Chemical Energy And Exergy

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Chemical Energy and Exergy

Author : Norio Sato
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080501000
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Energy and Exergy by : Norio Sato

Download or read book Chemical Energy and Exergy written by Norio Sato and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-03-31 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a beginners introduction to chemical thermodynamics for engineers. In the textbook efforts have been made to visualize as clearly as possible the main concepts of thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy and entropy, thus making them more perceivable. Furthermore, intricate formulae in thermodynamics have been discussed as functionally unified sets of formulae to understand their meaning rather than to mathematically derive them in detail. In this textbook, the affinity of irreversible processes, defined by the second law of thermodynamics, has been treated as the main subject, rather than the equilibrium of chemical reactions. The concept of affinity is applicable in general not only to the processes of chemical reactions but also to all kinds of irreversible processes. This textbook also includes electrochemical thermodynamics in which, instead of the classical phenomenological approach, molecular science provides an advanced understanding of the reactions of charged particles such as ions and electrons at the electrodes. Recently, engineering thermodynamics has introduced a new thermodynamic potential called exergy, which essentially is related to the concept of the affinity of irreversible processes. This textbook discusses the relation between exergy and affinity and explains the exergy balance diagram and exergy vector diagram applicable to exergy analyses in chemical manufacturing processes. This textbook is written in the hope that the readers understand in a broad way the fundamental concepts of energy and exergy from chemical thermodynamics in practical applications. Finishing this book, the readers may easily step forward further into an advanced text of their specified line. - Visualizes the main concepts of thermodynamics to show the meaning of the quantities and formulae. - Focuses mainly on the affinity of irreversible processes and the related concept of exergy. - Provides an advanced understanding of electrochemical thermodynamics.

Chemical Energy and Exergy

Author : Norio Sato
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780444516459
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Energy and Exergy by : Norio Sato

Download or read book Chemical Energy and Exergy written by Norio Sato and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-03-31 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a beginners introduction to chemical thermodynamics for engineers. In the textbook efforts have been made to visualize as clearly as possible the main concepts of thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpy and entropy, thus making them more perceivable. Furthermore, intricate formulae in thermodynamics have been discussed as functionally unified sets of formulae to understand their meaning rather than to mathematically derive them in detail. In this textbook, the affinity of irreversible processes, defined by the second law of thermodynamics, has been treated as the main subject, rather than the equilibrium of chemical reactions. The concept of affinity is applicable in general not only to the processes of chemical reactions but also to all kinds of irreversible processes. This textbook also includes electrochemical thermodynamics in which, instead of the classical phenomenological approach, molecular science provides an advanced understanding of the reactions of charged particles such as ions and electrons at the electrodes. Recently, engineering thermodynamics has introduced a new thermodynamic potential called exergy, which essentially is related to the concept of the affinity of irreversible processes. This textbook discusses the relation between exergy and affinity and explains the exergy balance diagram and exergy vector diagram applicable to exergy analyses in chemical manufacturing processes. This textbook is written in the hope that the readers understand in a broad way the fundamental concepts of energy and exergy from chemical thermodynamics in practical applications. Finishing this book, the readers may easily step forward further into an advanced text of their specified line. - Visualizes the main concepts of thermodynamics to show the meaning of the quantities and formulae. - Focuses mainly on the affinity of irreversible processes and the related concept of exergy. - Provides an advanced understanding of electrochemical thermodynamics.

Exergy

Author : Ibrahim Dincer
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0080970907
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy by : Ibrahim Dincer

Download or read book Exergy written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with exergy and its applications to various energy systems and applications as a potential tool for design, analysis and optimization, and its role in minimizing and/or eliminating environmental impacts and providing sustainable development. In this regard, several key topics ranging from the basics of the thermodynamic concepts to advanced exergy analysis techniques in a wide range of applications are covered as outlined in the contents. Offers comprehensive coverage of exergy and its applications, along with the most up-to-date information in the area with recent developments Connects exergy with three essential areas in terms of energy, environment and sustainable development Provides a number of illustrative examples, practical applications, and case studies Written in an easy-to-follow style, starting from the basics to advanced systems

Exergy Analysis for Energy Conversion Systems

Author : Efstathios Michaelides
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108573797
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy Analysis for Energy Conversion Systems by : Efstathios Michaelides

Download or read book Exergy Analysis for Energy Conversion Systems written by Efstathios Michaelides and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover a straightforward and holistic look at energy conversion and conservation processes using the exergy concept with this thorough text. Explains the fundamental energy conversion processes in numerous diverse systems, ranging from jet engines and nuclear reactors to human bodies. Provides examples for applications to practical energy conversion processes and systems that use our naturally occurring energy resources, such as fossil fuels, solar energy, wind, geothermal, and nuclear fuels. With more than one-hundred diverse cases and solved examples, readers will be able to perform optimizations for a cleaner environment, a sustainable energy future, and affordable energy generation. An essential tool for practicing scientists and engineers who work or do research in the area of energy and exergy, as well as graduate students and faculty in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and physics.

Efficiency of Biomass Energy

Author : Krzysztof J. Ptasinski
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118702107
Total Pages : 778 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Efficiency of Biomass Energy by : Krzysztof J. Ptasinski

Download or read book Efficiency of Biomass Energy written by Krzysztof J. Ptasinski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 778 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems Covers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals Each chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergy A separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined Includes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries Traditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to compare with the corresponding bioenergy systems

Application of Exergy

Author : Tolga Taner
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 178923266X
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Application of Exergy by : Tolga Taner

Download or read book Application of Exergy written by Tolga Taner and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-06 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main scope of this study is to emphasize exergy efficiency in all fields of industry. The chapters collected in the book are contributed by invited researchers with a long-standing experience in different research areas. I hope that the material presented here is understandable to a wide audience, not only energy engineers but also scientists from various disciplines. The book contains seven chapters in three sections: (1) "General Information about Exergy," (2) "Exergy Applications," and (3) "Thermoeconomic Analysis." This book provides detailed and up-to-date evaluations in different areas written by academics with experience in their fields. It is anticipated that this book will make a scientific contribution to exergy workers, researchers, academics, PhD students, and other scientists in both the present and the future.

Exergy Method

Author : Jan Szargut
Publisher : WIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1853127531
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (531 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy Method by : Jan Szargut

Download or read book Exergy Method written by Jan Szargut and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exergy method makes it possible to detect and quantify the possibilities of improving thermal and chemical processes and systems. The introduction of the concept thermo-ecological cost (cumulative consumption of non-renewable natural exergy resources) generated large application possibilities of exergy in ecology. This book contains a short presentation on the basic principles of exergy analysis and discusses new achievements in the field over the last 15 years. One of the most important issues considered by the distinguished author is the economy of non-renewable natural exergy. Previously discussed only in scientific journals, other important new problems highlighted include: calculation of the chemical exergy of all the stable chemical elements, global natural and anthropogenic exergy losses, practical guidelines for improvement of the thermodynamic imperfection of thermal processes and systems, development of the determination methods of partial exergy losses in thermal systems, evaluation of the natural mineral capital of the Earth, and the application of exergy for the determination of a pro-ecological tax.A basic knowledge of thermodynamics is assumed, and the book is therefore most appropriate for graduate students and engineers working in the field of energy and ecological management.

Exergy

Author : Silvio de Oliveira Junior
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447141652
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy by : Silvio de Oliveira Junior

Download or read book Exergy written by Silvio de Oliveira Junior and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-02 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between concepts derived from Second Law of Thermodynamics and their application to Engineering practice, the property exergy and the exergy balance can be a tool for analyzing and improving the performance of energy conversion processes. With the exergy analysis it is possible to evaluate the performance of energy conversion processes not only on a thermodynamics basis but also by including production costs and environmental aspects and impacts of the studied processes. This comprehensive approach of the use of energy has, as one of the most important feature, the identification of sustainable ways of energy resources utilization. Based on the fundamentals of the exergy concept, its calculation, graphical representations and exergy balances evaluation, Exergy: Production Cost And Renewability describes the application of detailed exergy and thermoeconomic analysis to power plants and polygeneration systems, petroleum production and refining plants (including hydrogen production), chemical plants, biofuel production routes, combined production of ethanol and electricity, aircraft systems design, environmental impact mitigation processes and human body behavior. The presented case studies aim at providing students, researchers and engineers with guidelines to the utilization of the exergy and thermoeconomic analysis to model, simulate and optimize real processes and industrial plants.

The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis

Author : T. J. Kotas
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483100367
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis by : T. J. Kotas

Download or read book The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis written by T. J. Kotas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis aims to discuss the history, related concepts, applications, and development of the Exergy Method - analysis technique that uses the Second Law of Thermodynamics as the basis of evaluation of thermodynamic loss. The book, after an introduction to thermodynamics and its related concepts, covers concepts related to exergy, such as physical and chemical exergy, exergy concepts for a control method and a closed-system analysis, the exergy analysis of simple processes, and the thermocentric applications of exergy. A seven-part appendix is also included. Appendices A-D covers miscellaneous information on exergy, and Appendix E features charts of thermodynamic properties. Appendix F is a glossary of terms, and Appendix G contains the list of references. The text is recommended for physicists who would like to know more about the Exergy Method, its underlying principles, and its applications not only in thermal plant analysis but also in certain areas.

Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings

Author : Jose M Sala-Lizarraga
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128176121
Total Pages : 1114 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings by : Jose M Sala-Lizarraga

Download or read book Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings written by Jose M Sala-Lizarraga and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 1114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantifying exergy losses in the energy supply system of buildings reveals the potential for energy improvement, which cannot be discovered using conventional energy analysis. Thermoeconomics combines economic and thermodynamic analysis by applying the concept of cost (an economic concept) to exergy, as exergy is a thermodynamic property fit for this purpose, in that it combines the quantity of energy with its quality factor. Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings applies exergy analysis methods and thermoeconomics to the built environment. The mechanisms of heat transfer throughout the envelope of buildings are analyzed from an exergy perspective and then to the building thermal installations, analyzing the different components, such as condensing boilers, absorption refrigerators, microcogeneration plants, etc., including solar installations and finally the thermal facilities as a whole. A detailed analysis of the cost formation process is presented, which has its physical roots firmly planted in the second law of thermodynamics. The basic principles and the rules of cost allocation, in energy units (exergy cost), in monetary units (exergoeconomic cost), and in CO2 emissions (exergoenvironmental cost), based on the so-called Exergy Cost Theory are presented and applied to thermal installations of buildings. Clear and rigorous in its exposition, Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings discusses exergy analysis and thermoeconomics and the role they could play in the analysis and design of building components, either the envelope or the thermal facilities, as well as the diagnosis of thermal installations. This book moves progressively from introducing the basic concepts to applying them. Exergy Analysis and Thermoeconomics of Buildings provides examples of specific cases throughout this book. These cases include real data, so that the results obtained are useful to interpret the inefficiencies and losses that truly occur in actual installations; hence, the assessment of their effects encourages the manner to improve efficiency. Applies exergy analysis methods for the installation of building thermal facilities equipment components, including pipes, valves, heat exchangers, boilers and heat pumps Helps readers determine the operational costs of heating and cooling building systems Includes exergy analysis methods that are devoted to absorption refrigerators, adsorption cooling systems, basic air conditioning processes, ventilation systems and solar systems, either thermal and PV Discusses the direct application of exergy analysis concepts, including examples of buildings with typical heating, DHW and air conditioning installations

Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes

Author : Jan Szargut
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes by : Jan Szargut

Download or read book Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes written by Jan Szargut and published by Springer. This book was released on 1988 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to the exergy analysis of thermal processes, e.g. heat engines and commercial power stations, for which the methods described have been long established, the book considers the chemical and metallurgical process industries. Charts and tables are provided for the determination of the exergy of many typical substances. Examples are drawn from the fields of thermal, chemical and metallurgical engineering and the exergetic efficiency of typical processes is calculated. The book also discusses the application of the exergy concept to the problem of the economical optimization of complex plants and the implications to the environment of pollution due to external exergy losses. An Instructor's Manual is available which contains outline solutions to the problems listed at the end of each chapter.

Exergetic Recovery Factors of Energy Resources

Author : Ali Akbar Eftekhari
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319042312
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergetic Recovery Factors of Energy Resources by : Ali Akbar Eftekhari

Download or read book Exergetic Recovery Factors of Energy Resources written by Ali Akbar Eftekhari and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using classic thermodynamic principles as the point of departure, this book supplies the tools required to assess the technical viability of energy conversion processes. A new concept, viz. the exergetic (useful energy) recovery factor is introduced that measures net fraction of the extracted useful energy with respect to the initial exergy of the energy resource. With respect to conventional measures, the exergetic recovery factor can be negative, which indicates that more input exergy is required than extracted. A detailed description of the method will be given by applying it both to fossil fuel based energy resources and renewable energy resources. In addition a simplified procedure is given that gives the non-specialist reader the opportunity to judge both conventional and non-conventional energy resources. The case studies discussed comprise the conventional use of fossil fuel (oil gas and coal) the non-conventional use of fossil fuels (shale gas, underground coal gasification) and non-fossil fuel energy resources like geothermal, solar and wind. The book is an ideal guide for those engaged in the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable and sustainable energy sources and who want to introduce technically viable new energy extraction technologies, which have a reduced carbon footprint.

Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Author : Ibrahim Dincer
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124172113
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning by : Ibrahim Dincer

Download or read book Exergy Analysis of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-08 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improve and optimize efficiency of HVAC and related energy systems from an exergy perspective. From fundamentals to advanced applications, Exergy Analysis of Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration provides readers with a clear and concise description of exergy analysis and its many uses. Focusing on the application of exergy methods to the primary technologies for heating, refrigerating, and air conditioning, Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen demonstrate exactly how exergy can help improve and optimize efficiency, environmental performance, and cost-effectiveness. The book also discusses the analysis tools available, and includes many comprehensive case studies on current and emerging systems and technologies for real-world examples. From introducing exergy and thermodynamic fundamentals to presenting the use of exergy methods for heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning systems, this book equips any researcher or practicing engineer with the tools needed to learn and master the application of exergy analysis to these systems. Explains the fundamentals of energy/exergy for practitioners/researchers in HVAC&R fields for improving efficiency Covers environmental assessments and economic evaluations for a well-rounded approach to the subject Includes comprehensive case studies on both current and emerging systems/technologies Provides examples from a range of applications – from basic HVAC&R to more diverse processes such as industrial heating/cooling, cogeneration and trigeneration, and thermal storage

Encyclopedia of Ecology

Author : Brian D. Fath
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 008091456X
Total Pages : 4292 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Ecology by : Brian D. Fath

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Ecology written by Brian D. Fath and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 4292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The groundbreaking Encyclopedia of Ecology provides an authoritative and comprehensive coverage of the complete field of ecology, from general to applied. It includes over 500 detailed entries, structured to provide the user with complete coverage of the core knowledge, accessed as intuitively as possible, and heavily cross-referenced. Written by an international team of leading experts, this revolutionary encyclopedia will serve as a one-stop-shop to concise, stand-alone articles to be used as a point of entry for undergraduate students, or as a tool for active researchers looking for the latest information in the field. Entries cover a range of topics, including: Behavioral Ecology Ecological Processes Ecological Modeling Ecological Engineering Ecological Indicators Ecological Informatics Ecosystems Ecotoxicology Evolutionary Ecology General Ecology Global Ecology Human Ecology System Ecology The first reference work to cover all aspects of ecology, from basic to applied Over 500 concise, stand-alone articles are written by prominent leaders in the field Article text is supported by full-color photos, drawings, tables, and other visual material Fully indexed and cross referenced with detailed references for further study Writing level is suited to both the expert and non-expert Available electronically on ScienceDirect shortly upon publication

Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Industrial Processes

Author : Vladimir S. Stepanov
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642771483
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Industrial Processes by : Vladimir S. Stepanov

Download or read book Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Industrial Processes written by Vladimir S. Stepanov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is universally recognized that the end of the current and the beginning of the next century will be characterized by a radical change in the existing trends in the economic development of all countries and a transition to new principles of economic management on the basis of a resource and energy conservation policy. Thus there is an urgent necessity to study methods, technical aids and economic consequences of this change, and particularly, to determine the possible amounts of energy resources which could be conserved (energy "reserves") in different spheres of the national economy. An increased interest towards energy conservation in industry, one of the largest energy consumers, is quite natural and is manifested by the large num ber of publications on this topic. But the majority of publications are devoted to the solution of narrowly defined problems, determination of energy reserves in specific processes and plants, efficiency estimation of individual energy conserva tion measures, etc. However, it is necessary to develop a general methodological approach to the solution of such problems and create a scientific and methodical base for realizing an energy conservation policy. Such an effort is made in this book, which is concerned with methods for studying energy use efficiency in technological processes and estimation of the theoretical and actual energy reserves in a given process, technology, or industrial sector on the basis of their complete energy balances.

Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion

Author : Masakazu Sugiyama
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319254006
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion by : Masakazu Sugiyama

Download or read book Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion written by Masakazu Sugiyama and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-25 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy and its storage. It covers the basic background; interface modeling at the reacting surface; energy conversion with chemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches and energy conversion using applied photosynthesis. The important concepts for converting solar to chemical energy are based on an understanding of the reactions’ equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. Since the energy conversion is essentially the transfer of free energy, the process are explained in the context of thermodynamics.

Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries

Author : V.V. Veverka
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080535869
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (358 download)

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Book Synopsis Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries by : V.V. Veverka

Download or read book Material and Energy Balancing in the Process Industries written by V.V. Veverka and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-01-15 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the systematic coverage of mass and energy balancing in the process industries. The classical treatment of balances in the available literature is complemented in the following areas: - systematic analysis of large systems by Graph theory - comprehensive thermodynamic analysis (entropy and availability) - balancing on the basis of measured plant data (data reconciliation) - measurement design and optimisation - dynamic balancing - plant-wide regular mass and energy balancing as a part of company's information system. The major areas addressed are: - single- and multi-component balancing - energy balance - entropy and exergy (availability) balances - solvability of balancing problems - balancing with data reconciliation - dynamic balancing - measurement design and optimisation - regular balancing of large industrial systems. The book is directed to chemical engineers, plant designers, technologists, information technology managers, control engineers and instrumentation engineers in process industries. Major areas of applications are process industries and energy production, such as oil refining, natural gas processing, petrochemistry, chemical industries, mineral processing and utility production and distribution systems. University students and teachers of chemical engineering and control will also find the book invaluable.