Chemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by Analytical Pyrolysis

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by Analytical Pyrolysis by : Ana Lourenço

Download or read book Chemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by Analytical Pyrolysis written by Ana Louren√ßo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical pyrolysis is used to chemically study complex molecular materials and is applied in a wide range of fields. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process associated to the breaking of chemical bonds using thermal energy, transforming a nonvolatile compound into a volatile degradation mixture. This chapter refers to analytical pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, i.e., when pyrolysis is used for chemical characterization, applied to samples with small particle sizes, at 500,Äì650¬∞C, and with short residence times. The reactions that occur during pyrolysis of the structural components are discussed regarding the mechanisms and the pyrolysis products obtained from cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. A compilation of data is made on the characterization of lignocellulosic materials using Py-GC/FID(MS) or Py-GC/MS as analytical tools including woods and barks of several species. The pyrogram profiles and important parameters on lignin chemical composition such as the H:G:S relation and the S/G ratio are summarized. Analytical pyrolysis is a versatile methodology that may be applied to characterize the lignin directly on the lignocellulosic material or after isolation from the cell wall matrix (e.g., as MWL or dioxane lignin) or from pulps or spent liquors. It is therefore an excellent tool to study lignin compositional variability in different materials and along various processing pathways.

Analytical Pyrolysis

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789849586
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Pyrolysis by : Peter Kusch

Download or read book Analytical Pyrolysis written by Peter Kusch and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical pyrolysis deals with the structural identification and quantitation of pyrolysis products with the ultimate aim of establishing the identity of the original material and the mechanisms of its thermal decomposition. The pyrolytic process is carried out in a pyrolyzer interfaced with analytical instrumentation such as gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), or with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR). By measurement and identification of pyrolysis products, the molecular composition of the original sample can often be reconstructed.This book is the outcome of contributions by experts in the field of pyrolysis and includes applications of the analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS to characterize the structure of synthetic organic polymers and lignocellulosic materials as well as cellulosic pulps and isolated lignins, solid wood, waste particle board, and bio-oil. The thermal degradation of cellulose and biomass is examined by scanning electron micrography, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis, and TG/MS. The calorimetric determination of high heating values of different raw biomass, plastic waste, and biomass/plastic waste mixtures and their by-products resulting from pyrolysis is described.

Cheminformatics Applied to Analytical Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Cheminformatics Applied to Analytical Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials by : Jorge Reyes-Rivera

Download or read book Cheminformatics Applied to Analytical Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials written by Jorge Reyes-Rivera and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry has been used to characterize a wide variety of polymers. The main objective is to infer the attributes of materials in relation to their chemical composition. Applications of this technique include the development of new improved materials in the industry. Furthermore, due to the growing interest in biorefinery, it has been used to study plant biomass (lignocellulose) as a renewable energy source. This chapter describes a procedure for characterization and classification of polymeric materials using analytical pyrolysis and cheminformatics. Application of omics tools for spectral deconvolution/alignment and compound identification/annotation on the Py-GC/MS chromatograms is also described. Statistical noise is generated by production of numerous small uninformative compounds during pyrolysis. Such noise is reduced by cheminformatics here detailed and this facilitate the interpretation of results. Furthermore, some inferences made by comparison of the identified compounds to those annotated with a biological role in specialized databases are exemplified. This cheminformatic procedure has allowed to characterize in detail, and classify congruently, different lignocellulosic samples, even using different Py-GC/MS equipment. This method can also be applied to characterize other polymers, as well as to make inferences about their structure, function, resistance and health risk based on their chemical composition.

Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials

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Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN 13 : 9781444305586
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by : Thomas Q. Hu, PhD

Download or read book Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials written by Thomas Q. Hu, PhD and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2008 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignocellulosic materials are a natural, abundant and renewableresource essential to the functioning of industrial societies andcritical to the development of a sustainable global economy. Aswood and paper products, they have played an important role in theevolution of civilization. Improvement of the quality andmanufacturing efficiency of such products has often been hamperedby the lack of understanding of the complex structures and chemicalcompositions of the materials. Due to increasing economic and environmental issues concerning theuse of petrochemicals, lignocellulosic materials will be reliedupon as feedstock for the production of chemicals, fuels andbiocompatible materials. Significant progress has been made to uselignocellulosic materials for the production of fuel ethanol and asa reinforcing component in polymer composites. Effective andeconomical methods for such uses, however, remain underdeveloped,partly due to the difficulties encountered in the characterizationof the structures of native lignocelluloses andlignocelluloses-based materials. Improved methods for thecharacterization of lignocellulosic materials are needed. Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials covers recentadvances in the characterization of wood, pulp fibres and papers.It also describes the analyses of native and modifiedlignocellulosic fibres and materials using a range of advancedtechniques such as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation NMR, and Ramanmicroscopy. The book provides a survey of state-of-the-artcharacterization methods for lignocellulosic materials, for bothacademic and industrial researchers who work in the fields of woodand paper, lignocelluloses-based composites and polymer blends, andbio-based fuels and materials.

Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128156066
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion by : David C. Dayton

Download or read book Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion written by David C. Dayton and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion is a thorough resource for researchers, students and professors who investigate the use of biomass for fuels, chemicals and products. Advanced analytical chemistry methods and techniques can now provide detailed compositional and chemical measurements of biomass, biomass conversion process streams, intermediates and products. This volume from the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series brings together the current knowledge on each of these methods, including spectroscopic methods (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Near-infrared Spectroscopy, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), pyrolysis (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry), Liquid Chromatography/High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, and so on. Authors David C. Dayton and Thomas D. Foust show how these can be used for measuring biomass composition and for determining the composition of intermediates with regard to subsequent processing for biofuels, bio-chemicals and bio-based products. Covers the broad range of techniques and applications that have been developed and perfected in the last decade Highlights specific analyses required for understanding biomass conversion to select intermediates Provides references to seminal books, review articles and technical articles that go into greater depth, serving as a basis for further study

Lignin Chemistry

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527839852
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignin Chemistry by : Yuhe Liao

Download or read book Lignin Chemistry written by Yuhe Liao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-05-31 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignin Chemistry A thorough reference guide to Lignin Chemistry, from inherent structure revealing to transformation into chemicals, fuels, and materials Climate change, driven by rising greenhouse gas emissions, is the defining challenge of our time. Reducing our dependence on non-renewable resources such as fossil fuels will require alternative, more sustainable resources. Lignin, the only widely-occurring, renewable, aromatic bio-polymer in Nature, has a range of application potential in the production of chemicals, fuels, and other industrial materials. Lignin science has become one of the fastest-growing and most significant areas of sustainable chemistry in the world. Lignin Chemistry: Characterization, Isolation, and Valorization presents a systematic, multidisciplinary overview of this cutting-edge field and its current state of research. Beginning with a robust characterization of lignin, the book addresses the isolation and transformation of lignin, as well as the book inspires with a plethora of applications. The result is a critical resource for researchers and professionals in any area of academic or industry where renewable biomass, in particular lignin, has importance. Lignin Chemistry readers will find: Thermochemical and catalytic strategies for lignin conversion Detailed discussion of the valorization of lignin towards biopolymers, nanoparticles, carbon fibers and materials, and hydrogels An authorial team with immense and varied research experience Lignin Chemistry is ideal for chemical engineers, catalytic chemists, biochemists, material scientists, and analytical chemists in industry.

Lignocellulosic Precursors Used in the Synthesis of Activated Carbon

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535101978
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignocellulosic Precursors Used in the Synthesis of Activated Carbon by : Virginia Hernández Montoya

Download or read book Lignocellulosic Precursors Used in the Synthesis of Activated Carbon written by Virginia Hernández Montoya and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-02-29 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book discusses the principal lignocellulosic precursors used in the elaboration of activated carbons in different countries such as Asia, America, Europe and Africa; the different methods and experimental conditions employed in the synthesis of activated carbons, including one analysis of the principal stages of the preparation such as carbonization and activation (i.e., chemical or physical activation). Also, the recent and more specialized techniques used in the characterization of activated carbons are discussed in this book. For example, the techniques employed to determine textural parameters (mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption isotherms at 77 K) and different spectroscopies to determine chemical functionality (Raman, FT-IR, etc.) and other X-Ray techniques. Additionally, an overview of the application of activated carbons obtained from lignocellulosic precursors for wastewater treatment. Specifically, the analysis and discussion are focused on the advantages and capabilities of activated carbons for the removal of relevant toxic compounds and pollutants from water such as heavy metals, dyes, phenol, etc. Finally, the use of pyrolysis method for the valorization of two Mexican typical agricultural wastes (orange peel and pecan nut shell) for energy and carbon production is considered in this book.

Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319414143
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass by : Sílvio Vaz Jr.

Download or read book Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass written by Sílvio Vaz Jr. and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the application of techniques and methods of chemical analysis for the study of biomass and its conversion processes, aiming to fill the current gap in the book literature on the subject. The use of various techniques and analytical methods is presented and discussed in a straightforward manner, providing the reader with the possibility of choosing the most appropriate methodologies for analysis of the major classes of plant biomass and its products. In the present volume, a select group of international specialists describes different approaches to understand the biomass structure, their physical and chemical properties, the parameters of conversion processes, the products and by-products formation and quantification, quality parameters, etc. Modern chemistry plays a strong economic role in industrial activities based on biomass, with an increasing trend of the importance of its application from the deployment of biorefineries and the principles of green chemistry, which make use of the potential of biomass with decreasing impact negative environmental. In this context, analytical chemistry can contribute significantly to the supply chains of biomass, be it plant or animal origin; however, with the first offering the greatest challenges and the greatest opportunity for technical, scientific and economic progress, given its diversified chemical constitution. Thus, the chemical analysis can be used to examine the composition for characterizing physicochemical properties and to monitor their conversion processes, in order to obtain better products and uses of biomass. The quality of the biomass used determines the product quality. Therefore, reliable information is required about the chemical composition of the biomass to establish the best use (e.g., most suitable conversion process and its conditions), which will influence harvest and preparation steps. Conversion processes should be monitored for their yield, integrity, safety, and environmental impact. Effluent or residues should be monitored and analyzed for environmental control. Co-products need to be monitored to avoid interference with the product yield and product purity; however, co-products are also a good opportunity to add value to the biomass chain. Finally, products need to be monitored and analyzed to determine their yields and purity and to ensure their quality. In this context, analytical chemistry can contribute significantly to the biomass supply chains, be it of plant or animal origin.

Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Pyrolysis in Wood

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Pyrolysis in Wood by : Laura E. Hasburgh

Download or read book Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Pyrolysis in Wood written by Laura E. Hasburgh and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pyrolysis of wood is a series of chemical and physical changes that occur simultaneously. Previous investigations of pyrolysis have often simplified the process. For wood building materials, the pyrolysis process is typically simplified to the formation of "char" at 300°C. Pyrolysis models are often simplified by using the thermal degradation of isolates reference polymers in an inert atmosphere. This approach assumes that the structure of bulk wood performs similarly to that of the isolated polymers being used and ignores reactions with oxygen. This dissertation explores the molecular-scale changes in wood and lignocellulosic polymers using innovative techniques to obtain a deeper understanding of the materials as they undergo pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used on isolated lignocellulosic polymers and solid Douglas-fir latewood to obtain a baseline of the thermal degradation of the specific materials that can be used to compare against the current literature. It was found that the thermal degradation of the Douglas-fir latewood was not completely represented by a weighted average of the individual polymers as the in situ interactions between the polymers are not considered and, instead, a rate-limiting model is necessary. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to evaluate the chemical changes as a function of temperature in lignocellulosic polymers and Douglas-fir latewood. The chemical changes that occur through charred Douglas-fir latewood using XPS showed the thermal degradation of the holocellulose in the Douglas-fir occurred at lower temperature ranges than those observed in the isolated cellulose and is likely due to the in situ hemicellulose. Additionally, the bond scission observed using XPS on the charred Douglas-fir correlated well with the mass loss results obtained using TGA. Nanoindentation was used to study the effect of polymer degradation on the mechanical response of wood cell wall. Ultimately, under dry conditions, the mechanical changes observed occur in a narrow, 2 mm / 100°C region. The experiments conducted and the findings presented in this dissertation on the charred Douglas-fir latewood provide the first chemical and mechanical changes caused by pyrolysis in thermally thick wood, increasing the understanding of pyrolysis for model verification and creating new avenues for research directions.

Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1839699140
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (396 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research by : Mattia Bartoli

Download or read book Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research written by Mattia Bartoli and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-04-13 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research presents and discusses different routes of pyrolytic conversions. It contains exhaustive and comprehensive reports and studies of the use of pyrolysis for energy and materials production and waste management.

Methods in Lignin Chemistry

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642740650
Total Pages : 595 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Methods in Lignin Chemistry by : Stephen Y. Lin

Download or read book Methods in Lignin Chemistry written by Stephen Y. Lin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date compilation of the theoretical background and practical procedures involved in lignin characterization. Whenever possible, the procedures are presented in sufficient detail to enable the reader to perform the analysis solely by following the step-by-step description. The advantages and limitations of individual methods are discussed and, more importantly, illustrated by typical analytical data in comparison to results obtained from other methods. This handbook serves the need of researchers and other professionals in academia, the pulp and paper industry as well as allied industries. It is equally useful for those with no previous experience in lignin or lignocellulosics.

Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662038986
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking by : Eero Sjöström

Download or read book Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking written by Eero Sjöström and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its broadest sense, and according to the traditional conception, wood chemistry is a comprehensive discipline, ranging from fundamental studies to practical applications. The manifold constituents, located in different morphological regions in the wood, results in an extreme complexity of wood chemistry. Ever more sophisticated endeavors needing fundamental studies and advanced analytical methods are necessary in order to delve deeper into various problems in pulping and papermaking. Gradually, new, improved ana lytical methods, originally developed for research purposes, are currently replacing many of the old "routine" methods in practical applications. Because of the expanse of the subject, an attempt to write a book of this size about analytical methods seems, perhaps, too ambitious. Of course, a whole book series of several volumes would be necessary to cover this topic completely. However, there is undoubtedly a need for a more condensed presentation which does not go into experimental details, but is limited to the basic principles of the analytical methods and illustrates their applica tions. The emphasis is on more advanced and potential methods, and partic ularly on those based on different types of spectroscopy and chromatography.

Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Use in Bio-based Packaging

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319929402
Total Pages : 97 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Use in Bio-based Packaging by : Lina Fernanda Ballesteros

Download or read book Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Use in Bio-based Packaging written by Lina Fernanda Ballesteros and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief provides a comprehensive review of lignocellulosic materials and their primary role in the future development of bio-based packaging. Topics such as: sources and extraction methods of lignocellulosic materials; main constituents of lignocellulosic materials; functionality of lignocellulosic materials; the development of bio-based and biodegradable packaging; incorporation of lignocellulosic materials in bio-based packaging materials; properties and functionality of bio-based packaging, are discussed by authors who are experts in the field.

Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography: Mass Spectrometry Of Polymeric Materials

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786345773
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography: Mass Spectrometry Of Polymeric Materials by : Peter Kusch

Download or read book Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography: Mass Spectrometry Of Polymeric Materials written by Peter Kusch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The methodology of analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS has been known for several years, but is seldom used in research laboratories and process control in the chemical industry. This is due to the relative difficulty of interpreting the identified pyrolysis products as well as the variety of them. This book contains full identification of several classes of polymers/copolymers and biopolymers that can be very helpful to the user. In addition, the practical applications can encourage analytical chemists and engineers to use the techniques explored in this volume.The structure and the functions of various types of pyrolyzers and the results of the pyrolysis-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of synthetic polymers/copolymers and biopolymers at 700°C are described. Practical applications of these techniques are also included, detailing the analysis of microplastics, failure analysis in the automotive industry and solutions for technological problems.

Analytical Pyrolysis

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781789849592
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (495 download)

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Book Synopsis Analytical Pyrolysis by : Peter Kusch

Download or read book Analytical Pyrolysis written by Peter Kusch and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical pyrolysis deals with the structural identification and quantitation of pyrolysis products with the ultimate aim of establishing the identity of the original material and the mechanisms of its thermal decomposition. The pyrolytic process is carried out in a pyrolyzer interfaced with analytical instrumentation such as gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), or with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (GC/FTIR). By measurement and identification of pyrolysis products, the molecular composition of the original sample can often be reconstructed.This book is the outcome of contributions by experts in the field of pyrolysis and includes applications of the analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS to characterize the structure of synthetic organic polymers and lignocellulosic materials as well as cellulosic pulps and isolated lignins, solid wood, waste particle board, and bio-oil. The thermal degradation of cellulose and biomass is examined by scanning electron micrography, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis, and TG/MS. The calorimetric determination of high heating values of different raw biomass, plastic waste, and biomass/plastic waste mixtures and their by-products resulting from pyrolysis is described.

Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811019657
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin by : Zhen Fang

Download or read book Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin written by Zhen Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-28 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, current research on and the prospects of lignin production, biological, thermal and chemical conversion methods, and lignin technoeconomics. Fundamental topics related to lignin chemistry, properties, analysis, characterization, and depolymerization mechanisms, as well as enzymatic, fungal and bacterial degradation methods are covered. The book also examines practical topics related to technologies for lignin and ultra-pure lignin recovery, activated carbon, carbon fiber production and materials, and addresses the biological conversion of lignin with fungi, bacteria or enzymes to produce chemicals, along with chemical, catalytic, thermochemical and solvolysis conversion methods. Lastly, it presents a case study on practical polyurethane foam production using lignin. Lignin has a bright future and will be an essential feedstock for producing renewable chemicals, biofuels and value-added products. Offering comprehensive information on this promising material, the book represents a valuable resource for students, researchers, academicians and industrialists in the field of biochemistry and energy.

Physico-chemical Analysis of Lignocellulosic Materials

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788375833843
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (338 download)

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Book Synopsis Physico-chemical Analysis of Lignocellulosic Materials by : Janusz Zawadzki (technologia drewna)

Download or read book Physico-chemical Analysis of Lignocellulosic Materials written by Janusz Zawadzki (technologia drewna) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: