Climate Change 2022

Download Climate Change 2022 full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Climate Change 2022 ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309471699
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of the Draft Fourth National Climate Assessment written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders.

Climate Change

Author : Mike Hulme
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000413233
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change by : Mike Hulme

Download or read book Climate Change written by Mike Hulme and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by a leading geographer of climate, this book offers a unique guide to students and general readers alike for making sense of this profound, far-reaching, and contested idea. It presents climate change as an idea with a past, a present, and a future. In ten carefully crafted chapters, Climate Change offers a synoptic and inter-disciplinary understanding of the idea of climate change from its varied historical and cultural origins; to its construction more recently through scientific endeavour; to the multiple ways in which political, social, and cultural movements in today’s world seek to make sense of and act upon it; to the possible futures of climate, however it may be governed and imagined. The central claim of the book is that the full breadth and power of the idea of climate change can only be grasped from a vantage point that embraces the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. This vantage point is what the book offers, written from the perspective of a geographer whose career work on climate change has drawn across the full range of academic disciplines. The book highlights the work of leading geographers in relation to climate change; examples, illustrations, and case study boxes are drawn from different cultures around the world, and questions are posed for use in class discussions. The book is written as a student text, suitable for disciplinary and inter-disciplinary undergraduate and graduate courses that embrace climate change from within social science and humanities disciplines. Science students studying climate change on inter-disciplinary programmes will also benefit from reading it, as too will the general reader looking for a fresh and distinctive account of climate change.

Climate Change Adaptation

Author : Lisa Dale
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231552971
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change Adaptation by : Lisa Dale

Download or read book Climate Change Adaptation written by Lisa Dale and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-07-05 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change policy has typically emphasized mitigation, calling for reducing emissions and shifting away from fossil fuels. Yet while these efforts have floundered, floods, wildfires, droughts, and other disasters are becoming more frequent and potent. As the risks escalate, we must ask how to adapt to a changing climate. How might farmers modify their practices to maximize food security? Can coastal cities protect their infrastructure from rising seas? Are there strategic ways for developing countries to combine climate resilience with economic growth and poverty reduction? For people and societies around the world, these questions are not theoretical: adaptation is already underway. This book offers a concise overview of climate adaptation governance. In clear, accessible language, Lisa Dale describes key strategies that governments, communities, and the private sector are now deploying. She presents the theory and practice that underlie climate adaptation efforts at local and global scales, providing illuminating case studies that foreground the problems facing developing countries. Dale analyzes the effectiveness of a range of policy interventions, drawing out principles of good governance and discussing how practitioners can navigate complex tradeoffs. She emphasizes equity and inclusion, considering how climate adaptation policy can account for the needs of historically disadvantaged groups. Written for a wide audience, this book is an invaluable introduction for all readers interested in how societies can meet the challenges of an altered climate.

Managing the Climate Crisis

Author : Jonathan Barnett
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1642832006
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Managing the Climate Crisis by : Jonathan Barnett

Download or read book Managing the Climate Crisis written by Jonathan Barnett and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2022-07-14 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural disasters from heat waves to coastal and river flooding will inevitably become worse because of greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. Managing them is possible, but planners, designers, and policymakers need to advance adaptation and preventative measures now. Managing the Climate Crisis: Designing and Building for Floods, Heat, Drought and Wildfire by design and planning experts Jonathan Barnett and Matthijs Bouw is a practical guide to addressing this urgent national security problem. Barnett and Bouw draw from the latest scientific findings and include many recent, real-world examples to illustrate how to manage seven climate-related threats: flooding along coastlines, river flooding, flash floods from extreme rain events, drought, wildfire, long periods of high heat, and food shortages.

Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009445383
Total Pages : 3070 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Download or read book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-22 with total page 3070 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Climate Change as Class War

Author : Matthew T. Huber
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1788733894
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change as Class War by : Matthew T. Huber

Download or read book Climate Change as Class War written by Matthew T. Huber and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2022-05-10 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to build a movement to confront climate change The climate crisis is not primarily a problem of ‘believing science’ or individual ‘carbon footprints’ – it is a class problem rooted in who owns, controls and profits from material production. As such, it will take a class struggle to solve. In this ground breaking class analysis, Matthew T. Huber argues that the carbon-intensive capitalist class must be confronted for producing climate change. Yet, the narrow and unpopular roots of climate politics in the professional class is not capable of building a movement up to this challenge. For an alternative strategy, he proposes climate politics that appeals to the vast majority of society: the working class. Huber evaluates the Green New Deal as a first attempt to channel working class material and ecological interests and advocates building union power in the very energy system we need to dramatically transform. In the end, as in classical socialist movements of the early 20th Century, winning the climate struggle will need to be internationalist based on a form of planetary working class solidarity.

The Energy Switch

Author : Peter Kelly-Detwiler
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1633886670
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (338 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Energy Switch by : Peter Kelly-Detwiler

Download or read book The Energy Switch written by Peter Kelly-Detwiler and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The energy industry is changing, and it’s far more than just solar panels. Electric vehicles look to overtake gasoline-powered cars within our lifetimes, wind farms are popping up in unlikely places, traders are transforming energy into a commodity, and supercomputers are crunching vast amounts of data in nanoseconds while helping to keep our energy grids secure from hackers. The way humans produce, distribute and consume power will be cleaner, cheaper, and infinitely more complex within the next decade. In The Energy Switch, leading energy industry expert Peter Kelly-Detwiler looks at all aspects of the transformation: how we got here, where we are going, and the implications for all of us in our daily lives. Kelly-Detwiler takes readers to the frontlines of the energy revolution. Meet Steve Collins, an executive from Commercial Development Corporation, the company that blew up two $570-million-dollar concrete cooling towers to create a staging ground for the new $70 billion U.S. offshore wind industry; Rob Threlkeld, a General Motors executive who convinced the auto giant to sign multiple 20-year renewable energy contracts worth hundreds of millions; Kevin McAlpin, a Texas homeowner who buys the power for his home on the electricity spot market – where prices can soar from less than one cent a kilowatthour to $9.00 over the course of a single day; Dr. Kristin Persson, who oversees a supercomputer that can process data at 30 quadrillion calculations per second, in the quest for better renewable energy and battery technologies; and John Davis, a Texas rancher who can keep his land intact, with help from the royalty payments from seven turbines spinning on his range. Energy creation and distribution has driven society’s progress for centuries. Today, people are increasingly aware that it is imperative that humans move towards a cleaner, digitized, and democratized energy economy. The Energy Switch is about that multi-trillion dollar transformation, told from the perspective of those leading us to that bright future.

Climate Change and U.S. Cities

Author : William D. Solecki
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1610919793
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change and U.S. Cities by : William D. Solecki

Download or read book Climate Change and U.S. Cities written by William D. Solecki and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2022-02-08 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 80% of the U.S. population now lives in urban metropolitan areas, and this number is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. At the same time, the built infrastructure sustaining these populations has become increasingly vulnerable to climate change. Stresses to existing systems, such as buildings, energy, transportation, water, and sanitation are growing. If the status quo continues, these systems will be unable to support a high quality of life for urban residents over the next decades, a vulnerability exacerbated by climate change impacts. Understanding this dilemma and identifying a path forward is particularly important as cities are becoming leading agents of climate action. Prepared as a follow-up to the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA), Climate Change and U.S. Cities documents the current understanding of existing and future climate risk for U.S. cities, urban systems, and the residents that depend on them. Beginning with an examination of the existing science since 2012, chapters develop connections between existing and emerging climate risk, adaptation planning, and the role of networks and organizations in facilitating climate action in cities. From studies revealing disaster vulnerability among low-income populations to the development of key indicators for tracking climate change, this is an essential, foundational analysis. Importantly, the assessment puts a critical emphasis on the cross-cutting factors of economics, equity, and governance. Urban stakeholders and decision makers will come away with a full picture of existing climate risks and a set of conclusions and recommendations for action. Many cities in the United States still have not yet planned for climate change and the costs of inaction are great. With bold analysis, Climate Change and U.S. Cities reveals the need for action and the tools that cities must harness to effect decisive, meaningful change.

