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Author : Chen Hang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (979 download)
Download or read book Characterization of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Chlorinated Drinking Water written by Chen Hang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444643443
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)
Download or read book Analysis and Formation of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drinking water disinfection has markedly reduced diseases causes by waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. However, an unintended consequence of disinfection and/or oxidation processes is the generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) which are formed from the reactions of disinfectants/oxidants with water matrix components. This volume of the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Handbook presents recent advances about the formation, identification, and quantification of inorganic and organic DBPs during oxidative processes. The book begins with a first chapter reviewing the most recent non-targeted screening approaches and workflows to characterize DBPs using low-, high-, and ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The second chapter discusses the analysis of inorganic chloramines in waters using on-site and/or in-lab analytical methods. The third chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge about the mechanisms of chlorine dioxide reactions and byproducts formation. The fourth chapter presents some fundamental and practical aspects about ozonation processes in water treatment and provides an overview about ozone reaction mechanisms and byproducts formation. The fifth chapter focuses on the reactivity of halide ions, particularly bromide and iodide, with common oxidants and the role they play in determining the speciation of DBPs in treated waters. The chapter also presents strategies to mitigate the formation of DBPs during oxidation processes. Finally, the last chapter tackles the topic of DBPs formation during potable water reuse. It discusses the formation of DBPs of major concern in both memebrane-based and non-membrane-based potable water reuse treatment schemes.Researchers, water treatment specialists, and regulators will find in this book a valuable and compact resource on several key topics regarding the formation, identification, quantification, and mitigation of DBPs. - Identification and quantification of known and unknown DBPs - Formation of DBPs during different disinfection/oxidation processes - DBPs of concern in new technologies and/or new applications of existing technologies in water treatment
Author : Yuefeng Xie
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203486919
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)
Download or read book Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water written by Yuefeng Xie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)
Download or read book Health Risk Assessment written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Xiangru Zhang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Separation and Characterization of Unknown Halogenated Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by Xiangru Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : K. Clive Thompson
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782620885
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)
Download or read book Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by K. Clive Thompson and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the latest developments in themes related to water disinfection by-products, this book brings the academic and industry researchers right up to date.
Author : Damia Barcelo
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 364228132X
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)
Download or read book Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health written by Damia Barcelo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-04-17 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an overview of the occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants, discusses advanced chemical analysis methods, toxicological and ecotoxicological effects as well as human exposure. One focus is on pharmaceuticals, in particular antibiotics, and the problems associated with their increased use in hospitals. Other covered emerging contaminants occurring e.g. in food, water, air or soil include brominated flame retardants, polar pesticides, phthalates, phosphate esters, perfluorinated compounds, personal care products, musk fragrances, disinfection byproducts, illicit drugs, and nanomaterials. The chapters written by experts are a valuable source of information for a broad audience, such as analytical chemists, environmental chemists and engineers, toxicologists, ecotoxicologists and epidemiologists working already in this field as well as newcomers.
Author : M.N.V. Prasad
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0081029780
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water written by M.N.V. Prasad and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology. - Explains the latest research in detection, treatment processes and remediation technologies - Includes sampling, analytical and characterization methods and approaches - Covers cutting-edge research, including membrane based technologies, nanotechnology treatment technologies and bioremediation treatment technologies - Provides background information regarding contamination sources
Author : David A. Reckhow
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781843398349
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (983 download)
Download or read book Characterization of Total Organic Halogen Produced During Disinfection Processes written by David A. Reckhow and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2008-04-13 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been known since the early 1970s that the application of disinfectants, especially chlorine, results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), most of which contain covalently bound chlorine, bromine, or iodine. These are known as the halogenated DBPs and they can be measured by a non-specific analytical method know as TOX. Despite nearly three decades of research there still remains a large fraction of DBPs that have not been identified. By comparing the TOX values with the halides attributed to known identifiable by-products (trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], etc.) we can estimate the unknown TOX (abbreviated here as UTOX) and better understand the formation of these unknown compounds. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the nature and chemical characteristics of the unknown fraction of the total organic halogen (UTOX) produced during chlorination and alternative disinfection processes (i.e., chloramination, chlorine dioxide, ozone disinfection); (2) assess the impact of treatment on removal of UTOX precursors; and (3) determine the best total organic halide (TOX) protocol to use with ion chromatography (IC) analysis for the purposes of discriminating between total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI). It was found that TOCl, TOBr, and TOI can be accurately and rapidly measured with conventional TOX instruments and an ion chromatograph. Iodide is rapidly oxidized to active iodine under a variety of treatment scenarios, and this leads to large amounts of TOI and measurable amounts of iodinated THMs. However, high levels of free chlorine can over-oxidize the iodide (forming iodate), which does not result in TOI formation. Substantial differences were noted in the tendency for various NOM fractions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic) to form specific classes of DBPs. This behavior was specific to the oxidant such that the major sources of DBP precursors for chlorination were not the same as those observed for chloramination. It was also found that corrosion control compounds can affect DBP distributions and halogen incorporation factors.
Author : Mahmoud Mahmoud El-Haloty
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659503054
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Disinfection Byproducts written by Mahmoud Mahmoud El-Haloty and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EPA has established regulations which classify four groups of disinfection byproducts including Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic acids, Haloacetonitriles and Ethylene dibromide in association with Dibromochloropropane. The EPA requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Formation, Analysis, and Control pull all the information together to provide a needed organized presentation of disinfection byproduct analysis, formation, and control. The author begins with an introduction to all disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including their nomenclatures, molecular structures, and formation. He discusses the effects of various water quality parameters on the formation and stability of DBPs in drinking water. He added new innovative simple methods to detect these DBPs with highly advanced techniques. The book explains hazards of these DBPs on the different biological functions showing target of each individual byproduct in human body. It explains mechanism of the different chlorinated compound in alteration of the biological process and hence producing different cancer tumors.
Author : Chen Wu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Characterization of Unregulated Disinfection By-products (DBPs) in Chloraminated Water and Estimation of Associated Health Risks written by Chen Wu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water disinfectants are added to inactivate microorganisms during the drinking water treatment process. But they also have the potential to react with natural organic matter (NOM) and form disinfection by-products (DBPs) that could be both cytotoxic and genotoxic. Four species of Trihalomethanes (THM4) and five species of haloacetic acids (HAA5) are the only two halogenated organic DBP classes regulated by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Chloramine is used more and more widely in drinking water utilities as a secondary disinfectant since it can significantly reduce the formation of regulated DBPs. However, chloramination could produce more unregulated DBPs formation than chlorination according to some previous studies. To make it worse, many unregulated DBPs, which generally occur at very low concentration levels in drinking water, are proven to be more toxic than regulated DBPs by many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the investigation of unregulated DBP formation in chloraminated water samples and the associated health risks are warranted. In this study, a liquid-liquid-extraction/gas chromatography-electron capture detector (LLE/GC-ECD) method for haloacetamides (HAMs) was revised and validated. The method showed good accuracy and precision for 7 HAM species, but not for monochloroacetamide and monobromoacetamide. Together with haloacetamides, a total of 49 DBPs were measured in three batches of chloraminated reverse osmosis concentrates with increasing chlorine contact times. Results showed that samples treated with preformed monochloramine were associated with the least DBP formation for the majority of DBPs measured. Samples with a longer free chlorine contact time had increasing DBP formation. A reproductive and developmental health risk analysis was also performed in the study using the USEPA relative potency factor (RPF) approach. The illustrative health risk analysis was conducted on a subset of DBPs, the 17 DBPs with validated no-observed-adverse-effects-levels (NOAELs) obtained from animal studies. The estimated health risks associated with these 17 DBPs were highest in the chloraminated samples with longest chlorine contact time. The results of the study could provide helpful information for water utilities about DBPs formation in chloraminated water samples and the choice of chloramination options.
Author : Sylvia E. Barrett
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-products Characterization and Control in Drinking Water written by Sylvia E. Barrett and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many by-products of water disinfection that are still not fully understood and can be potentially harmful. In this volume all the current research in this area is discussed, along with an examination of the role of NOM (natural organic matter) and its relationship to DBP (disinfection by-product) formation and control in drinking water. Understanding the relationship of NOM to DBP may well lead to new techniques for analyzing and treating water and enable reasonable choices to be made for source-water protection, treatment plant process optimization, and distribution system operation to control DBP's. This volume emphasizes the characterization and reactivity of polar natural organic matter. It examines analytical methods which better characterize NOM and determines some of the polar and nonvolatile DBP forms. It presents innovative new methods, sich as capillary electrophoresis for haloacetic aceids and LC/MS for the identification of polar dinking water DBPs.
Author : Anna Andersson
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9179296947
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)
Download or read book Uncharted Waters written by Anna Andersson and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are potentially toxic compounds formed when drinking water is treated with disinfectants, such as chlorine or chloramine. A large proportion of the exposure to DBPs is still unknown and the health risks observed through epidemiological studies cannot be explained by DBPs known today. In this thesis, a part of the unknown DBP fraction is investigated, covering a wide range of non-volatile, chlorine/bromine-containing DBPs. The goals were to investigate how the compositions of these DBPs differ between water treatment plants, how their occurrence changes in the distribution system until reaching consumers and how new treatment techniques can reduce their formation and toxicity. To analyze unknown DBPs, a non-targeted approach adopting ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), was used, where the mass of molecules is measured with such accuracy that the elemental composition of individual DBPs can be calculated. A panel of bioassays was used to assess the combined toxic effects from these DBP mixtures. The results show that the formation of these DBPs to a large extent was specific to each water treatment plant and that local conditions influenced DBP formation, based on e.g., the abundance of organic material with certain chemical structures, bromide and disinfection procedure and agent (chlorine or chloramine). The DBPs were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated water and in all tap water samples, demonstrating that they are part of human exposure. The number of DBP formulae decreased and the DBP composition changed between drinking water treatment and consumer taps, suggesting that DBP exposure to consumers is not necessarily resembling measurements at the treatment plants. Evaluation of new treatment techniques showed that suspended ion exchange and ozonation have potential to decrease the formation and toxic effects of DBPs and that the removal of organic matter can influence qualitative aspects of DBP formation, such as the proportions of chlorine-containing (less toxic) versus bromine-containing (more toxic) DBPs. Through increased knowledge about the role and relevance of non-volatile DBPs, this work can contribute to future monitoring and actions to reduce the health risks associated with DBPs in chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water. Desinfektionsbiprodukter (DBP:s) är potentiellt giftiga ämnen som bildas när dricksvatten renas med desinfektionsmedel såsom hypoklorit eller monokloramin. En stor del av exponeringen är ännu okänd och hittills kända DBP:s kan inte förklara de hälsorisker som förknippats med klorerat dricksvatten i epidemiologiska studier. I avhandlingen undersöks en relativt okänd fraktion av DBP:s som utgörs av icke-flyktiga, klor/brom-innehållande ämnen. Målen var att undersöka hur dessa DBP:s varierar mellan olika vattenverk, om de förekommer hos konsumenter och hur nya vattenreningstekniker kan minska dess bildandning och relaterad toxicitet. För att mäta okända DBP:s användes ultrahögupplöst masspektrometri (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)), med vilken massan hos molekyler kan bestämmas så exakt att atomsammansättningen för enskilda DBP:s kan räknas ut. En serie effektbaserade metoder som bygger på biologiska testsystem användes för att mäta kombinerade toxiska effekter från de studerade biprodukterna. Resultaten visar att största delen av bildade DBP:s var unik för varje vattenverk och att lokala förutsättningar påverkar vilka DBP:s som bildas, till exempel om det finns organiskt material med särskilda kemiska strukturer, bromid eller vilket desinfektionsmedel (klor eller kloramin) som används. De studerade biprodukterna detekterades både i klorerat och kloraminerat dricksvatten och i samtliga kranvatten, vilket innebär att de bidrar till konsumenters exponering. Antalet detekterade DBP:s minskade och sammansättningen ändrades mellan vattenverk och konsument, vilket innebär att DBP exponeringen hos konsumenter inte är densamma som mäts på vattenverken. En utvärdering av nya reningstekniker visade att suspenderat jonbyte och ozonering har potential att minska bildning och relaterad toxisk effekt från DBP:s och att borttagning av organiskt material kan påverka kvalitativa aspekter av DBP bildning, såsom proportionerna av klorerade (mindre toxiska) och bromerade (mer toxiska) DBP:s. Genom ökad insikt om icke-flyktiga DBP:s roll och relevans kan detta arbete bidra till att förbättra framtida uppföljning och insatser för att minska hälsorisker kopplade till DBP:s i klorerat eller kloraminerat dricksvatten.
Author : Jingyi Jiang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Controlling of Halogenated Aromatic Disinfection Byproducts During Drinking Water Chlorination written by Jingyi Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Steve E. Hrudey
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843395193
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)
Download or read book Disinfection By-Products and Human Health written by Steve E. Hrudey and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2012-04-30 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is based on contributions from speakers who participated in May 2011 workshops on Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) and Human Health at Ozwater 11 in Adelaide, Australia or at an AWA sponsored workshop at the Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Perth, Australia. The contributions are prepared to facilitate communication with practitioners, rather than researchers, making use of overview illustrations rather than dense text or data tables. Each chapter concludes with up to 5 key findings that are take-home messages for practitioners. Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is aimed specifically at drinking water professionals (engineers, chemists and public health professionals) working on the front lines of drinking water issues where they must encounter actual day-to-day issues of risk management concerning DBPs in relation to all the other regulatory and water quality issues they must manage. Although a topic this complex is certainly not amenable to simplistic explanations, this book aims to provide drinking water professionals with a pragmatic assessment of the current evidence and emerging issues concerning DBPs and public health. Disinfection By-Products and Human Health is an essential, practical and accessible guide for drinking water professionals, engineers, chemists and public health professionals. Editors: Steve E. Hrudey, Professor Emeritus, Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Canada, Jeffrey W.A. Charrois, Director and Associate Professor, Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, Australia, Steve Hrudey is professor emeritus in analytical and environmental toxicology in the University of Alberta's Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry. He spent 13 years as a cabinet-appointed member of the Alberta Environmental Appeals Board, the last four as chair, and was the first non-lawyer to hold this position. During this period, he served on 36 public hearing panels, 19 as chair of the panel. In addition he has testified before senate committees in Canada and the Legislative Council in Western Australia. Hrudey has served on a number of high-profile expert panels, including the Research Advisory Panel to the Walkerton Inquiry (2000-2002), the Expert Panel on Safe Drinking Water for First Nations (2006), the Technical Advisory Committee to the B.C. Minister of Health on turbidity and microbial risk in drinking water (2007-2008, as chair), the Expert Advisory Panel on Water Quality for Washington, D.C., to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2009-2011) and chair of the Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel on Environmental and Health Impacts of Canada's Oil Sands Industry (2009-2010). He has also co-authored or edited nine books, including the widely acclaimed book inspired by the Walkerton tragedy: Safe Drinking Water - Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations (IWA Publishing, 2004). He has written 26 book chapters, 19 expert panel reports, 163 refereed journal articles, 15 science discussions, six media op-eds and 73 conference proceeding papers. Hrudey is the 2012 winner of the American Water Works Association A.P. Black Research Award for contributions to water science and water supply. This book is sponsored by Australian Water Association (AWA)
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Publisher : IARC
ISBN 13 : 9789283212843
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (128 download)
Download or read book Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, Including Arsenic written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by IARC. This book was released on 2004 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A working group of 23 experts from 13 countries met in Lyon to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenicity of arsenic (mostly naturally occurring) as a contaminant of drinking-water, and of the water-disinfectant chloramine. The working group also evaluated or re-evaluated four chlorination by-products found in drinking-water, namely chloral hydrate, di- and trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (also known as MX). High-level exposure to arsenic in drinking-water occurs in some regions such as China, Latin America, Bangladesh and West Bengal. The Working Group reviewed epidemiological studies of human cancer (mainly ecological studies in Taiwan and Chile, and several case-control and cohort studies) in relation to arsenic in drinking-water. Arsenic in drinking-water (primarily inorganic, as arsenate and to a lesser extent arsenite) was evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder, lung and skin. Studies on inorganic arsenic in experimental animals provided limited evidence for its carcinogenicity, but sufficient evidence was found in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid (an organic form of arsenic), which produced urinary bladder tumours in rats and lung tumours in mice after oral administration.
