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Chronic Wasting Disease Infection Patterns In Female White Tailed Deer Related To Demographics Genetic Relationships And Spatial Proximity Of Infected Deer In Southern Wisconsin
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Book Synopsis Chronic Wasting Disease Infection Patterns in Female White-tailed Deer Related to Demographics, Genetic Relationships, and Spatial Proximity of Infected Deer in Southern Wisconsin by : Daniel A. Grear
Download or read book Chronic Wasting Disease Infection Patterns in Female White-tailed Deer Related to Demographics, Genetic Relationships, and Spatial Proximity of Infected Deer in Southern Wisconsin written by Daniel A. Grear and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Genetic Structure of White-Tailed Deer to Evaluate the Potential Epizootiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in an Area of Recent Emergence by : William Leroy Miller
Download or read book The Genetic Structure of White-Tailed Deer to Evaluate the Potential Epizootiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in an Area of Recent Emergence written by William Leroy Miller and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wildlife diseases are important stressors of natural populations and commonly impact species of management and conservation interest. Because of this, mitigating the negative effects of these diseases is a common goal of many management strategies. One of the key goals in areas of recent disease emergence is to minimize the geographic diffusion of diseases across landscapes so that nave populations remain minimally impacted. Prospective tools for predicting disease flow are particularly helpful in the initial stages of the epizootic cycle. Evaluating patterns of population structure, susceptibility, and connectivity can provide important insights into the potential spread of diseases across landscapes. Landscape genetic analyses, in particular, have proven particularly useful in elucidating these population characteristics. Chronic wasting disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disease of members of the family Cervidae, is a disease of particular concern due to the ecological and economic importance of infected species. Chronic wasting disease is caused by an infectious prion protein that can be passed by contact among individuals and/or through the use of shared environments. Contact among nave and infected individuals is thought to play an important role in the geographic diffusion of this disease, and management plans commonly focus on minimizing contact among these groups. Population structure and patterns of gene flow impact the distribution and occurrence of chronic wasting disease on landscape where it occurs. Thus, assessing these factors may help to identify effective management units and to predict transmission patterns within and among populations. Additionally, individual and population susceptibility to this disease is modulated by genetic variability in the prion protein (PRNP) gene, so evaluating transmission dynamics in tandem with spatial PRNP variability provides a means of assessing the innate vulnerability of populations to disease occurrence and establishment.In this study, I evaluated the genetic structure of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States of America in order to evaluate factors that may influence the epizootiology of chronic wasting disease. I used a panel of 11 microsatellite markers to assess spatial genetic structure and gene flow. These markers were chosen from a large suite of available loci (106 candidate markers) identified from 58 previous or ongoing studies of white-tailed deer genetics. These markers were chosen because they were characterized by low genotyping error rates and were inferred to be broadly applicable across the range of white-tailed deer in North America given the geographic distribution of previous studies. I genotyped a total of 2222 individuals to assess spatial genetic structure of white-tailed deer in the Mid-Atlantic region. White-tailed deer conformed to a pattern of isolation-by-distance at both fine and broad spatial scales. Despite this, 11 distinct subpopulation clusters were identified throughout the region. The edges of these subpopulations were associated with high-volume traffic roads and areas of greater elevational relief. Despite significant structure, subpopulations maintained high rates of connectivity. There was evidence of hierarchical genetic structure with the bounds of larger population units generally corresponding to physiographic provinces. Subpopulation units defined this way are more likely to be an effective disease management unit relative to those commonly defined by anthropocentric boundaries. Population structure is only one factor influencing the geographic distribution of diseases. Cervids are farmed in this region, and several captive cervid facilities have experienced recent outbreaks of chronic wasting disease. Egression from infected facilities represents another potential pathway for transmission. I used a Bayesian assignment algorithm to test for captive egression and dispersal events among free-ranging populations, both of which may contribute to epizootic patterns. I found a low (2.0%) but significant proportion of free-ranging deer that assigned to captive origin. Two deer that were infected with chronic wasting disease had a high probability of sourcing from captive populations. The proportion of individuals that assigned to a migratory origin was as high as 13.8% among the four subsampling units, and the proportion of individuals with admixed