The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009178466
Total Pages : 1807 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 1807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

How to Avoid a Climate Disaster

Author : Bill Gates
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0385546149
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis How to Avoid a Climate Disaster by : Bill Gates

Download or read book How to Avoid a Climate Disaster written by Bill Gates and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BEST SELLER • In this urgent, authoritative book, Bill Gates sets out a wide-ranging, practical—and accessible—plan for how the world can get to zero greenhouse gas emissions in time to avoid a climate catastrophe. Bill Gates has spent a decade investigating the causes and effects of climate change. With the help of experts in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, political science, and finance, he has focused on what must be done in order to stop the planet's slide to certain environmental disaster. In this book, he not only explains why we need to work toward net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases, but also details what we need to do to achieve this profoundly important goal. He gives us a clear-eyed description of the challenges we face. Drawing on his understanding of innovation and what it takes to get new ideas into the market, he describes the areas in which technology is already helping to reduce emissions, where and how the current technology can be made to function more effectively, where breakthrough technologies are needed, and who is working on these essential innovations. Finally, he lays out a concrete, practical plan for achieving the goal of zero emissions—suggesting not only policies that governments should adopt, but what we as individuals can do to keep our government, our employers, and ourselves accountable in this crucial enterprise. As Bill Gates makes clear, achieving zero emissions will not be simple or easy to do, but if we follow the plan he sets out here, it is a goal firmly within our reach.

Investing in the Era of Climate Change

Author : Bruce Usher
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 023155382X
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Investing in the Era of Climate Change by : Bruce Usher

Download or read book Investing in the Era of Climate Change written by Bruce Usher and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-09-28 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A climate catastrophe can be avoided, but only with a rapid and sustained investment in companies and projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To the surprise of many, this has already begun. Investors are abandoning fossil-fuel companies and other polluting industries and financing businesses offering climate solutions. Rising risks, evolving social norms, government policies, and technological innovation are all accelerating this movement of capital. Bruce Usher offers an indispensable guide to the risks and opportunities for investors as the world faces climate change. He explores the role that investment plays in reducing emissions to net zero by 2050, detailing how to finance the winners and avoid the losers in a transforming global economy. Usher argues that careful examination of climate solutions will offer investors a new and necessary lens on the future for their own financial benefit and for the greater good. Companies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions will create great wealth, and, more importantly, they will provide a lifeline for humanity. Grounded in academic and industry research, Usher’s insights bring clarity to a complex and controversial topic while illuminating the people behind the numbers. This book sets out a practical and actionable plan for investors that will alter the course of climate change.

Climate Change

Author : The Royal Society
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309302021
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change by : The Royal Society

Download or read book Climate Change written by The Royal Society and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change: Evidence and Causes is a jointly produced publication of The US National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society. Written by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists and reviewed by climate scientists and others, the publication is intended as a brief, readable reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and other individuals seeking authoritative information on the some of the questions that continue to be asked. Climate Change makes clear what is well-established and where understanding is still developing. It echoes and builds upon the long history of climate-related work from both national academies, as well as on the newest climate-change assessment from the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It touches on current areas of active debate and ongoing research, such as the link between ocean heat content and the rate of warming.

Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031

Author : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309261340
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031 by : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine

Download or read book Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031 written by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-16 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As information technology becomes an integral part of health care, it is important to collect and analyze data in a way that makes the information understandable and useful. Informatics tools--which help collect, organize, and analyze data--are essential to biomedical and health research and development. The field of cancer research is facing an overwhelming deluge of data, heightening the national urgency to find solutions to support and sustain the cancer informatics ecosystem. There is a particular need to integrate research and clinical data to facilitate personalized medicine approaches to cancer prevention and treatment--for example, tailoring treatment based on an individual patient's genetic makeup as well as that of the tumor --and to allow for more rapid learning from patient experiences. To further examine informatics needs and challenges for 21st century biomedical research, the IOM's National Cancer Policy Forum held a workshop February 27-28, 2012. The workshop was designed to raise awareness of the critical and urgent importance of the challenges, gaps and opportunities in informatics; to frame the issues surrounding the development of an integrated system of cancer informatics for acceleration of research; and to discuss solutions for transformation of the cancer informatics enterprise. Informatics Needs and Challenges in Cancer Research: Workshop Summary summarizes the workshop."--Publisher's description

The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change, Revised Edition

Author : Yoram Bauman
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1642832332
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change, Revised Edition by : Yoram Bauman

Download or read book The Cartoon Introduction to Climate Change, Revised Edition written by Yoram Bauman and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A lot has happened to the climate over the last decade, and the authors tackle the daunting statistics with their trademark humor. They realize it's better to laugh than cry when confronting mind-blowing facts about our changing world. Readers will become familiar with critical concepts, but they'll also smile as they learn about climate science, projections, and policy.

Great Powers, Climate Change, and Global Environmental Responsibilities

Author : Robert Falkner
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192635735
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Great Powers, Climate Change, and Global Environmental Responsibilities by : Robert Falkner

Download or read book Great Powers, Climate Change, and Global Environmental Responsibilities written by Robert Falkner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-10 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first of its kind to examine the role of great powers in the international politics of climate change. It develops a novel analytical framework for studying environmental power in international relations, what counts as a great power in the environmental field, and what their special environmental responsibilities are. In doing so, the book connects International Relations (IR) debates on power inequality, great powers and great power management, with global environmental politics (GEP) scholarship. The book brings together leading scholars in IR and GEP whose contributions focus on major environmental powers (United States, China, European Union, India, Brazil, Russia) and international institutions and issue areas (UN Security Council, multilateral environmental agreements, international climate leadership, coal politics). The contributors to this volume examine how individual great powers have responded to the global climate challenge and whether they have accepted a special responsibility for stabilizing the global climate. They place emerging discourses on great power responsibility in the context of wider debates about international environmental leadership and climate change securitization. And they provide new insights into how international power inequality intersects with the global ecological crisis, and what special role great powers could and should play in the international fight against global warming.

Climate Change in Human History

Author : Benjamin Lieberman
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350170364
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change in Human History by : Benjamin Lieberman

Download or read book Climate Change in Human History written by Benjamin Lieberman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and Human History provides a concise introduction to the relationship between human beings and climate change throughout history. Starting hundreds of thousands of years ago and going up to the present day, this book illustrates how natural climate variability affected early human societies and how human activity is now leading to drastic changes to our climate. Taking a chronological approach the authors explain how climate change created opportunities and challenges for human societies in each major time period, covering themes such as phases of climate and history, climate shocks, the rise and fall of civilizations, industrialization, accelerating climate change and our future outlook. This 2nd edition includes a new chapter on the explosion of social movements, protest groups and key individuals since 2017 and the implications this has had on the history of climate change, an improved introduction to the Anthropocene and extra content on the basic dynamics of the climate system alongside updated historiography. With more case studies, images and individuals throughout the text, the second edition also includes a glossary of terms and further reading to aid students in understanding this interdisciplinary subject. An ideal companion for all students of environmental history, Climate Change and Human History clearly demonstrates the critical role of climate in shaping human history and of the experience of humans in both adapting to and shaping climate change.

World Migration Report 2020

Author : United Nations
Publisher : United Nations
ISBN 13 : 9290687894
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis World Migration Report 2020 by : United Nations

Download or read book World Migration Report 2020 written by United Nations and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 2000, IOM has been producing world migration reports. The World Migration Report 2020, the tenth in the world migration report series, has been produced to contribute to increased understanding of migration throughout the world. This new edition presents key data and information on migration as well as thematic chapters on highly topical migration issues, and is structured to focus on two key contributions for readers: Part I: key information on migration and migrants (including migration-related statistics); and Part II: balanced, evidence-based analysis of complex and emerging migration issues.