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Characterization Of Total Organic Halogen Produced During Disinfection Processes
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Book Synopsis Characterization of Total Organic Halogen Produced During Disinfection Processes by : David A. Reckhow
Download or read book Characterization of Total Organic Halogen Produced During Disinfection Processes written by David A. Reckhow and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Total organic halide (TOX) is an analytically defined measurement that is often applied to environmental waters, especially drinking waters. The intent of the TOX measurement is to provide an estimate of the total amount of organically-bound chlorine, bromine and iodine in a dilute water sample... The purpose of this research was to determine the best TOX protocol for use with ion chromatography (IC) analysis for the purposes of discriminating between TOCI, TOBr and TOI; to determine the nature and chemical characteristics of the unknown fraction of the total organic halogen (UTOX) produced during chlorination and alternative disinfection processes; to assess the impact of treatment on removal of UTOX precursors.
Book Synopsis Analytical Chemistry of Organic Halogen Compounds by : L. Mázor
Download or read book Analytical Chemistry of Organic Halogen Compounds written by L. Mázor and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-03 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical Chemistry of Organic Halogen Compounds presents the procedures applied in the analysis of organic halogen compounds. This book is composed of eight chapters that discuss the methods involved in the production and application of organic halogen compounds and in overcoming contamination problems caused by these compounds. After briefly dealing with the preparation, characteristics, and reactions of organic halogen compounds, this book goes on discussing the fundamental concepts of methods for the detection of halogens in organic compounds, namely, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine. The following chapter describes the characteristic features, advantages, and disadvantages of ultramicro and submicro chemical methods. A chapter also examines the qualitative and quantitative studies of organic halogen compounds based on the thermal and chemical stability of these compounds. The concluding chapters discuss the interference or interfering effects of halogens and their elimination in the determination of other elements. A list of physical constants of organic halogen compounds of general pharmaceutical and industrial significance is provided. This book is an ideal source for analytical chemists and other workers who are interested in the theoretical bases of the methods.
Book Synopsis INVESTIGATION OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC HALOGEN ANALYTICAL METHOD AT THE WASTE SAMPLING AND CHARACTERIZATION FACILITY. by :
Download or read book INVESTIGATION OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC HALOGEN ANALYTICAL METHOD AT THE WASTE SAMPLING AND CHARACTERIZATION FACILITY. written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Total organic halogen (TOX) is used as a parameter to screen groundwater samples at the Hanford Site. Trending is done for each groundwater well, and changes in TOX and other screening parameters can lead to costly changes in the monitoring protocol. The Waste Sampling and Characterization Facility (WSCF) analyzes groundwater samples for TOX using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) SW-S46 method 9020B (EPA 1996a). Samples from the Soil and Groundwater Remediation Project (SGRP) are submitted to the WSCF for analysis without information regarding the source of the sample; each sample is in essence a ''blind'' sample to the laboratory. Feedback from the SGRP indicated that some of the WSCF-generated TOX data from groundwater wells had a number of outlier values based on the historical trends (Anastos 200Sa). Additionally, analysts at WSCF observed inconsistent TOX results among field sample replicates. Therefore, the WSCF lab performed an investigation of the TOX analysis to determine the cause of the outlier data points. Two causes were found that contributed to generating out-of-trend TOX data: (1) The presence of inorganic chloride in the groundwater samples: at inorganic chloride concentrations greater than about 10 parts per million (ppm), apparent TOX values increase with increasing chloride concentration. A parallel observation is the increase in apparent breakthrough of TOX from the first to the second activated-carbon adsorption tubes with increasing inorganic chloride concentration. (2) During the sample preparation step, excessive purging of the adsorption tubes with oxygen pressurization gas after sample loading may cause channeling in the activated carbon bed. This channeling leads to poor removal of inorganic chloride during the subsequent wash step with aqueous potassium nitrate. The presence of this residual inorganic chloride then produces erroneously high TOX values. Changes in sample preparation were studied to more effectively remove inorganic chloride from the activated-carbon adsorption tubes. With the TOX sample preparation equipment and TOX analyzers at WSCF, the nitrate wash recommended by EPA SW-846 method 9020B was found to be inadequate to remove inorganic chloride interference. Increasing the nitrate wash concentration from 10 grams per liter (g/L) to 100 giL potassium nitrate and increasing the nitrate wash volume from 3 milliliters (mL) to 10 mL effectively removed the inorganic chloride up to at least 100 ppm chloride in the sample matrix. Excessive purging of the adsorption tubes during sample preparation was eliminated. These changes in sample preparation have been incorporated in the analytical procedure. The results using the revised sample preparation procedure show better agreement of TOX values both for replicate analyses of single samples and for the analysis of replicate samples acquired from the same groundwater well. Furthermore, less apparent adsorption tube breakthrough now occurs with the revised procedure. One additional modification made to sample preparation was to discontinue the treatment of groundwater samples with sodium bisulfite. Sodium bisulfite is used to remove inorganic chlorine from the sample; inorganic chlorine is not expected to be a constituent in these groundwater samples. Several other factors were also investigated as possible sources of anomalous TOX results: (1) Instrument instability: examination of the history of results for TOX laboratory control samples and initial calibration verification standards indicate good long-term precision for the method and instrument. Determination of a method detection limit of 2.3 ppb in a deionized water matrix indicates the method and instrumentation have good stability and repeatability. (2) Non-linear instrument response: the instrument is shown to have good linear response from zero to 200 parts per billion (ppb) TOX. This concentration range encompasses the majority of samples received at WSCF for TOX analysis. Linear response was checked using both non-volatile TOX species (trichlorophenol) and volatile TOX species. Average recoveries of the volatile TOX species ranged between 50% and 75%. (3) Improper sample preservation: ion-chromatographic analysis of several samples with anomalous TOX results revealed that the samples were properly preserved with sulfuric acid and not hydrochloric acid.
Book Synopsis INVESTIGATION OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC HALOGEN ANALYTICAL METHOD AT THE WASTE SAMPLING CHARACTERIZATION FACILITY (WSCF). by :
Download or read book INVESTIGATION OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC HALOGEN ANALYTICAL METHOD AT THE WASTE SAMPLING CHARACTERIZATION FACILITY (WSCF). written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Total organic halogen (TOX) is used as a parameter to screen groundwater samples at the Hanford Site. Trending is done for each groundwater well, and changes in TOX and other screening parameters can lead to costly changes in the monitoring protocol. The Waste Sampling and Characterization Facility (WSCF) analyzes groundwater samples for TOX using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) SW-846 method 9020B (EPA 1996a). Samples from the Soil and Groundwater Remediation Project (S & GRP) are submitted to the WSCF for analysis without information regarding the source of the sample; each sample is in essence a 'blind' sample to the laboratory. Feedback from the S & GRP indicated that some of the WSCF-generated TOX data from groundwater wells had a number of outlier values based on the historical trends (Anastos 2008a). Additionally, analysts at WSCF observed inconsistent TOX results among field sample replicates. Therefore, the WSCF lab performed an investigation of the TOX analysis to determine the cause of the outlier data points. Two causes were found that contributed to generating out-of-trend TOX data: (1) The presence of inorganic chloride in the groundwater samples: at inorganic chloride concentrations greater than about 10 parts per million (ppm), apparent TOX values increase with increasing chloride concentration. A parallel observation is the increase in apparent breakthrough of TOX from the first to the second activated-carbon adsorption tubes with increasing inorganic chloride concentration. (2) During the sample preparation step, excessive purging of the adsorption tubes with oxygen pressurization gas after sample loading may cause channeling in the activated-carbon bed. This channeling leads to poor removal of inorganic chloride during the subsequent wash step with aqueous potassium nitrate. The presence of this residual inorganic chloride then produces erroneously high TOX values. Changes in sample preparation were studied to more effectively remove inorganic chloride from the activated carbon adsorption tubes. With the TOX sample preparation equipment and TOX analyzers at WSCF, the nitrate wash recommended by EPA SW-846 method 9020B was found to be inadequate to remove inorganic chloride interference. Increasing the nitrate wash concentration from 10 grams per liter (g/L) to 100 g/L potassium nitrate and increasing the nitrate wash volume from 3 milliliters (mL) to 10 mL effectively removed the inorganic chloride up to at least 100 ppm chloride in the sample matrix. Excessive purging of the adsorption tubes during sample preparation was eliminated. These changes in sample preparation have been incorporated in the analytical procedure. The results using the revised sample preparation procedure show better agreement of TOX values both for replicate analyses of single samples and for the analysis of replicate samples acquired from the same groundwater well. Furthermore, less apparent column breakthrough now occurs with the revised procedure. One additional modification made to sample preparation was to discontinue the treatment of groundwater samples with sodium bisulfite. Sodium bisulfite is used to remove inorganic chlorine from the sample; inorganic chlorine is not expected to be a constituent in these groundwater samples. Several other factors were also investigated as possible sources of anomalous TOX results: (1) Instrument instability: examination of the history of results for TOX laboratory control samples and initial calibration verification standards indicate good long-term precision for the method and instrument. Determination of a method detection limit of 2.3 ppb in a deionized water matrix indicates the method and instrumentation have good stability and repeatability. (2) Non-linear instrument response: the instrument is shown to have good linear response from zero to 200 parts per billion (ppb) TOX. This concentration range encompasses the majority of samples received at WSCF for TOX analysis. (3) Improper sample preservation: ion-chromatographic analysis of several samples with anomalous TOX results revealed that the samples were properly preserved with sulfuric acid and not hydrochloric acid.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water by : A. Bjørseth
Download or read book Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water written by A. Bjørseth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Commission of the European Communities presents with this volume the proceedings and the conclusions of the second European Symposium on the analysis of organic micropollutants in water. This symposium has been organized within the framework of the Concerted Action "Analysis of Organic Micropollutants in Water". This research programme is jointly implemented by the European Communities and Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia within the framework of a COST (Cooperation Scientifique et Technique) agreement. The project, also known as COST Project 64b bis, aims at coordinating all relevant research in this field in the participating countries. An effort is made to improve methods and techniques for the identification and quantitative determination of organic compounds present in all types of water. The symposium permitted to review the results achieved during the past three years of research in the following areas: - Sampling and sample treatment - Gas-chromatography Separation of non-volatile compounds, in particular high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - Mass-spectrometry - Data processing - Specific analytical problems, in particular the analysis of organic halogens and phenolic compounds. The volume gives a rather complete overview of the activities in this field in Europe. We are confident that it constitutes a valuable contribution to solving the important problems posed by the huge number of already identified or yet unknown organic pollutants in water. The Commission of the European Communities wishes to express their sincere thanks to the co-organizers, the National Board for Science and Technology, Dublin and An Foras Forbartha, Dublin.
Book Synopsis Selected Water Resources Abstracts by :
Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-products Characterization and Control in Drinking Water by : Sylvia E. Barrett
Download or read book Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-products Characterization and Control in Drinking Water written by Sylvia E. Barrett and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many by-products of water disinfection that are still not fully understood and can be potentially harmful. In this volume all the current research in this area is discussed, along with an examination of the role of NOM (natural organic matter) and its relationship to DBP (disinfection by-product) formation and control in drinking water. Understanding the relationship of NOM to DBP may well lead to new techniques for analyzing and treating water and enable reasonable choices to be made for source-water protection, treatment plant process optimization, and distribution system operation to control DBP's. This volume emphasizes the characterization and reactivity of polar natural organic matter. It examines analytical methods which better characterize NOM and determines some of the polar and nonvolatile DBP forms. It presents innovative new methods, sich as capillary electrophoresis for haloacetic aceids and LC/MS for the identification of polar dinking water DBPs.
Book Synopsis Principles of Total Organic Halogen Analyzer by : Wael Mahmoud Kamel
Download or read book Principles of Total Organic Halogen Analyzer written by Wael Mahmoud Kamel and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study added complete idea about the different disinfecting agents and the different reasons related to increasing the disinfection by-products (DBPs)and the total organic halogen. It also evaluated ratio of the individual by-products to the total organic halogen. The study suggested special method to detect the total organic halogenated compounds produced in the water samples as a result of water chlorination by mean of disinfection. Finally, the author added experimental ideas about measurement of the TOX in all the water treatment plants of greater Cairo drinking water company (GCWC) showing the seasonal variation in the TOX values during two years of the practical study.
Book Synopsis Identification and Correlation of Disinfection Byproducts and Total Organic Halogen Precursors in a Biofilm Matrix by : Mohd Yahya Khan
Download or read book Identification and Correlation of Disinfection Byproducts and Total Organic Halogen Precursors in a Biofilm Matrix written by Mohd Yahya Khan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection by-products (DBP) formation in drinking water systems is a persistent issue for water utilities. Although DBP formation is complex due to the multitude of chemical and biological interactions that occur, unremoved natural organic matter (NOM) entering the water distribution system is generally regarded as the primary precursor for DBP formation. In addition, NOM also provides nutrients that support microbial growth and persistent biofilm formation. Biofilm formation is widespread within the water distribution system due to the continuous influx of unremoved NOM. Biofilm and its associated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) provide a dynamic repository for organic matter accumulation, and can act as a DBP precursor. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids (HAAs) represent the major classes of regulated DBPs, yet there are several others that form due to the complex interaction between the organic matter and the disinfectants. The unknown total organic halogens (UTOX) is believed to contain toxicologically vital compounds. Until recently, there have been no reliable studies analyzing the relative contributions of biofilm and its associated DBP precursors to DBP formation and speciation, and how these different precursors contribute to the total organic halogen (TOX) formation. This work seeks to abridge this knowledge gap by analyzing the DBP formation from chlorination of biofilms in simulated water distribution systems. The results of this study provide critical information about potential contributions of biofilms to the formation of DBPs and UTOX in the distribution systems and can help water utilities better control the levels of both regulated and unregulated DBPs while at the same time reducing health risks associated with DBPs. To help elucidate this interaction, heterotrophic plate counting (HPC) of bacterial colonies in different pipe materials under different chlorine residuals were conducted. Additionally, DBP and TOX formation tests were conducted and correlated with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of fluorescent dissolved organic carbons. The obtained results suggest that depending on the pipe material, the accumulation of organic matter in biofilm matrix contributes significantly towards DBP formation. Corrosion of iron pipes provides not only more opportunity for growth of biofilm, but also increased adsorption sites for humic substances, both of which lead to increased DBP and UTOX formation. Overall, strong evidence of biofilm contribution to DBP formation in drinking water distribution systems suggests that water utilities need to carefully consider biofilm eradication methods to minimize the subsequent formation of toxic compounds.
Book Synopsis Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by : M.N.V. Prasad
Download or read book Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by M.N.V. Prasad and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology. - Explains the latest research in detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies - Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches - Covers cutting-edge research, including membrane based technologies, nanotechnology treatment technologies and bioremediation treatment technologies - Provides background information regarding contamination sources
Book Synopsis Selected Water Resources Abstracts by :
Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis NUREG/CR. by : U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Download or read book NUREG/CR. written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA 625/1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1986-10 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis EPA Publications Bibliography by : United States. Environmental Protection Agency
Download or read book EPA Publications Bibliography written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water by : K. Clive Thompson
Download or read book Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by K. Clive Thompson and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the latest developments in themes related to water disinfection by-products, this book brings the academic and industry researchers right up to date.
Book Synopsis Environmental Health Perspectives by :
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA-600/9 written by and published by . This book was released on 1980-02 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