ancestry was as high as 46.7%. This suggests dispersal is common and ongoing and is commensurate with the high migration rates reported previously. One deer infected with chronic wasting disease assigned to a migratory origin. These results may indicate that both captive egression and natural dispersal have the potential to contribute to the spread of this disease into previously uninfected regions.Individual susceptibility to chronic wasting disease is thought to be linked to variation at two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PRNP gene. Thus, population-scale variability at these loci may influence the risk of infection and establishment. The Mid-Atlantic populations of white-tailed deer generally had a higher proportion of susceptible individuals relative to populations with a longer history of chronic wasting disease. Variability at these loci varied spatially within the region and generally conformed to patterns of population structure. This suggests that some populations may be more innately susceptible than others to chronic wasting disease establishment. Understanding patterns of population structure and susceptibility provides insights into the potential occurrence of chronic wasting disease but does not necessarily explain transmission dynamics among populations. Transmission is expected to be facilitated by dispersal, but how deer move among populations is likely a consequence of the underlying landscape matrix. I evaluated the correlation between landscape features and patterns of gene flow using a resistance surface modeling approach to identify potential transmission corridors. Patterns of genetic differentiation were best explained by a resistance surface including percent forest cover, elevational relief, and traffic volume. While large streams were also included in the resistance surface, landscape resistance related to streams was negligible. Elevational relief and traffic volume were less resistant features than areas of low forest cover, highlighting the permeability of these features to deer movement. Gene flow was facilitated through forested corridors in heterogeneous landscapes and was more diffuse in homogeneous landscapes. A large number of chronic wasting disease cases occurred in areas of high connectivity, indicating that these areas may influence disease transmission among distinct groups of deer. In conclusion, patterns of white-tailed deer genetic structure are cryptic and associated with features that are permeable to movement. Nevertheless, these features may influence the distribution of chronic wasting disease and the possibility for transmission among populations. Furthermore, spatial variability at loci associated with disease susceptibility suggests that some populations may be more innately at risk for disease establishment than others. Incorporating the inferred patterns of population structure, connectivity, and susceptibility into disease forecasting models represents a logical extension and may further elucidate the trends observed here. Other sources of infection, such as captive egression, may pose a risk independent of patterns predicted by natural population structure. Thus, joint consideration of anthropogenic and natural sources of infection may further aid in predicting future epizootic patterns.
Book Synopsis Landscape Genetics and CWD in White-tailed Deer by : Amy C. Kelly
Download or read book Landscape Genetics and CWD in White-tailed Deer written by Amy C. Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study we used molecular techniques to examine deer movement and population structure in the context of chronic wasting disease transmission and spread. Chronic wasting disease is an infectious prion encephalopathy in cervids that is endemic to Colorado and Wyoming but has spread across the US within the last decade. Quantifying white-tailed deer movement and population structure in infected areas can facilitate predictions of CWD spread via deer dispersal. We analyzed microsatellite genotypes of white-tailed deer populations in southern Wisconsin and Illinois to quantify population level movements, genetic admixture and gender-biased dispersal patterns using FST and contingency tests. We also examined movements of individuals using assignment tests and spatial autocorrelation, and quantified dispersal events using parentage assignment. Finally, we compared genetic characteristics such as allelic diversity, heterozygosity and fixation indices between CWD infected and uninfected individuals to determine if CWD affects movement of white-tailed deer. Genetic characteristics were not different between CWD infected and uninfected deer, suggesting that changes in movement behaviors associated with clinical illness were not detectable with our molecular data. We found that both male and female deer move extensively in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and that this movement could facilitate CWD spread via dispersal. In contrast, a few locations demonstrated reduced deer movement and female philopatry. One of these locations is a hotspot for CWD in Illinois, and it appears that reduced movements in this area could be exacerbating CWD transmission via direct contact among deer. The observed spatial heterogeneity in deer movement and population structure has important management implications as it allowed us to identify locations at risk for future CWD infection and areas in need of management. Our study was intented to guide population management and conservation, so we wanted to ensure that biological inferences were based on accurate genetic information. Therefore we identified sources of genotyping