Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field from around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available

Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889454665
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses by : Timothée Levi

Download or read book Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses written by Timothée Levi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-04-26 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.

Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288919356X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems by : Steve M Potter

Download or read book Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems written by Steve M Potter and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closed-loop neurophysiology has been accelerated by recent software and hardware developments and by the emergence of novel tools to control neuronal activity with spatial and temporal precision, in which stimuli are delivered in real time based on recordings or behavior. Real-time stimulation feedback enables a wide range of innovative studies of information processing and plasticity in neuronal networks. This Research Topic e-Book comprises 16 Original Research Articles, seven Methods Articles, and seven Reviews, Mini- Reviews, and Perspectives, all peer-reviewed and published in Frontiers in Neural Circuits. The contributions deal with closed loop neurophysiology experiments at a variety of levels of neural circuit complexity. Some include modeling and theoretical analyses. New enabling technologies and techniques are described. Novel work is presented from experiments in vitro, in vivo, and in humans, along with their clinical and technological implications for improving the human condition.

Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (136 download)

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Book Synopsis Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses by :

Download or read book Closed-Loop Systems for Next-Generation Neuroprostheses written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.

Closed-Loop Neurophysiology: Clinical Research

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Author :
Publisher : States Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9781639891146
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Closed-Loop Neurophysiology: Clinical Research by : George Morris

Download or read book Closed-Loop Neurophysiology: Clinical Research written by George Morris and published by States Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurophysiology is the branch of physiology and neuroscience which is concerned with the study of nerve cells as they transmit and receive information. It focuses on the study of the brain and spinal cord, and their connection to the mental health. Some of the methods used for research in the field of neurophysiology are electrophysiological recordings such as voltage clamp, patch clamp, extracellular single-unit recording and recording of local field potentials. Closed-loop neuroscience is referred to as a field of study that considers the brain as a loop that interacts with itself, among themselves and with the environment in a relative manner. Closed loop neurophysiology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Neural Computation in Embodied Closed-Loop Systems for the Generation of Complex Behavior: From Biology to Technology

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889456056
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Neural Computation in Embodied Closed-Loop Systems for the Generation of Complex Behavior: From Biology to Technology by : Poramate Manoonpong

Download or read book Neural Computation in Embodied Closed-Loop Systems for the Generation of Complex Behavior: From Biology to Technology written by Poramate Manoonpong and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can neural and morphological computations be effectively combined and realized in embodied closed-loop systems (e.g., robots) such that they can become more like living creatures in their level of performance? Understanding this will lead to new technologies and a variety of applications. To tackle this research question, here, we bring together experts from different fields (including Biology, Computational Neuroscience, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence) to share their recent findings and ideas and to update our research community. This eBook collects 17 cutting edge research articles, covering neural and morphological computations as well as the transfer of results to real world applications, like prosthesis and orthosis control and neuromorphic hardware implementation.

Brain-Machine Interface

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319679406
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain-Machine Interface by : Xilin Liu

Download or read book Brain-Machine Interface written by Xilin Liu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the emerging area of “Brain-Machine Interfaces,” with emphasis on the operation and practical design aspects. The book will help both electrical & bioengineers as well as neuroscience investigators to learn about the next generation brain-machine interfaces. The comprehensive review and design analysis will be very helpful for researchers who are new to this area or interested in the study of the brain. The in-depth discussion of practical design issues especially in animal experiments will also be valuable for experienced researchers.

Neuroforensics

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309477794
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroforensics by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Neuroforensics written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-13 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technological advances in noninvasive neuroimaging, neurophysiology, genome sequencing, and other methods together with rapid progress in computational and statistical methods and data storage have facilitated large-scale collection of human genomic, cognitive, behavioral, and brain-based data. The rapid development of neurotechnologies and associated databases has been mirrored by an increase in attempts to introduce neuroscience and behavioral genetic evidence into legal proceedings. In March 2018, the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine organized a workshop in order to explore the current uses of neuroscience and bring stakeholders from neuroscience and legal societies together in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Participants worked together to advance an understanding of neurotechnologies that could impact the legal system and the state of readiness to consider these technologies and where appropriate, to integrate them into the legal system. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811655405
Total Pages : 3686 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neuroengineering by : Nitish V. Thakor

Download or read book Handbook of Neuroengineering written by Nitish V. Thakor and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-02 with total page 3686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook serves as an authoritative reference book in the field of Neuroengineering. Neuroengineering is a very exciting field that is rapidly getting established as core subject matter for research and education. The Neuroengineering field has also produced an impressive array of industry products and clinical applications. It also serves as a reference book for graduate students, research scholars and teachers. Selected sections or a compendium of chapters may be used as “reference book” for a one or two semester graduate course in Biomedical Engineering. Some academicians will construct a “textbook” out of selected sections or chapters. The Handbook is also meant as a state-of-the-art volume for researchers. Due to its comprehensive coverage, researchers in one field covered by a certain section of the Handbook would find other sections valuable sources of cross-reference for information and fertilization of interdisciplinary ideas. Industry researchers as well as clinicians using neurotechnologies will find the Handbook a single source for foundation and state-of-the-art applications in the field of Neuroengineering. Regulatory agencies, entrepreneurs, investors and legal experts can use the Handbook as a reference for their professional work as well.​

New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319129139
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience by : Adam D. Douglass

Download or read book New Techniques in Systems Neuroscience written by Adam D. Douglass and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-13 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is essential reading for anyone wishing to understand the recent explosion of experimental tools in neuroscience that now make it possible to manipulate, record, and understand neuronal activity within the intact brain, and which are helping us learn how the many neurons that comprise a network act together to control behavior. Leaders in the field discuss the latest developments in optogenetics, functional imaging, circuit mapping, and the application of these tools to complex biological problems.

Computational Models of Brain and Behavior

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119159067
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Models of Brain and Behavior by : Ahmed A. Moustafa

Download or read book Computational Models of Brain and Behavior written by Ahmed A. Moustafa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive Introduction to the world of brain and behavior computational models This book provides a broad collection of articles covering different aspects of computational modeling efforts in psychology and neuroscience. Specifically, it discusses models that span different brain regions (hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, visual cortex), different species (humans, rats, fruit flies), and different modeling methods (neural network, Bayesian, reinforcement learning, data fitting, and Hodgkin-Huxley models, among others). Computational Models of Brain and Behavior is divided into four sections: (a) Models of brain disorders; (b) Neural models of behavioral processes; (c) Models of neural processes, brain regions and neurotransmitters, and (d) Neural modeling approaches. It provides in-depth coverage of models of psychiatric disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, and dyslexia; models of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy; early sensory and perceptual processes; models of olfaction; higher/systems level models and low-level models; Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning; linking information theory to neurobiology; and more. Covers computational approximations to intellectual disability in down syndrome Discusses computational models of pharmacological and immunological treatment in Alzheimer's disease Examines neural circuit models of serotonergic system (from microcircuits to cognition) Educates on information theory, memory, prediction, and timing in associative learning Computational Models of Brain and Behavior is written for advanced undergraduate, Master's and PhD-level students—as well as researchers involved in computational neuroscience modeling research.

Recent Advances in Closed-Loop Neurophysiology

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781639874743
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Closed-Loop Neurophysiology by : George Morris

Download or read book Recent Advances in Closed-Loop Neurophysiology written by George Morris and published by . This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The branch of study which focuses on the nerve cells as well as the manner in which they transmit and receive information is termed as neurophysiology. There are various methods of research within this field, a few of which are using patch clamp, extracellular single-unit recording, voltage clamp for electrophysiological recording. Close loop neurophysiology is one of the approaches to the study of neural systems wherein the neural behavior and activity is recorded and used to deliver a real time activity-dependent stimulation. This approach considers the brain to be a set of loops which is interacting with and among itself as well as with the environment in a relational fashion. This book explores all the important aspects of closed-loop neurophysiology in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The Autonomous Brain

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Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135670269
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis The Autonomous Brain by : Peter M. Milner

Download or read book The Autonomous Brain written by Peter M. Milner and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1999-07-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The behaviorist credo that animals are devices for translating sensory input into appropriate responses dies hard. The thesis of this pathbreaking book is that the brain is innately constructed to initiate behaviors likely to promote the survival of the species, and to sensitize sensory systems to stimuli required for those behaviors. Animals attend innately to vital stimuli (reinforcers) and the more advanced animals learn to attend to related stimuli as well. Thus, the centrifugal attentional components of sensory systems are as important for learned behavior as the more conventional paths. It is hypothesized that the basal ganglia are an important source of response plans and attentional signals. This reversal of traditional learning theory, along with the rapid expansion of knowledge about the brain, especially that acquired by improved techniques for recording neural activity in behaving animals and people, makes it possible to re-examine some long standing psychological problems. One such problem is how the intention to perform an act selects sensory input from relevant objects and ensures that it alone is delivered to the motor system to control the intended response. This is an aspect of what is sometimes known as the binding problem: how the different features of an observed object are integrated into a unified percept. Another problem that has never been satisfactorily addressed is how the brain stores information concerning temporal order, a requirement for the production of most learned responses, including pronouncing and writing words. A fundamental process, the association between brain activities representing external events, is surprisingly poorly understood at the neural level. Most concepts have multiple associations but the concept is not unduly corrupted by them, and usually only a single appropriate association is aroused at a time. Furthermore, any arbitrary pair of concepts can be instantly associated, apparently requiring an impossibly high degree of neural interconnection. The author suggests a substitute for the reverberating closed neuronal loop as an explanation for the engram (active memory trace or working memory), which may go some way to resolving these difficulties. Shedding new light on enduring questions, The Autonomous Brain will be welcomed by a broad audience of behavioral and brain scientists.

Psychiatric Neuroethics

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191076600
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychiatric Neuroethics by : Walter Glannon

Download or read book Psychiatric Neuroethics written by Walter Glannon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in psychiatric research and clinical psychiatry in the last 30 years have given rise to a host of new questions that lie at the intersection of psychiatry, neuroscience, philosophy and law. Such questions include: -Are psychiatric disorders diseases of the brain, caused by dysfunctional neural circuits and neurotransmitters? -What role do genes, neuro-endocrine, neuro-immune interactions and the environment play in the development of these disorders? -How do different explanations of the etiology and pathophysiology of mental illness influence diagnosis, prognosis and decisions about treatment? -Would it be rational for a person with a chronic treatment-resistant disorder to request euthanasia or assisted suicide to end their suffering? -Could psychiatric disorders be predicted and prevented? Psychiatric Neuroethics explores these questions in a comprehensive and systematic way, discussing the medical and philosophical implications of neuroscience and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoc) in the fields of psychiatry and mental health. It examines the extent to which circuit-based criteria can offer a satisfactory explanation of psychiatric disorders and how they compare with the symptom-based criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMV). This book will be of interest to a multidisciplinary audience, including psychiatrists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, philosophers, psychologists and legal theorists.

Computational Neuroscience

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319008617
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Neuroscience by : Hanspeter A Mallot

Download or read book Computational Neuroscience written by Hanspeter A Mallot and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Neuroscience - A First Course provides an essential introduction to computational neuroscience and equips readers with a fundamental understanding of modeling the nervous system at the membrane, cellular, and network level. The book, which grew out of a lecture series held regularly for more than ten years to graduate students in neuroscience with backgrounds in biology, psychology and medicine, takes its readers on a journey through three fundamental domains of computational neuroscience: membrane biophysics, systems theory and artificial neural networks. The required mathematical concepts are kept as intuitive and simple as possible throughout the book, making it fully accessible to readers who are less familiar with mathematics. Overall, Computational Neuroscience - A First Course represents an essential reference guide for all neuroscientists who use computational methods in their daily work, as well as for any theoretical scientist approaching the field of computational neuroscience.

Therapeutic Relevance and Mechanisms of Neuro-Immune Communication in Brain Injury

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832532535
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Therapeutic Relevance and Mechanisms of Neuro-Immune Communication in Brain Injury by : Zhang Pengyue

Download or read book Therapeutic Relevance and Mechanisms of Neuro-Immune Communication in Brain Injury written by Zhang Pengyue and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-25 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is a critical organ with neuro-immune communication. The nervous system and immune system evolved to provide regulation of physiological homeostasis and protect against threats. Neuro-immune communication is correlated with physiological functions of various tissues and organs, and the internal environment balance. In brain trauma, the neural network is destroyed and the neuro-immune communication process is impaired. However, the research on this process is insufficient and limited. A thorough clarification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury is an essential necessary endeavor in the search for new therapeutic targets for brain injury. This Research Topic is devoted to the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury and on the meaningful exploration of how the nervous system regulates the immune system to promote neurofunctional recovery after brain injury.

Fundamentals of Neural Network Modeling

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262161756
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Neural Network Modeling by : Randolph W. Parks

Download or read book Fundamentals of Neural Network Modeling written by Randolph W. Parks and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an introduction to the neural network modeling of complex cognitive and neuropsychological processes. Over the past few years, computer modeling has become more prevalent in the clinical sciences as an alternative to traditional symbol-processing models. This book provides an introduction to the neural network modeling of complex cognitive and neuropsychological processes. It is intended to make the neural network approach accessible to practicing neuropsychologists, psychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. It will also be a useful resource for computer scientists, mathematicians, and interdisciplinary cognitive neuroscientists. The editors (in their introduction) and contributors explain the basic concepts behind modeling and avoid the use of high-level mathematics. The book is divided into four parts. Part I provides an extensive but basic overview of neural network modeling, including its history, present, and future trends. It also includes chapters on attention, memory, and primate studies. Part II discusses neural network models of behavioral states such as alcohol dependence, learned helplessness, depression, and waking and sleeping. Part III presents neural network models of neuropsychological tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, the Tower of Hanoi, and the Stroop Test. Finally, part IV describes the application of neural network models to dementia: models of acetycholine and memory, verbal fluency, Parkinsons disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Contributors J. Wesson Ashford, Rajendra D. Badgaiyan, Jean P. Banquet, Yves Burnod, Nelson Butters, John Cardoso, Agnes S. Chan, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Kerry L. Coburn, Jonathan D. Cohen, Laurent Cohen, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal, Antonio R. Damasio, Hanna Damasio, Stanislas Dehaene, Martha J. Farah, Joaquin M. Fuster, Philippe Gaussier, Angelika Gissler, Dylan G. Harwood, Michael E. Hasselmo, J, Allan Hobson, Sam Leven, Daniel S. Levine, Debra L. Long, Roderick K. Mahurin, Raymond L. Ownby, Randolph W. Parks, Michael I. Posner, David P. Salmon, David Servan-Schreiber, Chantal E. Stern, Jeffrey P. Sutton, Lynette J. Tippett, Daniel Tranel, Bradley Wyble