Chemo Biological Systems For Co2 Utilization

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Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization

Author : Ashok Kumar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000174824
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization by : Ashok Kumar

Download or read book Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization written by Ashok Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization describes the most recent advanced tools and techniques for carbon dioxide capture and its utilization. It discusses and compares the advantages of different systems and aids researchers and industrialists in understanding energy generation in the form of biofuels, bioelectricity, or biogas using chemicals; nanomaterials; and microbial, enzymatic, and chemo-enzymatic-integrated systems. It describes the importance and utilization of CO2 in living systems, and provides an overview of the various fundamental methods, policies, and techniques involved in CO2 conversion. Emphasis is placed on the production of value-added products using CO2, including biomethanol, industrial carbonates, and liquid or gaseous fuels. Features: Explains the correlations between microbial, biological, and chemical products and their roles in the conversion of CO2 into usable energy and related products. Being suitable for a broad audience, it addresses fundamental treatment methods for reusing environmental waste materials. Aids in decision-making and policy planning for environmental professionals. The information provided throughout this book will help researchers and professionals working in various industries to better understand the conversion of CO2 into energy-based products. Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization also serves as a useful guide to seek alternative methods for clean energy and mitigating global climate change.

Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization

Author : Ashok Kumar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000174905
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization by : Ashok Kumar

Download or read book Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization written by Ashok Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization describes the most recent advanced tools and techniques for carbon dioxide capture and its utilization. It discusses and compares the advantages of different systems and aids researchers and industrialists in understanding energy generation in the form of biofuels, bioelectricity, or biogas using chemicals; nanomaterials; and microbial, enzymatic, and chemo-enzymatic-integrated systems. It describes the importance and utilization of CO2 in living systems, and provides an overview of the various fundamental methods, policies, and techniques involved in CO2 conversion. Emphasis is placed on the production of value-added products using CO2, including biomethanol, industrial carbonates, and liquid or gaseous fuels. Features: Explains the correlations between microbial, biological, and chemical products and their roles in the conversion of CO2 into usable energy and related products. Being suitable for a broad audience, it addresses fundamental treatment methods for reusing environmental waste materials. Aids in decision-making and policy planning for environmental professionals. The information provided throughout this book will help researchers and professionals working in various industries to better understand the conversion of CO2 into energy-based products. Chemo-Biological Systems for CO2 Utilization also serves as a useful guide to seek alternative methods for clean energy and mitigating global climate change.

Advances in Carbon Capture and Utilization

Author : Deepak Pant
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811606382
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Carbon Capture and Utilization by : Deepak Pant

Download or read book Advances in Carbon Capture and Utilization written by Deepak Pant and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the recent trends in carbon management and up-to-date information on different carbon management strategies that lead to manage increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The growing evidence of climate change resulting from the continued increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has made it a high profile political–social and trade issue. The mean global average earth temperature rose by 0.6± 2°C during the second half of the century with the rate of 0.17°C/decade. As per GISS data in the year of 2017, it rose 0.9°C (1.62 °F) above the 1951-1980 mean global temperature. Recently World Meteorological Organization analyzes the past record temperature and found the past 10 years were the warmest years about 1.1°C above preindustrial level. Over the past decade, carbon management by various techniques has to come to fore as a way to manage carbon dioxide emissions contributing to climate change. The proposed book addresses the need for an understanding of sustainable carbon dioxide management technologies mainly focused on (a) minimizing carbon dioxide emission from sources; (b) maximizing environmentally sound recuse, reduce and recycling; (c)emerging technology toward carbon dioxide mitigation and d) converting carbon dioxide into valuable products form sustainable use. Other books related to carbon management attempt to cover the carbon capture and sequestration, carbon mineralization, utilization and storage but the topic of CO2 management strategies is not discussed in detail for sustainable development. Furthermore, this book also covers all physical, chemical and biological process for long-term capture, removal and sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for sustainable management which is not described in other carbon management books. In order to meet CO2 emissions reduction target, a range of technological approaches, including development of clean fuels and clean coal technologies, adopting cleaner and more energy efficiency and conservation, developing renewable energy and implementing CCS technologies, will also be considered for sustainable future.

CO2-philic Polymers, Nanocomposites and Solvents

Author : Ashok Kumar Nadda
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 032385821X
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis CO2-philic Polymers, Nanocomposites and Solvents by : Ashok Kumar Nadda

Download or read book CO2-philic Polymers, Nanocomposites and Solvents written by Ashok Kumar Nadda and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-02-21 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CO2-philic Polymers, Nanocomposites and Chemical Solvents: Capture, Conversion and Industrial Products is a multidisciplinary book that provides a compilation of concrete information on various polymers, porous materials hydrogels, membranes, nanoparticles, biochar metal-organic frameworks, bioinspired surfaces, polysaccharides, organic solvents, chemicals, eutectic solvents, amine-based chemical compounds, porphyrins, ionic liquids, ceramics and cutting-edge technologies for CO2 sequestration and conversion. Each chapter covers the latest developments and methods of synthesis and applications in the area. The book discusses, in detail, valuable commercial products from CO2, such as ethanol, methanol, formic acid, and precursors of other fine chemicals. The book covers the scientific, technological and practical concepts concerning the research, development and realization of CO2-philic polymers, nanocomposites and chemical solvents. This makes it a valuable resource for academic researchers and graduate students in chemical engineering, materials science and chemical engineers/engineers working in the industry. Provides a comprehensive overview of candidates and techniques for CO2 capture and conversion Written by worldwide experts from academia Contains numerous illustrations, tables, figures, graphs, bibliographies and extensive references Appeals to a broad academic audience with its interdisciplinary content

Thermochemical and Catalytic Conversion Technologies for Future Biorefineries

Author : Pradeep Verma
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811943125
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermochemical and Catalytic Conversion Technologies for Future Biorefineries by : Pradeep Verma

Download or read book Thermochemical and Catalytic Conversion Technologies for Future Biorefineries written by Pradeep Verma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will attempt to provide an account of knowledge on biomass available for biomass-based biorefineries. Its focuses on understanding the recalcitrance of biomass and how it limits the overall conversion efficiency. It also gives an insight what are different conventional approaches available for pretreatment and hydrolysis of the biomass. The chapters deals with highlights how enzymes can be a powerhouse and play pioneering roles in biomass valorization. The book will also throw light on how technical aspects of thermochemical conversion strategies such as pyrolysis, gasification, organosolv methods for the generation of value-added materials such as high-quality bio-oil, biochars, and biobased chemicals. These high-value compounds can be put to widespread application in biofuel, biocatalyst, waste bioremediation (heavy metal removal), air purification and effluent treatment applications. The book will provide literature on the limitations of already existing technologies and provide prospects of each technology. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, bioenergy scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of energy studies, chemical engineering, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. National and international energy scientists and policymakers will also find this to be a useful read.

Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste

Author : Pradeep Verma
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000683087
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste by : Pradeep Verma

Download or read book Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste written by Pradeep Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Enzymes in Valorization of waste: Enzymatic pre-treatment of waste for development of enzyme based biorefinery" focusses on the role of key delignifying enzymes (Laccase, MnP, LiP and LPMO’s) involved in biomass pre-treatment. The role of these enzymes such as hemicellulose, chitinases, and pectinases are discussed exhaustively including enzyme assisted recovery of high value phenolic compounds and value-added compounds generated during the pre-treatment process. All chapters cover broad topics and thematic areas associated with the pre-treatment step of biorefinery including enzyme mediated water treatment and its associated applications in biofuels, biorefineries and bioconversion. Features: Highlights mechanistic approach how the enzyme being able to regulate the delignification. Discusses advantages of the enzymatic delignification over other physical and chemical methods. Illustrates role of enzymes such as pectinase and chitinases and breaking down of biomass recalcitrance due to presence of pectin and chitin. Consolidates details on de-lignifying enzymes ((Laccase, MnP, LiP and LPMO’s) suitable in biomass pretreatment. Explores role of delignifying enzymes in high value phenolic compounds recovery during the enzymatic delignification. This book aims at Graduate students, Researchers and related Industry Professionals in Biochemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Wastewater Treatment, Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology, Biomass Based Biorefinery, Biochemistry, Green Chemistry, Sustainable Development, Waste Treatment, Enzymology, Microbial Biotechnology, and Waste Valorization.

Insights in Negative Emission Technologies: 2021

Author : Phil Renforth
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 283252351X
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Insights in Negative Emission Technologies: 2021 by : Phil Renforth

Download or read book Insights in Negative Emission Technologies: 2021 written by Phil Renforth and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-05-16 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bioprospecting of Microbial Diversity

Author : Pradeep Verma
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323885756
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioprospecting of Microbial Diversity by : Pradeep Verma

Download or read book Bioprospecting of Microbial Diversity written by Pradeep Verma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-02-01 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioprospecting of Microbial Diversity: Challenges and Applications in Biochemical Industry, Agriculture and Environment Protection gives a detailed insight into the utilization of microorganisms or microorganism-based bioactive compounds for the development of sustainable approaches, covering recent advances and challenges in the production and recovery of bioactive compounds such as enzymes, biopesticides, biofertilizers, biosensors, therapeutics, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. The challenges associated with the different approaches of microbial bioprospecting along with possible solutions to overcome these limitations are addressed. Further, the application of microbe-based products in the area of environmental pollution control and developing greener technologies are discussed. Providing valuable insight into the basics of microbial prospecting, the book covers established knowledge as well as genomic-based technological advancements to offer a better understanding of its application to various industries, promoting the commercialization of microbial-derived bioactive compounds and their application in biochemical industries, agriculture, and environmental protection studies. Describes the advanced techniques available for microbial bioprospecting for large-scale industrial production of bioactive compounds Presents recent advances and challenges for the application of microbe-based products in agriculture and environment pollution control Provides knowledge of microbial production of bioenergy and high-value compounds such as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals

C1 Chemistry

Author : Saeed Sahebdelfar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000593673
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis C1 Chemistry by : Saeed Sahebdelfar

Download or read book C1 Chemistry written by Saeed Sahebdelfar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatility of crude oil prices, depleting reservoirs and environmental concerns have stimulated worldwide research for alternative and sustainable sources of raw materials for chemicals and fuels. The idea of using single-carbon atom molecules as chemical building blocks is not new, and many such compounds have been techno-economically studied as raw materials for fuels. Nevertheless, unifying the scientific and technical issues under the topic of C1 chemistry is not as easy as it may appear. C1 Chemistry: Principles and Processes provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemical transformation from molecular to commercial plant scales and reviews the sources of C1 molecules, their conversion processes and the most recent achievements and research needs. This book: Describes the latest processes developments and introduces commercial technologies Covers a wide range of feedstocks, including greenhouse gases and organic wastes Details chemistry, thermodynamics, catalysis, kinetics and reactors for respective conversions Includes preparation and purification of C1 feedstocks, C1 molecule coupling reactions and process technologies for each C1 conversion reaction Considers environmental impacts and sustainability This book will be of interest to a wide range of researchers, academics, professionals and advanced students working in the chemical, environmental and energy sectors and offers readers insights into the challenges and opportunities in the active field of C1 chemistry.

Crises in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries

Author : Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323951554
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Crises in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries by : Mohammad Reza Rahimpour

Download or read book Crises in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries written by Mohammad Reza Rahimpour and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-13 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crises in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries: Disasters and Environmental Challenges provides an overview of both natural and manmade disasters occurring in oil, gas and petrochemical industries while also covering special solutions based on their types. This volume includes the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and hurricanes as well as manmade incidents including fire events, explosions and the release of dust and toxic substances on various related units and plants. In addition, the long-term side effects on both humans and the environment resulted from these industries are presented. Problems such as releasing wastes and venting gases into the environment and challenges from overusing the natural resources and producing noise pollutants are also discussed in detail. Introduces the effects of natural disasters on the oil, gas and petrochemical industries Describes the effect of manmade disasters on oil, gas and petrochemical industries Discusses the long-term side effects of oil, gas and petrochemical units on humans and the environments

Bioremediation using weeds

Author : Deepak Pant
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813365528
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioremediation using weeds by : Deepak Pant

Download or read book Bioremediation using weeds written by Deepak Pant and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: div="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"In this monograph, the core elements of multidisciplinary bioremediation practices are addressed and environmental pollutants which can be effectively remediated using weeds is focused upon. Weeds plants can easily grow in waste dumping sites with their rapidly colonizing ability. The contents include recent results in bioremediation and focuses on the current trend of introduction of potentials of weeds in bioremediation practice. This volume will be a useful guide for researchers, academics and scientists. div="" style="" ^

Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery

Author : Pradeep Verma
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100048145X
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery by : Pradeep Verma

Download or read book Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery written by Pradeep Verma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Algal and phycology-based approaches for wastewater treatment have recently gained interest. Phycology-Based Approaches for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery highlights advanced algal-based technologies developed or being considered for wastewater treatment along with the opportunities that existing technologies can provide at an industrial scale. It covers recent findings on algal-based approaches for the removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, and other toxicities from sewage and industrial effluents and supplies in-depth analysis on technologies such as biosorption and bioaccumulations. Advanced mathematical modeling approaches to understand waste removal and resource recovery from wastewater are illustrated as well. The book: Provides exhaustive information on the use of algae for the simultaneous treatment and resource recovery of wastewater Discusses algae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria applications in detail Presents critical insight into limitations of the prevalent technologies Reviews methodology of advanced technologies Includes illustrations and interesting trivia boxes throughout the book This book is of interest to researchers, graduate students and professionals in phycology, microbiology, bioremediation, environmental sciences, biotechnology, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and circular economy.

Basic Research Advancement for Algal Biofuels Production

Author : Neha Srivastava
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811968101
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Research Advancement for Algal Biofuels Production by : Neha Srivastava

Download or read book Basic Research Advancement for Algal Biofuels Production written by Neha Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The edited book presents sustainable adopting options in basic research for improving algal biofuels production. This book is probably first book on algal biofuels which is focused on improving the primary basic research to enhance mass scale technological production of algal biofuels. The book explores significance of basic bench top research to increase pilot scale production of algal biofuels. The books also targeting the most sustainable and economical algal biofuels option with in depth details. Further, it highlights the existing roadblock, their analysis and eco-friendly solution to control them in most greenery way. This book is highly useful for academician, researchers and industries professionals and of high interest for students of bioenergy, sustainable practices and renewable energy.

Micro-algae: Next-generation Feedstock for Biorefineries

Author : Pradeep Verma
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811907935
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro-algae: Next-generation Feedstock for Biorefineries by : Pradeep Verma

Download or read book Micro-algae: Next-generation Feedstock for Biorefineries written by Pradeep Verma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-22 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book provides an account of past, present, and future constraints in microalgae-based biorefineries, emphasizing cultivation and refining processes. The book offers an insight into the recent advancements in the technologies and methods developed microalgae-based biorefinery for bioenergy and biochemicals production. The fast depletion of fossil fuels has forced researchers to move out of reliance on fossil fuels for the industrial and energy sector’s needs. Due to its rich protein and lipid content, microalgal biomass has been considered one of the suitable substrates for the biorefinery. Microalgal production and harvesting for biofuel and chemicals is a tedious task. Several technological advances have been observed in this area, thus systematically checking the viability of technology at laboratory scale and then moving to large scale production, harvesting, extraction, processing, and characterization is the main focus of the book. This book is equally beneficial for researchers and engineers in biomass-based biorefineries or the bachelors, master, or young budding graduate students as a textbook.

Phytoremediation for Environmental Sustainability

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811656215
Total Pages : 543 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Phytoremediation for Environmental Sustainability by : Ram Prasad

Download or read book Phytoremediation for Environmental Sustainability written by Ram Prasad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-11 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book details the plant-assisted remediation methods, which involves the interaction of plant roots with associated rhizospheric microorganisms for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with high levels of heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, agricultural by-products, municipal wastes, industrial solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and various other contaminants. Each chapter highlights and compares the beneficial and economical alternatives of phytoremediation to currently practiced soil, water, and air removal. This book covers state-of-the-art approaches in phytoremediation contributed by leading and eminent scientists from across the world. Phytoremediation approaches for environmental sustainability dealing the readers with a cutting-edge of multidisciplinary understanding in the principal and practical approaches of phytoremediation from laboratory research to field application. This book is of interest to researchers, teachers, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, environmentalists, and policy makers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of environmental microbiology, biotechnology, eco-toxicology, environmental remediation, waste management, and environmental sciences as well as the general audience.

Bioenergy Research: Commercial Opportunities & Challenges

Author : Manish Srivastava
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811611904
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioenergy Research: Commercial Opportunities & Challenges by : Manish Srivastava

Download or read book Bioenergy Research: Commercial Opportunities & Challenges written by Manish Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-10 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is third part of the five-part set on bioenergy research. This book provides insights into commercial advantages of commonly running bioenergy options. It explores various opportunities present at technical scale to produce biofuels. Moreover, the additional practical feasibility of the commercialization of existing biofuels including existing challenges and sustainable solutions to overcome from these technical hurdles. This Volume also focuses on the durability and long run sustainability on the new arrival of biofuels options which can be a suitable and easy replacement of currently available biofuels at pilot scale. Other four volumes of this set explore basic concepts, latest progress, bio-waste to energy conversion and integrated solution for bioenergy concerns.

Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309483360
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the quest to mitigate the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, researchers and policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to techniques for capturing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, either from the locations where they are emitted or directly from the atmosphere. Once captured, these gases can be stored or put to use. While both carbon storage and carbon utilization have costs, utilization offers the opportunity to recover some of the cost and even generate economic value. While current carbon utilization projects operate at a relatively small scale, some estimates suggest the market for waste carbon-derived products could grow to hundreds of billions of dollars within a few decades, utilizing several thousand teragrams of waste carbon gases per year. Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs assesses research and development needs relevant to understanding and improving the commercial viability of waste carbon utilization technologies and defines a research agenda to address key challenges. The report is intended to help inform decision making surrounding the development and deployment of waste carbon utilization technologies under a variety of circumstances, whether motivated by a goal to improve processes for making carbon-based products, to generate revenue, or to achieve environmental goals.