Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Cliffsnotes Roadmap To College Navigating Your Way To College Admission Success
Download Cliffsnotes Roadmap To College Navigating Your Way To College Admission Success full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Cliffsnotes Roadmap To College Navigating Your Way To College Admission Success ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis CliffsNotes Roadmap to College: Navigating Your Way to College Admission Success by : Karen Wolf
Download or read book CliffsNotes Roadmap to College: Navigating Your Way to College Admission Success written by Karen Wolf and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2009-10-06 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Let the experts at CliffsNotes steer you toward college admission success! Applying to college can be a daunting process, but with the expert help of CliffsNotes, you'll get all the advice you need to navigate your way through the entire admission process and get into the school of your dreams. Inside, you'll get: What College Admission Officers Are Looking for What You Should Be Looking for in Colleges Planning Worthwhile Campus Visits How to Write a Winning Personal Statement Do's and Don'ts for Essay Writing Sample Essays That Worked Application Nuts and Bolts How to Salvage Your Senior Year How to Pay for College Appendices Packed with Useful Web Sites and National Scholarships
Book Synopsis Admission Matters by : Sally P. Springer
Download or read book Admission Matters written by Sally P. Springer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-22 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most up-to-date version of the best-selling guide to college admissions for over twenty years Newly revised and thoroughly updated, the fifth edition of Admission Matters continues to be the go-to guide for students and families seeking help with the college admissions process. Higher education experts Sally P. Springer, Ph.D., Joyce Vining Morgan, Ph.D., Nancy Griesemer, M.A., and Jon Reider, Ph.D., deliver a practical and accessible roadmap for a successful admissions outcome, whether the student is a high school freshman or a senior about to apply to college. Reassuring and easy to read, Admission Matters provides deep insight into a process that has become increasingly complex and unpredictable with each passing year. In the fifth edition, readers will learn how to build a balanced college list, when to apply, what goes into crafting a compelling application, how colleges make decisions, how financial aid works, and more. Admission Matters offers real-world expert advice for all students, whether they're aiming for an Ivy or a state school close to home. The book provides practical guidance for students and families whether they come from an under-resourced background or one that has provided abundant opportunities. Admission Matters also includes much-needed information for students with special circumstances, including students with disabilities, international students, transfers, and non-traditional students. Athletes, artists and performers, and homeschoolers will also have many of their questions answered as they plan for and apply to college. Admission Matters also provides the latest information on: The shift to test-optional or test-free admissions at many schools and what that means for you The transition to an adaptive, digital format for the SAT Changes to the federal process for financial aid What selective colleges are increasingly looking for when faced with growing numbers of applications Differences among colleges and how to choose the "best fit" schools Early decision and early action applications and when they make sense And much more... The latest edition of Admission Matters remains the gold standard in guides to the ever-changing and often intimidating process of college admissions.
Book Synopsis Navigating The College Admission Process by : Morris Przybylski
Download or read book Navigating The College Admission Process written by Morris Przybylski and published by . This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every trip goes more smoothly when you use a road map - the path through high school is no different. Whether your student is a rising high school freshman or is heading into her senior year, this College Planning Guide provides steps both students and parents should take to help make the transition to college easier and more successful for everyone involved.
Book Synopsis Navigating the Path to College by : Solomon Sahle
Download or read book Navigating the Path to College written by Solomon Sahle and published by . This book was released on 2024-05-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis How to Get Into College in 30 Days by : Judy Young
Download or read book How to Get Into College in 30 Days written by Judy Young and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to Get into College in 30 Easy Steps is a comprehensive step-by-step guide to preparing for, applying to and getting into college. It is the ultimate guide for any student or family beginning or preparing for the college application process. Judy Young is an Ivy League graduate and a former Ivy League interviewer and a college admissions coach with a track record of helping students successfully navigate the college admissions process to get into their best-fit colleges. Her students have successfully gained admission to top US and UK universities ranging from Harvard, Stanford Rice and UT Austin to Cambridge and Durham Universities. Judy approaches the process with clear, simple advice and step-by-step guidance from developing a balanced college list, to submitting your application and choosing a college.Applying to college can be stressful but Judy offers an easy, manageable approach to feeling confident in your college applications and successfully applying to college. Inside this book, you'll find clear, comprehensive, expert advice and answers to your questions on your path to college acceptance: * Researching colleges to find a college that's the "right fit" * How to understand whether early decision options are right for you * What do colleges look at in college admissions and what role does testing play * How to manage the college admissions process including asking for recommendations and reaching out to colleges * How to write your best essay and understanding what to write about * How to develop a balanced college list to maximize your chances of admission * Applying for financial aid and scholarshipsThis will be your go-to guide during your freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school.
Download or read book Accepted written by Jennifer Collins and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A former high school teacher shares her secrets on how she helped hundreds of students get accepted into college in the book, Accepted: 101 Super Secrets for College Admission and Success. Not only will you find helpful hints for getting accepted into your dream school, but you will also find several reminders throughout the book that will help you save money and be successful once you are in college. Sample topics include: Money Matters: Which type of scholarships should you focus on? They Call Them Deadlines for a Reason: When should you really apply to college? Pumping Up Your College Profile: How can you stand out amongst the millions of other aspiring college students? For high school students and parents alike, this helpful book will help you navigate through the often confusing college admissions process and achieve college success. Start your college journey today by ordering this book!
Download or read book You're In written by Bhaskar Sambasivan and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: YOU'RE IN is all about simplifying the overwhelming process of preparing for and completing the college admissions process the right way. From planning the high school academic curriculum to choosing extracurriculars to writing compelling application essays, this book is a vital tool that cuts through the fog to provide clear, concise guidance from the earliest planning steps to the finish line of being admitted. The unique perspectives of authors Jonathan Evans and Bhaskar Sambasivan into the component parts of this process are specifically geared toward clarity and against the mass of confusion and misinformation that you have likely encountered thus far. You can take a deeper dive into each chapter, reviewing the 100 helpful tips contained throughout and periodically giving yourself important reminders through the post-chapter recaps that distill the essential information into a convenient bulleted summary.As the landscape of college admissions continues to evolve, it is essential that families have access to the most relevant, most insightful knowledge needed to navigate it. Ultimately, this book ensures that when the time comes for your child to be evaluated by the admissions panel of his or her dream school, you have done everything possible to make their decision an easy "You're in!"PRAISE FOR YOU'RE IN"Evans and Sambasivan provide a clear guide to navigating the intricacies of the college admissions process in the right way. This is an indispensable guide to planning for college admission targeted at parents and students alike. A must for anyone that is planning to go to college or is helping someone with the college admissions process."Francisco D'Souza, Vice Chairman of Cognizant, a Fortune 200 company"Every family is looking to demystify the college admissions process. The guidance in this book is practical and clear, and touches upon key aspects of the process that even the most expensive college consultants don't address with nearly the same insight and clarity. A must-read for parents and students at any stage in the process."Marcia Hicks, College CounselorABOUT THE AUTHORSJonathan Evans is the CEO of Everest College Prep. He has worked as a private college admissions consultant for seven years, providing guidance to over 500 students and families. Under his guidance, students have gone on to attend prestigious universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, and all of the top 25 colleges as ranked by the U.S. News & World Report list of top U.S. universities. He worked as a consultant for the Newark-based Research and Development Council of New Jersey, where he provided insights into how schools and communities can work together to provide greater opportunity for underserved, low-income students seeking college experience. Jonathan taught at Princeton High School and Madison High School, where he developed strong working relationships with families and developed a keen sense of families' unique concerns regarding the college admissions process.Bhaskar Sambasivan is currently working as the President and Chief Strategy Officer at a Life Sciences services company focused on the commercialization of medicines and devices and improving patient experience and quality of life. Bhaskar has been working in the Life Sciences industry for more than 25 years and was recognized by PharmaVOICE group as one of the most 100 influential and inspirational leaders in the Life Sciences industry in both 2017 and 2018. Bhaskar is passionate about bringing access to education and information to all students regardless of their economic backgrounds, and has been an active sponsor of programs that help provide academic enrichment to underprivileged children around the world.
Book Synopsis Admission Matters by : Sally P. Springer
Download or read book Admission Matters written by Sally P. Springer and published by Jossey-Bass. This book was released on 2013-06-19 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Third edition of the go-to reference to college admission Getting into college has never been more complicated or competitive. Parents and students need expert guidance to navigate the maze of college admissions. This thoroughly updated edition of Admission Matters is the best source, covering the whole process for any applicant. The authors offer great practical advice for selecting the right school, writing effective essays, navigating financial aid, and much more. No matter what type of school a college-bound student may select, Admission Matters will give them the edge they need. Offers an essential resource for understanding the admission process for all students applying to college Addresses the most recent changes to the college application process New sections include information for international students, transfer students, and students with learning disabilities, as well as expanded advice for athletes, artists, and homeschoolers This is an essential handbook for any family facing the college admission process.
Book Synopsis Kicking Apps and Making Names by : Joshua Platt
Download or read book Kicking Apps and Making Names written by Joshua Platt and published by . This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this workbook, Platt and Chiofalo demystify the college application process and present students and families with a step by step program for successfully navigating their high school experience. Submitting a compelling application to the college of your dreams doesn't happen overnight. It takes planning and organization and this book is the perfect guide for that process. Whether you are starting this process as a freshman or jumping into your applications senior year, this book is the resource that you need. Chapters will take you from yearly expectations through the entirety of the college selection and application process and even through making effective use of the summer after high school graduation. With a balanced mix of pertinent advice, helpful tips and functional graphic organizers this guide will help students gain confidence, develop a sense of personal responsibility and ultimately discover who they are through the process. Using this book will help students to Kick Apps and Make a Name for themselves along the way. Many books written about college admission focus on the application itself. While there is an entire section of this book dedicated to that aspect of the process, there is also a large portion dedicated to setting yourself up for success through all four years of high school. In addition, the workbook style format allows students to use the embedded tables to actually plan their strategy. Even the section on essay writing and accompanying sample essays is focused on helping students with the writing process not just showing them a final product. Section one of the book is aimed at finding your story. Beginning with a year by year monthly planner followed by a focus on effective use of summers, students can see how to structure their time during high school. This is followed by chapters on selecting your program of studies and specific courses as well as acing your standardized tests. This section ends with chapters on resume creation and college search and selection. Once section one is complete students will have made a name for themselves. Section two of the book is all about kicking apps. It walks students through the mechanics of the application process including the parts of the apps themselves. This is followed by a detailed analysis of how to write main and supplemental essays with plenty of examples to consider. Platt and Chiofalo then take time to address the other ancillary aspects of the application process including obtaining killer recommendation letters, having a memorable interview, and then following up after your applications are submitted. Whether you are just beginning your high school journey or experiencing some anxiety jumping into the application process senior year, this book is exactly what you need to alleviate your stress and give you the best chance possible of being admitted to the school of your dreams.
Book Synopsis Homeschooled and Headed for College by : Denise Boiko
Download or read book Homeschooled and Headed for College written by Denise Boiko and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-03 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can homeschoolers successfully navigate the path to college? The answer is an enthusiastic "Yes!" If you love homeschooling but need a clear road map for the journey from high school to college, this is the book for you. You'll appreciate this practical, detailed guide that walks you step by step through the entire process--from the beginning of middle school to the day you give your college freshman one last goodbye hug. Countless "how to" tips packed into 440 pages will relieve stress as you creatively design a high school program strong enough to stand up to even the most rigorous admissions process. You'll discover how to use the middle school years to jump-start your high school planning, how to create customized curricula, and how to find materials, support, and sources for courses--often in the most unlikely places! You'll gain confidence in keeping orderly records, calculating GPAs, and constructing professional-looking transcripts and portfolios. You'll thoroughly grasp the entire spectrum of college prep considerations: Locating or designing honors and advanced courses Seeking out leadership opportunities that provide fun, growth, and positive attention from admissions staff--even at highly selective universities Preparing your student for college entrance exams Helping your high schooler navigate community college courses Tackling college applications and coaching your student through personal statements Gathering recommendation letters Scouting out scholarships Planning a gap year if your student desires a time of exploration Best of all, you'll learn how to leverage the #1 college admissions secret, for which homeschoolers are excellently positioned. Packed with tips and advice based on years of meticulous research and personal experience, this expanded second edition of Homeschooled & Headed for College brings you insights from a veteran homeschooling parent who has successfully navigated the selective college path for her own children and has guided hundreds of other students through the college prep process. Homeschooled & Headed for College maps out your itinerary so you can relax and enjoy the journey! You'll love this book, because the journey of a lifetime deserves a personalized GPS. Grab a copy today to gain momentum for your own adventurous road trip.
Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Guide to Admission Requirements for Universities and Majors in the United States by : Fouaz Guerara
Download or read book A Comprehensive Guide to Admission Requirements for Universities and Majors in the United States written by Fouaz Guerara and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2024-01-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 24 pages Embark on a journey through the complex landscape of higher education with Navigating the Academic Portal. This indispensable guide reveals the complexities of U.S. college admissions requirements and offers prospective students, parents, and educators a road map to success in the competitive world of American higher education. In this thoroughly researched and carefully prepared book, readers will find a wealth of information about the diverse admissions standards set by universities across the United States. From Ivy League institutions to state colleges, the book explores the precise expectations and basic requirements that define every admissions process. Key Features: In-Depth Exploration of Admissions Criteria: Get valuable insights into various admissions requirements, including GPA expectations, standardized test scores, letters of recommendation, and extracurricular activities. Discover the unique traits that top universities look for in prospective students and understand how to tailor your application accordingly. Holistic Approach to Admissions: Discover the importance of a holistic approach to university admissions. Discover how factors such as personal statements, interviews, and portfolios contribute to a comprehensive understanding of an applicant beyond academic achievements. Demystifying standardized tests: Navigating the complex world of standardized tests, including the SAT, ACT, GRE, and more. Get tips on effective preparation strategies, understand score expectations, and learn how these tests influence your overall admissions decision. Insider Views: Benefit from real-life anecdotes and advice from current college students, admissions officers, and successful alumni. These first-hand accounts provide a unique and practical perspective, highlighting the do's and don'ts of the application process. Success Strategies: Equip yourself with proven strategies to craft a compelling and distinctive app. From choosing the right extracurricular activities to crafting a strong personal statement, this book offers actionable tips to boost your chances of acceptance. Dealing with Financial Considerations: Explore the financial aspects of higher education, including scholarship and financial aid opportunities and tips for managing college expenses. Understand how to make informed decisions about the affordability of your chosen establishments. Whether you're a high school student aspiring to join the ranks of prestigious universities or a parent guiding your child through the admissions process, Navigating the Academic Portal is your go-to resource for mastering the intricacies of America's college admissions requirements. Empower yourself with the knowledge, confidence and strategic approach to turn your educational aspirations into reality.
Book Synopsis How to College by : Andrea Malkin Brenner
Download or read book How to College written by Andrea Malkin Brenner and published by St. Martin's Griffin. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first practical guide of its kind that helps students transition smoothly from high school to college The transition from high school—and home—to college can be stressful. Students and parents often arrive on campus unprepared for what college is really like. Academic standards and expectations are different from high school; families aren’t present to serve as “scaffolding” for students; and first-years have to do what they call “adulting.” Nothing in the college admissions process prepares students for these new realities. As a result, first-year college students report higher stress, more mental health issues, and lower completion rates than in the past. In fact, up to one third of first-year college students will not return for their second year—and colleges are reporting an increase in underprepared first-year students. How to College is here to help. Professors Andrea Malkin Brenner and Lara Schwartz guide first-year students and their families through the transition process, during the summer after high school graduation and throughout the school year, preparing students to succeed and thrive as they transition and adapt to college. The book draws on the authors’ experience teaching, writing curricula, and designing programs for thousands of first-year college students over decades.
Book Synopsis The Price You Pay for College by : Ron Lieber
Download or read book The Price You Pay for College written by Ron Lieber and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2021-01-26 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Named one of the best books of 2021 by NPR New York Times Bestseller and a New York Times Book Review Editor’s Choice pick “Masterly . . .represents an extraordinary achievement: It is comprehensive and detailed without being tedious, practical without being banal, impeccably well judged and unusually rigorous.”—Daniel Markovits, New York Times Book Review “Ron Lieber is a gift.”—Scott Galloway The hugely popular New York Times Your Money columnist and author of the bestselling The Opposite of Spoiled offers a deeply reported and emotionally honest approach to the biggest financial decision families will ever make: what to pay for college—a decision made even more confusing because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Sending a teenager to a flagship state university for four years of on-campus living costs more than $100,000 in many parts of the United States. Meanwhile, many families of freshmen attending selective private colleges will spend triple—over $300,000. With the same passion, smarts, and humor that infuse his personal finance column, Ron Lieber offers a much-needed roadmap to help families navigate this difficult and often confusing journey. Lieber begins by explaining who pays what and why and how the financial aid system got so complicated. He also pulls the curtain back on merit aid, an entirely new form of discounting that most colleges now use to compete with peers. While price is essential, value is paramount. So what is worth paying extra for, and how do you know when it exists in abundance at any particular school? Is a small college better than a big one? Who actually does the teaching? Given that every college claims to have reinvented its career center, who should we actually believe? He asks the tough questions of college presidents and financial aid gatekeepers that parents don’t know (or are afraid) to ask and summarizes the research about what matters and what doesn’t. Finally, Lieber calmly walks families through the process of setting financial goals, explaining the system to their children and figuring out the right ways to save, borrow, and bargain for a better deal. The Price You Pay for College gives parents the clarity they need to make informed choices and helps restore the joy and wonder the college experience is supposed to represent.
Book Synopsis The Agile College by : Nathan D. Grawe
Download or read book The Agile College written by Nathan D. Grawe and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2021-01-12 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following Grawe's seminal first book, this volume answers the question: How can a college or university prepare for forecasted demographic disruptions? Demographic changes promise to reshape the market for higher education in the next 15 years. Colleges are already grappling with the consequences of declining family size due to low birth rates brought on by the Great Recession, as well as the continuing shift toward minority student populations. Each institution faces a distinct market context with unique organizational strengths; no one-size-fits-all answer could suffice. In this essential follow-up to Demographics and the Demand for Higher Education, Nathan D. Grawe explores how proactive institutions are preparing for the resulting challenges that lie ahead. While it isn't possible to reverse the demographic tide, most institutions, he argues persuasively, can mitigate the effects. Drawing on interviews with higher education leaders, Grawe explores successful avenues of response, including • recruitment initiatives • retention programs • revisions to the academic and cocurricular program • institutional growth plans • retrenchment efforts • collaborative action Throughout, Grawe presents readers with examples taken from a range of institutions—small and large, public and private, two-year and four-year, selective and open-access. While an effective response to demographic change must reflect the individual campus context, the cases Grawe analyzes will prompt conversations about the best paths forward. The Agile College also extends projections for higher education demand. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study, the book updates prior work by incorporating new information on college-going after the Great Recession and pushes forecasts into the mid-2030s. What's more, the analysis expands to examine additional aspects of the higher education market, such as dual enrollment, transfer students, and the role of immigration in college demand.
Book Synopsis Choosing College by : Michael B. Horn
Download or read book Choosing College written by Michael B. Horn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-09-11 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cut through the noise and make better college and career choices This book is about addressing the college-choosing problem. The rankings, metrics, analytics, college visits, and advice that we use today to help us make these decisions are out of step with the progress individual students are trying to make. They don't give students and families the information and context they need to make such a high-stakes decision about whether and where to get an education. Choosing College strips away the noise to help you understand why you’re going to school. What's driving you? What are you trying to accomplish? Once you know why, the book will help you make better choices. The research in this book illustrates that choosing a school is complicated. By constructing more than 200 mini-documentaries of how students chose different postsecondary educational experiences, the authors explore the motivations for how and why people make the decisions that they do at a much deeper, causal level. By the end, you’ll know why you’re going and what you’re really chasing. The book: Identifies the five different Jobs for which students hire postsecondary education Allows you to see your true options for what’s next Offers guidance for how to successfully choose your pathway Illuminates how colleges and entrepreneurs can build better experiences for each Job The authors help readers understand not what job students want out of college, but what "Job" students are hiring college to do for them.
Book Synopsis There Is Life After College by : Jeffrey J. Selingo
Download or read book There Is Life After College written by Jeffrey J. Selingo and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the bestselling author of College Unbound comes a hopeful, inspiring blueprint to help alleviate parents’ anxiety and prepare their college-educated child to successfully land a good job after graduation. Saddled with thousands of dollars of debt, today’s college students are graduating into an uncertain job market that is leaving them financially dependent on their parents for years to come—a reality that has left moms and dads wondering: What did I pay all that money for? There Is Life After College offers students, parents, and even recent graduates the practical advice and insight they need to jumpstart their careers. Education expert Jeffrey Selingo answers key questions—Why is the transition to post-college life so difficult for many recent graduates? How can graduates market themselves to employers that are reluctant to provide on-the-job training? What can institutions and individuals do to end the current educational and economic stalemate?—and offers a practical step-by-step plan every young professional can follow. From the end of high school through college graduation, he lays out exactly what students need to do to acquire the skills companies want. Full of tips, advice, and insight, this wise, practical guide will help every student, no matter their major or degree, find real employment—and give their parents some peace of mind.
Book Synopsis Redesigning America’s Community Colleges by : Thomas R. Bailey
Download or read book Redesigning America’s Community Colleges written by Thomas R. Bailey and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-09 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, 1,200 community colleges enroll over ten million students each year—nearly half of the nation’s undergraduates. Yet fewer than 40 percent of entrants complete an undergraduate degree within six years. This fact has put pressure on community colleges to improve academic outcomes for their students. Redesigning America’s Community Colleges is a concise, evidence-based guide for educational leaders whose institutions typically receive short shrift in academic and policy discussions. It makes a compelling case that two-year colleges can substantially increase their rates of student success, if they are willing to rethink the ways in which they organize programs of study, support services, and instruction. Community colleges were originally designed to expand college enrollments at low cost, not to maximize completion of high-quality programs of study. The result was a cafeteria-style model in which students pick courses from a bewildering array of choices, with little guidance. The authors urge administrators and faculty to reject this traditional model in favor of “guided pathways”—clearer, more educationally coherent programs of study that simplify students’ choices without limiting their options and that enable them to complete credentials and advance to further education and the labor market more quickly and at less cost. Distilling a wealth of data amassed from the Community College Research Center (Teachers College, Columbia University), Redesigning America’s Community Colleges offers a fundamental redesign of the way two-year colleges operate, stressing the integration of services and instruction into more clearly structured programs of study that support every student’s goals.