errors, evaluated measures to correct for their presence and provided recommendations to prevent their negative impacts. We detected null alleles in five of 13 previously evaluated microsatellites, and redesigned primers for two of these loci. Analytical corrections for null alleles were unable to fully prevent bias associated with these genotyping errors, and consequently, measures of population differentiation and kinship were negatively impacted. Our results demonstrate the importance of error evaluation during all stages of population studies, and emphasize the need to standardize procedures for genetic marker evaluation. Since chronic wasting disease management often involves decreasing deer densities to reduce the likelihood of disease occurrence and spread, we wanted to examine the genetic consequences of management in white-tailed deer herds. Increased removal of individuals can alter genetic characteristics of the population, cause a loss of genetic diversity, a decrease in fitness, or enable increased immigration. We compared allele frequencies among cohorts of deer to determine if culling changed the genetic composition of managed populations. Additionally, allele frequency distributions, heterozygosity, and genetic characteristics such as allelic richness and fixation indices were evaluated in pre- and post-cull deer populations to examine the effects of culling on effective population size, genetic differentiation and genetic diversity of white-tailed deer. Cohorts demonstrated little change in allele frequencies from year to year. However, evaluations of pre- and post-cull populations revealed increases in allelic richness and deficiencies in heterozygosity in post-cull populations, suggesting that these populations have received immigrants following intervention. Moreover, female deer, which tend to be philopatric, had significant changes in allele frequencies after culling was initiated. This study suggests that while reducing deer densities through culling enriches the genetic composition of deer, it could also result in immigration of CWD infected deer, and these potential ecological consequences need to be considered during the implementation of disease management plans. In this investigation, we also used landscape genetics to examine the effect of landscape features on dispersal and population boundaries of white-tailed deer. An awareness of how the landscape affects animal movement and genetic exchange between populations contributes to our understanding of wildlife ecology. By quantifying genetic structure across the landscape we have identified populations with high and low admixture and discovered gender specific barriers to deer movement that may contribute to CWD spread via dispersal. We found that rivers, streams and interstates contributed to the genetic structuring of females in the study area, but males were insensitive to these features. The observed variations in landscape use between males and females implies that CWD could spread via male movement relatively independently of natural and manmade landscape features, while CWD spread by females would occur over shorter distances because movement is inhibited by these landscape features. Certain genotypes of the prion gene (Prnp) have been shown to prolong disease progression and survival of CWD infected deer. Therefore, examining Prnp genotypes in CWD infected and uninfected deer populations can reveal associations between genotype and phenotype to determine if selective pressures are affecting Prnp allele frequencies. If selection is occurring, we would expect Prnp genotypes that prolong survival to be higher in infected populations compared to uninfected populations. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced Prnp of 219 (99 CWD positive and 120 CWD negative) deer from the CWD outbreak region of northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. We also sampled deer from two uninfected populations: one ~150 km away from the outbreak region, and another ~300 km from the outbreak region. Twelve nucleotide polymorphisms, eight silent and four coding, were found in Prnp of the sampled populations. Five polymorphic loci had significantly different distributions of alleles between infected and uninfected individuals. Nucleotide base changes 60C/T, 285A/C, 286G/A, and 555C/T were observed with higher than expected frequencies in CWD negative animals suggesting disease resistance, while 153C/T was observed more than expected in positive animals, suggesting susceptibility. The total number of polymorphisms per animal, silent or coding, was negatively correlated to disease status. Polymorphisms 243T/A, 286G/A and 555C/T were found at higher than expected frequencies in uninfected populations. The total number of polymorphisms, both silent and coding, also differed between infected and uninfected populations. At the temporal scale examined, selection does not appear to be favoring genotypes associated with CWD resistance as these genotypes tended to have higher frequencies in uninfected populations. 0́3
Book Synopsis Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer in the Endemic Area of Wyoming by : David R. Edmunds
Download or read book Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer in the Endemic Area of Wyoming written by David R. Edmunds and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology by :
Download or read book The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Landscape Genetics and Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Midwestern White-tailed Deer by : Stacie Joy Robinson
Download or read book Landscape Genetics and Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Midwestern White-tailed Deer written by Stacie Joy Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chronic Wasting Disease Update written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Impact Statement on Rules to Eradicate Chronic Wasting Disease in Wisconsin's Free-ranging White-tailed Deer Herd by : Gerald A. Bartelt
Download or read book Environmental Impact Statement on Rules to Eradicate Chronic Wasting Disease in Wisconsin's Free-ranging White-tailed Deer Herd written by Gerald A. Bartelt and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Differential Gene Expression in Chronic-wasting Disease Infected White-tailed Deer by : Emma Katherine Trone
Download or read book Differential Gene Expression in Chronic-wasting Disease Infected White-tailed Deer written by Emma Katherine Trone and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Genetic Susceptibility and Biological Characterization of Chronic Wasting Disease by :
Download or read book Genetic Susceptibility and Biological Characterization of Chronic Wasting Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goals of this proposal are to: (i) identify prion protein (Prnp) variability in the Wisconsin free-ranging white-tailed deer population, (ii) determine the frequency of these Prnp alleles in CWD-positive and -negative deer, (iii) characterize the effect of these allelic variations on the biochemical and biological properties of the CWD agent and iv) to determine the likelihood of CWD transmission to humans. Deer Prnp alleles have been sequenced from CWD-positive and -negative deer. Several new alleles have been identified. Two alleles are underrepresented in the CWD-positive animals suggesting they may reduce susceptibility to infection. Tissue from genetically defined, CWD infected deer has been used for determining the protease digestion properties of the wild-type PrPCWD protein and for successfully orally infecting deer with CWD agent of known genotypes. Transgenic mice, expressing cervid PrP, have been successfully infected with CWD agent providing a rodent model for the analysis of CWD infection.
Book Synopsis Wildlife Disease Ecology by : Kenneth Wilson
Download or read book Wildlife Disease Ecology written by Kenneth Wilson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces readers to key case studies that illustrate how theory and data can be integrated to understand wildlife disease ecology.
Book Synopsis Population Impacts and Disease Patterns of Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer by : Sonja A. Christensen
Download or read book Population Impacts and Disease Patterns of Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer written by Sonja A. Christensen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Foods of White-tailed Deer in the Upper Great Lakes Region by : Lynn L. Rogers
Download or read book Foods of White-tailed Deer in the Upper Great Lakes Region written by Lynn L. Rogers and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Management of Disease in Wild Mammals by : Richard Delahay
Download or read book Management of Disease in Wild Mammals written by Richard Delahay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-11 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years nobody could have failed to notice the frequent and often sensati- alist media headlines warning of the latest global disease threat to humankind. But behind all the hyperbole lie real challenges related to dealing with the increasing incidence of emerging zoonotic disease events, the majority of which are thought to originate in wildlife (Jones et al. 2008). There are also many important diseases of domestic livestock which also occur in wildlife (e. g. foot and mouth disease and classical swine fever in wild boar, bovine tuberculosis in deer, badgers or possums), some of which can have a devastating impact on the farming industry, the wider rural economy and ultimately the public purse. But we should also not forget that wildlife diseases may have serious implications for the conservation of biodiversity. For some of the rarest, most endangered species (such as the Ethiopian wolf) d- ease may pose the greatest threat to their survival. If we are to avoid or reduce these impacts then we must improve our ability to detect and manage the risks associated with disease in wildlife populations. This is a challenge that will require expertise from many different disciplines: veterinary, ecological, medical, economic, poli- cal and zoological. In such an interdisciplinary field it is difficult to stay up to date with contemporary ideas and with techniques that may be rapidly evolving.
Book Synopsis Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer by : Daniel J. Storm
Download or read book Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer written by Daniel J. Storm and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Genealogical Relationships Influence the Probability of Infection with Bovine Tuberculosis and Microgeograhic Genetic Structure in Free-ranging White-tailed Deer by : Julie Anne Blanchong
Download or read book Genealogical Relationships Influence the Probability of Infection with Bovine Tuberculosis and Microgeograhic Genetic Structure in Free-ranging White-tailed Deer written by Julie Anne Blanchong and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chronic Wasting Disease Ecology and Epidemiology of White-tailed Deer in Wyoming by : David R. Edmunds
Download or read book Chronic Wasting Disease Ecology and Epidemiology of White-tailed Deer in Wyoming written by David R. Edmunds and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: