Chinas Evolving Policy Processes Under The Comparative Lenses

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China’s Evolving Policy Processes under the Comparative Lenses

Author : Wei Li
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003824463
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis China’s Evolving Policy Processes under the Comparative Lenses by : Wei Li

Download or read book China’s Evolving Policy Processes under the Comparative Lenses written by Wei Li and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-05 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes a broad approach to studying China’s policy processes. It aims to shed new light on the characteristics of China’s political systems and to adapt theoretical frameworks of policy processes developed in Western democracies to China. In 2021, Xi Jinping introduced the concept of “whole-process people’s democracy”. This new discourse calls for a deeper understanding of both traditional and new mechanisms and institutions functioning in China’s policy processes. Bringing together scholars with extensive fieldwork experience in mainland China and Taiwan, this edited volume investigates governance mechanisms and institutions of policy processes in China from different perspectives, such as mass line, Tiao–Kuai coordination, and People’s Congress. The book focuses not only on traditional topics such as agenda setting and policy change, but also on political-administrative relations, policy mix design, and delivering service contracts in communities. A comparative analysis of three social enterprises in Taiwan is provided as a case study of non-governmental actors’ (lack of) influence on policies in a context that is different from mainland China. This book will appeal to scholars, students, and practitioners interested in policy processes in mainland China and Taiwan and in comparative theories about policy processes around the world.

China's Evolving Policy Processes Under the Comparative Lenses

Author : Wei Li
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781032658193
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (581 download)

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Book Synopsis China's Evolving Policy Processes Under the Comparative Lenses by : Wei Li

Download or read book China's Evolving Policy Processes Under the Comparative Lenses written by Wei Li and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book takes a broad approach to studying China's policy processes. It aims to shed new light on the characteristics of China's political systems and to adapt theoretical frameworks of policy processes developed in Western democracies to China. In 2021, Xi Jinping introduced the concept of "whole-process people's democracy." This new discourse calls for a deeper understanding of both traditional and new mechanisms and institutions functioning in China's policy processes. Bringing together scholars with extensive fieldwork experience in mainland China and Taiwan, this edited volume investigates governance mechanisms and institutions of policy processes in China from different perspectives, such as mass line, Tiao-Kuai coordination, and people's congress. The book focuses not only on traditional topics such as agenda setting and policy change, but also on political-administrative relations, policy mix design, and delivering service contracts in communities. A comparative analysis of three social enterprises in Taiwan is provided as a case study of non-governmental actors' (lack of) influence on policies in a context that is different from mainland China. This book will appeal to scholars, students, and practitioners interested in policy processes in mainland China and Taiwan and in comparative theories about policy processes around the world"--

The Changing Policy-Making Process in Greater China

Author : Bennis Wai Yip So
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134652070
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing Policy-Making Process in Greater China by : Bennis Wai Yip So

Download or read book The Changing Policy-Making Process in Greater China written by Bennis Wai Yip So and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores how the policy-making process is changing in the very volatile conditions of present day mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. It considers the overall background conditions – the need to rebalance in mainland China after years of hectic economic growth; governance transition and democratic consolidation in Taiwan; and governance crisis in Hong Kong under a regime of uncertain legitimacy. It examines the various actors in the policy-making process – the civic engagement of ordinary people and the roles of legislators, mass media and bureaucracy – and discusses how these actors interact in a range of different policy cases. Throughout the book contrasts the different approaches in the three different jurisdictions, and assesses how the policy-making process is changing and how it is likely to change further.

The China Lens A Political-Economic Analysis of Changing China

Author : Shiwei Jiang
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1479782629
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (797 download)

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Book Synopsis The China Lens A Political-Economic Analysis of Changing China by : Shiwei Jiang

Download or read book The China Lens A Political-Economic Analysis of Changing China written by Shiwei Jiang and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book grew out of a series of my doctoral essays and discussion with Fulbright scholar, Mr. Tasawar Baig and Professor David Earnest at Old Dominion University. Some ideas and thoughts were also inspired by Professor Robert Putnam at the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government and Professor Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (former US National Security Advisor) when they did lectures and special discussion with me at Old Dominion University in 2009 and 2012, respectively. In The Third Wave (1991), Samuel Huntington explains various sociopolitical factors caused radical political changes in developing countries. His analysis shows that for Africa, the main obstacle for building democracy is economy, While for East Asia and the Middle East, the major obstacle are culture and religion. Huntington’s analysis oversimplified the driving factors of democratization in specific case, such as China, a hybrid of Capitalist economy and communist politics. This paper measures the current democratization of Chinese politics from three perspectives: social capital, rapid economic development and radical social movement. Thus, the grand question is whether these factors can lead to a regime change in China? The author draws a conclusion that the radical political change is possible but not desirable in Chinese politics. In the eyes of rising Chinese middle Class, a Singaporean political transformation or South Korean democratization is more favored than radical democratization. Following the US Presidential election, China went through a one week meeting of the 18th National Congress starting on November 8, 2012. Without much surprise, Xi replaced Hu, becoming the core of Chinese communist power. The power transition seems to be smooth in Chinese media coverage. However, anecdotes, rumors, unofficial reports and foreign news exposed the political battle behind the stage. President Xi is now facing a stark different situation compared to Hu. Today, China is the world’s second largest economy. At the same time, China is experiencing rising mass disturbance every year. As a non-democracy, leaders’ past experience, network and personality can greatly influence state policies. With more people getting rich and educated, the mass claim the mismatch between Chinese politics and economy. Other than changing domestic Chinese politics, China has drawn much attention internationally. China’s presence in Africa and the Middle East tightens the nerves of U.S. policy makers. Is China a peaceful or benign riser? Where is China heading toward? What interests are Chinese companies pursuing and what strategies are they using globally? The book investigates these questions in different chapters. Globalization is the current trend. As a propeller, China’s participation in global trade greatly shapes world order. In return, global trade also produced effects on China’s domestic labor market, particularly on the traditional Chinese women labors. This book is a sound recipe integrating both faces of China domestically and internationally.

Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Comparative Policy Analysis

Author : B. Guy Peters
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788111192
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Comparative Policy Analysis by : B. Guy Peters

Download or read book Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Comparative Policy Analysis written by B. Guy Peters and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public policy research has become increasingly comparative over the past several decades, but the methodological issues involved in this research have not been discussed adequately. This Handbook provides a discussion of the fundamental methodological issues in comparative policy research, as well as descriptions and analyses of major techniques used for that research. The techniques discussed are both quantitative and qualitative, and all are embedded in the broader discussion of comparative research design.

Comparative Grand Strategy

Author : Thierry Balzacq
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198840845
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Grand Strategy by : Thierry Balzacq

Download or read book Comparative Grand Strategy written by Thierry Balzacq and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The study of grand strategy has historically been confined to a few great powers--preponderantly, the United States, China, and Russia. In contrast, this volume introduces readers to the novel field of “comparative grand strategy.” Its co-editors offer a framework that expands the analysis beyond a traditional rationalist approach to incorporate significant cultural factors that influence strategists as they prioritize threats and opportunities in the global system. This framework then combines these factors with domestic political influences often understated or overlooked in the international relations literature. It considers both how grand strategy is actually formulated and the varied instruments used to implement it. Applying this framework, the volume's remaining contributors then examine how grand strategy is conceived, formulated, and implemented by ten states. These consist of the United Nations G5 members and five other states “pivotal” to global or regional economic development and security. This group is composed of Brazil and India--two regional powers operating in very different security environments--and Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia, who confront each other in a truly existential conflict. Departing from a state-based analysis, an eleventh case study examines the European Union--an organization that lacks many of the trappings of a conventional state but which is able to call upon more resources than most. The volume's concluding chapter points to both the theoretical and empirical areas of convergence and divergence highlighted by these chapters, and the prospective questions for future analysis in the emergent field of comparative grand strategy" (ed.).

China's Water Warriors

Author : Andrew C. Mertha
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801462177
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis China's Water Warriors by : Andrew C. Mertha

Download or read book China's Water Warriors written by Andrew C. Mertha and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2014-11-15 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today opponents of large-scale dam projects in China, rather than being greeted with indifference or repression, are part of the hydropower policymaking process itself. What accounts for this dramatic change in this critical policy area surrounding China's insatiable quest for energy? In China's Water Warriors, Andrew C. Mertha argues that as China has become increasingly market driven, decentralized, and politically heterogeneous, the control and management of water has transformed from an unquestioned economic imperative to a lightning rod of bureaucratic infighting, societal opposition, and open protest. Although bargaining has always been present in Chinese politics, more recently the media, nongovernmental organizations, and other activists—actors hitherto denied a seat at the table—have emerged as serious players in the policy-making process. Drawing from extensive field research in some of the most remote parts of Southwest China, China's Water Warriors contains rich narratives of the widespread opposition to dams in Pubugou and Dujiangyan in Sichuan province and the Nu River Project in Yunnan province. Mertha concludes that the impact and occasional success of such grassroots movements and policy activism signal a marked change in China's domestic politics. He questions democratization as the only, or even the most illuminating, indicator of political liberalization in China, instead offering an informed and hopeful picture of a growing pluralization of the Chinese policy process as exemplified by hydropower politics. For the 2010 paperback edition, Mertha tests his conclusions against events in China since 2008, including the Olympics, the devastating 208 Wenchuan earthquake, and the Uighar and Tibetan protests of 2008 and 2009.

Media Politics in China

Author : Maria Repnikova
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108171222
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Media Politics in China by : Maria Repnikova

Download or read book Media Politics in China written by Maria Repnikova and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-15 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who watches over the party-state? In this engaging analysis, Maria Repnikova reveals the webs of an uneasy partnership between critical journalists and the state in China. More than merely a passive mouthpiece or a dissident voice, the media in China also plays a critical oversight role, one more frequently associated with liberal democracies than with authoritarian systems. Chinese central officials cautiously endorse media supervision as a feedback mechanism, as journalists carve out space for critical reporting by positioning themselves as aiding the agenda of the central state. Drawing on rare access in the field, Media Politics in China examines the process of guarded improvisation that has defined this volatile partnership over the past decade on a routine basis and in the aftermath of major crisis events. Combined with a comparative analysis of media politics in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia, the book highlights the distinctiveness of Chinese journalist-state relations, as well as the renewed pressures facing them in the Xi era.

China Goes to Sea

Author : Andrew S. Erickson
Publisher : Naval Institute Press
ISBN 13 : 161251152X
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis China Goes to Sea by : Andrew S. Erickson

Download or read book China Goes to Sea written by Andrew S. Erickson and published by Naval Institute Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In modern history, China has been primarily a land power, dominating smaller states along its massive continental flanks. But China’s turn toward the sea is now very much a reality, as evident in its stunning rise in global shipbuilding markets, its vast and expanding merchant marine, the wide offshore reach of its energy and minerals exploration companies, its growing fishing fleet, and indeed its increasingly modern navy. Yet, for all these achievements, there is still profound skepticism regarding China’s potential as a genuine maritime power. Beijing must still import the most vital subcomponents for its shipyards, maritime governance remains severely bureaucratically challenged, and the navy evinces, at least as of yet, little enthusiasm for significant blue water power projection capabilities. This volume provides a truly comprehensive assessment of prospects for China’s maritime development by situating these important geostrategic phenomena within a larger world historical context. China is hardly the only land power in history to attempt transformation by fostering sea power. Many continental powers have elected or been impelled to transform themselves into significant maritime powers in order to safeguard their strategic position or advance their interests. We examine cases of attempted transformation from the Persian Empire to the Soviet Union, and determine the reasons for their success or failure. Too many works on China view the nation in isolation. Of course, China’s history and culture are to some extent exceptional, but building intellectual fences actually hinders the effort to understand China’s current development trajectory. Without underestimating the enduring pull of China’s past as it relates to threats to the country’s internal stability and its landward borders, this comparative study provides reason to believe that China has turned the corner on a genuine maritime transformation. If that proves indeed to be the case, it would be a remarkable if not singular event in the history of the last two millennia.

Rural Education Across the World

Author : Simone White
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813361166
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Rural Education Across the World by : Simone White

Download or read book Rural Education Across the World written by Simone White and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-22 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together authors from United States, South Africa, United Kingdom, China, Canada and Australia to provide insights and case studies from across a range of contexts to explore the interplay between the notions of rurality, innovation and education. The book reveals a hopeful and resilient approach to innovative rural education and scholarship collectively and provides important evidence to speak against an often deficit view of rural education. Three patterns are revealed, namely: the importance of place-attentive strategies, the importance of joined up alliances to maximise resources and networks and finally, the need to utilize alternative methodologies and frameworks that have a starting point of difference rather than deficit for any rural initiative or approach. By drawing from international examples and responding in innovative ways to rural education challenges, this book provides an opportunity to share international insights into innovations, interventions and partnerships that promote and support rural education in its broadest sense.

China through the Lens of Comparative Education

Author : Ruth Hayhoe
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317672569
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis China through the Lens of Comparative Education by : Ruth Hayhoe

Download or read book China through the Lens of Comparative Education written by Ruth Hayhoe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the World Library of Educationalists series, international experts compile career-long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces – extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, major theoretical and practical contributions – so the world can read them in a single, manageable volume. Readers will be able to follow the themes and strands and see how their work contributes to the development of the field. Ruth Hayhoe is a distinguished scholar in comparative education and higher education, as well as one of the most highly regarded experts on Chinese education in the world. Extremely well respected throughout China, she has authored about 75 articles and book chapters, as well as several books on Chinese education and East-West relations in education. This selection of 15 of her most representative papers and chapters documents the most significant works of her research on Chinese education, higher education and comparative education. The three sections cover: comparative education and China higher education and history religion, culture and education. The collection not only helps foreign scholars understand Chinese education development in its cultural context comprehensively and systemically, but also provides a fresh point of view for education practitioners and policy makers in China. Podcast of Professor Ruth Hayhoe's interview at New Books Network discussing this book and her distinguished career: http://newbooksnetwork.com/ruth-hayhoe-china-through-the-lens-of-comparative-education-the-selected-works-of-ruth-hayhoe-routledge-2015/

The Chinese Internet

Author : Qingning Wang
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000203719
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chinese Internet by : Qingning Wang

Download or read book The Chinese Internet written by Qingning Wang and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-01 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the use of the internet in China, the complicated power relations in online political communications, and the interactions and struggles between the government and the public over the use of the internet. It argues that there is a "semi-structured" online public sphere, in which there is a certain amount of equal and liberal political communication, but that the online political debates are also limited by government control and censorship, as well as by inequality and exclusions, and moreover that the government rarely engages in the political debates. Based on extensive original research, and considering specific debates around particular issues, the book analyses how Chinese net-users debate about political issues, how they problematize the government’s actions and policies, what language they use, what online discourses are produced, and how the debates and online discourses are limited. Overall, the book provides a rich picture of the current state of online political communication in China.

Isolation and Engagement

Author : William Waltman Newmann
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472220284
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (722 download)

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Book Synopsis Isolation and Engagement by : William Waltman Newmann

Download or read book Isolation and Engagement written by William Waltman Newmann and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2022-07-21 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presidents and their advisors consistently seek to improve the management of their foreign policy decision processes. This book analyzes the successes and failures of administrations from Kennedy to Nixon as they sought to strike a balance between the personal style of the president and the need for a strong interagency structure that could systematically evaluate policy options. The narrative focuses on US decision making on China and Taiwan during the crucial era when the United States was considering moving from a policy of isolating China to a policy of engagement, culminating in Nixon’s historic 1972 trip to China. William Waltman Newmann has created an evolution-balance model, tested with case studies focusing on China policy by Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford, showing how the relationships between a president and his advisors change based on the weaknesses or pathologies of the president’s management style. The author’s research is based on declassified archival material from the Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford presidential libraries.

Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi

Author : Tiang Boon Hoo
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 131724267X
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi by : Tiang Boon Hoo

Download or read book Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi written by Tiang Boon Hoo and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been a discernable calibration of Chinese foreign policy since the ascension of Xi Jinping to the top leadership positions in China. The operative term here is adjustment rather than renovation because there has not been a fundamental transformation of Chinese foreign policy or "setting up of a new kitchen" in foreign affairs. Several continuities in Chinese diplomacy are still evident. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has not wavered from its overarching strategy of rising through peaceful development. The PRC is still an active participant and leader in, or shaper of, global and regional regimes even as it continues to push for reforms of the extant order, towards an arrangement which it thinks will be less unjust and more equitable. It seeks to better "link up with the international track", perhaps even more so under Xi’s stewardship. Yet amidst these continuities, it is clear that there have been some profound shifts in China’s foreign policy. From the enunciation of strategic slogans such as the "Asian security concept" and "major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics"; the creation of the China-led and initiated Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; the pursuit of Xi’s signature foreign policy initiative, the One Belt One Road; to a purportedly more assertive and resolute defense of China’s maritime territorial interests in East Asia—examples of these foreign policy calibrations (both patent and subtle) abound. In short, this has not been a complete metamorphosis but there are real changes, with important repercussions for China and the international system. The burning questions then are What, Where, How and Why: What are these key foreign policy adjustments? Where and how have these occurred in Chinese diplomacy? And what are the reasons or drivers that inform these changes? This book seeks to capture these changes. Featuring contributions from academics, think-tank intellectuals and policy practitioners, all engaged in the compelling business of China-watching, the book aims to shed more light on the calibrations that have animated China’s diplomacy under Xi, a leader who by most accounts is considered the most powerful Chinese numero uno since Deng Xiaoping.

Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia

Author : Louis Brennan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317591380
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia by : Louis Brennan

Download or read book Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia written by Louis Brennan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-22 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the drivers of regionalism and integration in both Europe and Asia and seeks to forge comparative perspectives between the two regions. Comprising contributions from scholars, analysts and policymakers, this volume explores and debates how and why regional bodies such as the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are formed and sustained. Furthermore, it examines the drivers of, and impediments to, regionalism and integration. The debates regarding what and who constitute drivers are presented in a fresh, thematic and comprehensive manner. Leadership and core states are also critically examined, whilst material, ideational and normative factors are all assessed comparatively. Significantly, in light of the global financial crisis, the book considers the role of crisis as a driver of regionalism and integration. This book will be of interest to students, scholars and policymakers interested in Asian and European politics and comparative politics.

Handbook of Family Policy

Author : Guðný Björk Eydal
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178471934X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (847 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Family Policy by : Guðný Björk Eydal

Download or read book Handbook of Family Policy written by Guðný Björk Eydal and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-30 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Family Policy examines how state and workplace policies support parents and their children in developing, earning and caring. With original contributions from 44 leading scholars, this Handbook provides readers with up-to-date knowledge on family policies and family policy research, taking stock of current literature as well as providing analyses of present-day policies, and where they should head in the future.

China's Centralized Industrial Order

Author : Chen Li
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317910559
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis China's Centralized Industrial Order by : Chen Li

Download or read book China's Centralized Industrial Order written by Chen Li and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-11-13 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the political economy of China’s industrial reform and the rise of a group of Chinese big businesses under the Communist Party and the central state’s control. It examines the origins, evolution and institutional configuration of this centralized system in governing the ‘commanding heights’ of the Chinese industrial economy. Shaped by persistent industrial policies to develop China’s ‘national champions’ enterprises, the core parts of China’s central industrial ministries and mono-bank system have been transformed into a ‘national team’ of giant modern business firms in industries such as oil, power generation, telecommunications, aerospace, aviation, nuclear, shipbuilding, mining, construction, automobile and banking. Through an adaptive process of learning, experimentation and restructuring, the bedrock of the authority relations and control mechanisms among the Party, government bureaucracy and firms has been consolidated rather than dismantled in the system’s transformation. This alternative view of China’s industrial reform presents a direct challenge to the neo-liberal transition model of China’s institutional development and the mainstream Western conceptions of Chinese big business.