Characterization And Processing Of Lignocellulosic Biomass In Ionic Liquids

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Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids

Author : Michael Anthony FitzPatrick
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids by : Michael Anthony FitzPatrick

Download or read book Characterization and Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Ionic Liquids written by Michael Anthony FitzPatrick and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade there has been increasing research interest in the value of bio-sourced materials from lignocellulosic biomass. The dissolution of cellulose by ionic liquids (ILs) has led to investigations including the dissolution of cellulose, lignin, and complete biomass samples and the in situ processing of cellulose. Rapid quantitative measurement of cellulose dissolution in ILs is difficult. In this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of cellulose dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]) were subjected to partial least squares (PLS) regression to model dissolved cellulose content. PLS regression was used due to the ease in developing predictive models with this technique in addition to linear regression being ineffectual for modeling when applied to potentially thousands of variables. Applying a normalization data treatment, before regression, generated a model that estimated cellulose content within 0.533 wt%. The methods described provided the basis for a rapid methodology to determine dissolved cellulose content. Development of rapid and facile screening techniques to determine the effectiveness of various ILs as solvents for cellulose or lignin will aid in the development of lignocellulosic based bioproducts. In this work, optical microscopy with and without the use of cross-polarized lenses, was used to monitor cellulose and lignin dissolution in two imidazolium-based and two phosphonium-based ILs as well as n, n-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl), demonstrating that this technique could be applied more broadly than solely for ILs. The described optical microscopy methodology was more rapid and sensitive than more traditional techniques, such as visual inspection. The viscosity of [emim][OAc] (162 cP) is 100 times that of water at 20°C and could inhibit its use as a solvent for cellulose. There is a need for simple, low-cost and environmentally benign methods to reduce the viscosity of ILs to aid in cellulose dissolution. In this work, 4 wt% cellulose dissolved in [emim][OAc] was subjected to 50 psi CO2 and 20 psi N2, as a control environment, at both 50°C and 75°C. After 24 hours a nearly 2-fold increase in dissolved cellulose over the N2 control was demonstrated through the application of a 50 psi CO2 environment for cellulose dissolution in [emim][OAc] at 50°C.

Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2

Author : Azura Amid
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030755797
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2 by : Azura Amid

Download or read book Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2 written by Azura Amid and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-14 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume, “Multifaceted Protocols in Biotechnology, Volume 2”, consists of multidisciplinary methods and techniques commonly used in biotechnology studies. There are two sections covered in this book – Ionic Liquid Related Techniques & Evergreen Biotechnology Techniques. A brief introduction supports each protocol to allow easy learning and implementation. The first section consists of three chapters covering studies in modern biotechnology focusing on the role of ionic liquid techniques in extracting secondary metabolites, enzyme stabilization and biomass processing. The second section covers evergreen methodologies. It comprises five chapters covering topics on microcarrier technology for cell culture; Polymerase Chain Reaction for non-halal sources detection in food; ELISA for biomarker identification; gamma ray-induced mutagenesis for enhancing microbial fuel cells; and the effect of temperature on antibacterial activity of Carica papaya seed extract. This book will be useful to graduate students, researchers, academics, and industry practitioners working in the area of biotechnology

Novel Catalytic and Separation Processes Based on Ionic Liquids

Author : Dickson Ozokwelu
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128020555
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Catalytic and Separation Processes Based on Ionic Liquids by : Dickson Ozokwelu

Download or read book Novel Catalytic and Separation Processes Based on Ionic Liquids written by Dickson Ozokwelu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Novel Catalytic and Separation Process Based on Ionic Liquids presents the latest progress on the use of ionic liquids (ILs) in catalytic and separation processes. The book discusses the preparation of ILs, the characterization of IL catalysts by spectroscopic techniques, catalytic reactions over IL catalysts, separation science and technology of ILs, applications in biomass utilization, and synthesis of fine chemicals. Scientists, engineers, graduate students, managers, decision-makers, and others interested in ionic liquids will find this information very useful. The book can be used as a springboard for more advanced work in this area as it contains both theory and recent applications, research conducted, and developments in separation techniques and catalysis using ionic liquids. Presents new preparation and advanced characterization of ionic liquids catalysts Outlines catalytic reactions using ionic liquid, thus showing higher yields and selectivity Presents novel separation science and technology based on ionic liquids and non-thermal processes

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Pratima Bajpai
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811640130
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Pratima Bajpai

Download or read book Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Pratima Bajpai and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the properties of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and recent advances in their application in lignocellulosic biomass processing. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels, biochemicals and other value-added products has attracted global attention because it is a readily available, inexpensive and renewable resource. However, in order for biomass technologies to be commercially viable, biomass recalcitrance needs to be cost-effectively reduced. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new ‘green' solvents that have the high potential for biomass processing thanks to their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, and easy recycling and reuse. After an overview of the current lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, the book discusses the synthesis and physiochemical properties of DESs, as well as key findings on the effects of DES on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin solubilization, biomass pretreatment and biomass crystallinity. It then addresses the enzymatic hydrolysis performance of DES-pretreated solids, compatibility of DESs with enzymes and microorganisms, and the recycling potential of DESs. Lastly, it compares DESs with ionic liquids, and examines the challenges and opportunities relating to extending the use of DESs in lignocellulosic processing.

Aspects Critical to Advancing Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Technique as a Viable Approach for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion

Author : Thehazhnan K. Ponnaiyan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Aspects Critical to Advancing Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Technique as a Viable Approach for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion by : Thehazhnan K. Ponnaiyan

Download or read book Aspects Critical to Advancing Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Technique as a Viable Approach for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion written by Thehazhnan K. Ponnaiyan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Declining nonrenewable petroleum resources combined with political and environmental concerns over fossil fuels have necessitated the search for alternate energy sources. Plant (lignocellulosic) biomass, which includes the fibrous, woody, and generally inedible portion of plant matter, is an abundant, inexpensive, and sustainable source of organic carbon that can be processed to produce fuel ethanol and a variety of other chemicals. The biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol could offer high yields at low costs, but only if more improvement is seen in technology for releasing simple sugars from recalcitrant biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three major components- cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The cellulose and hemicellulose portions when hydrolyzed into glucose and pentose sugars, can be fermented to produce fuel. The pretreatment of biomass is a crucial step, and in recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been gaining recognition as environmentally benign solvents for biomass pretreatment, owing to their favorable properties. Although a promising route, IL pretreatment still harbors several critical aspects that require further investigation, and the goal of this dissertation is to address these concerns. A key aspect that influences the economic viability of the ionic liquid pretreatment technique is the recovery and reuse of ILs. The extent of recovery of the IL under investigation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM-Ac), is investigated and the results are presented in chapter 3. It is shown that the ionic liquid does not irreversibly adsorb onto the biomass and can be recovered in the displacement solvent (water is used as antisolvent for separating ionic liquid from the biomass after pretreatment) at different biomass loadings. Nearly complete recovery of IL in wash solutions is achieved and no appreciable loss in its effectiveness for subsequent pretreatment is observed for over 9 recycle stages. However, the water from the IL-water wash mix needs to be separated from the IL to facilitate its continued efficiency for further pretreatment. From a techno-economic point of view, when such separations are employed on an industrial scale, the energy aspects involved in the recovery of ionic liquids become important. A better understanding of the driving force for separation between the ionic liquid and the antisolvent requires the availability of vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the binary mixture.This provides the motivation to develop a novel and rapid method for the generation of (VLE) data using thermogravimetric analysis, and the results are discussed in chapter 4. VLE data over almost the entire composition range of EMIMAc-water mixtures at five different temperatures (60.0, 70.0, 80.0, 90.0 and 100.0 °C) is generated. This method may be extended to other hydrophilic IL-water systems or to IL-ethanol binary mixtures as well. In the instance when ethanol is used as the antisolvent during the pretreatment step, again, it is necessary to separate the ethanol from the IL by suitable means before the IL can be reused. In light of this, it is of interest to quantify the amount of ethanol remaining in the IL, if any, after the separation. This motive led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the determination of residual ethanol content in hydrophilic ILs, and the results are presented in chapter 5. The method utilizes headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography to quantify ethanol in ILs. In an integrated biorefinery, another key aspect that can reinforce economic viability is the complete utilization of all components of the biomass, including the lignin portion, to produce value added products. Lignin, given its interesting functionalities and properties owing to its complex aromatic nature, has ample potential to be converted in a wide array of value-added products ranging from adhesives and surfactants to flame retardant material and aromatic acids. Since the IL pretreatment technique is relatively new, the kind of lignin resulting from such a pretreatment needs to be better understood as it is important to assess its usability for further processing. This motive resulted in the characterization of lignin produced from IL pretreated biomass, as discussed in chapter 6. Techniques employed include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Elemental Analysis, Elemental CHN (Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen) analysis, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13NMR), Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and MatrixAssisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (MALDI-MS). A better understanding of these key aspects mentioned above will help facilitate further advancement of the IL pretreatment technique as a viable approach for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.

Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1

Author : Nour Shafik El-Gendy
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119785359
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1 by : Nour Shafik El-Gendy

Download or read book Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, Volume 1 written by Nour Shafik El-Gendy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION This first volume in a broad, comprehensive two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution, concentrates on the role of waste management in solving pollution problems and the value-added products that can be created out of waste, turning a negative into an environmental and economic positive. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing our world today, in every country, region, and even down to local landfills. Not just solving these problems, but turning waste into products, even products that can make money, is a huge game-changer in the world of environmental engineering. Finding ways to make fuel and other products from solid waste, setting a course for the production of future biorefineries, and creating a clean process for generating fuel and other products are just a few of the topics covered in the groundbreaking new first volume in the two-volume set, Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Pollution. The valorization of waste, including the creation of biofuels, turning waste cooking oil into green chemicals, providing sustainable solutions for landfills, and many other topics are also covered in this extensive treatment on the state of the art of this area in environmental engineering. This groundbreaking new volume in this forward-thinking set is the most comprehensive coverage of all of these issues, laying out the latest advances and addressing the most serious current concerns in environmental pollution. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. AUDIENCE Petroleum, chemical, process, and environmental engineers, other scientists and engineers working in the area of environmental pollution, and students at the university and graduate level studying these areas

Ionic Liquids in Lipid Processing and Analysis

Author : Xuebing Xu
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1630670480
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Ionic Liquids in Lipid Processing and Analysis by : Xuebing Xu

Download or read book Ionic Liquids in Lipid Processing and Analysis written by Xuebing Xu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-02-13 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a reference for those interested in state-of-the-art research on the science and technology of ionic liquids (ILs), particularly in relation to lipids processing and analysis. Topics include a review of the chemistry and physics of ILs as well as a quantitative understanding of structure-activity relationships at the molecular level. Further, chapter authors examine the molecular basis of the toxicity of ILs, the prediction of the properties of ILs, and the rationale and steps toward a priori design of ionic liquids for task-defined applications. Emerging research in developing lipid-inspired ILs and their prospective use in drug formulation is described. Among the highlights are the latest advances in IL-mediated biocatalysis and biotransformation, along with lipase production, purification, and activation. Reviews the state-of-the-art applications of ionic liquids in lipid processing and relevant areas from a variety of perspectives Summarizes the latest advances in the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids and available databases of thermodynamic property datapoints Presents the tremendous opportunities provided and challenges faced from ionic liquids as a newly emerging technology for lipids processing area

Depolymerization of Lignin for Biomass Processing in Ionic Liquids

Author : Blair Jeffrey Cox
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Depolymerization of Lignin for Biomass Processing in Ionic Liquids by : Blair Jeffrey Cox

Download or read book Depolymerization of Lignin for Biomass Processing in Ionic Liquids written by Blair Jeffrey Cox and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is growing need for technologies to displace traditional petroleum resources. Towards this goal, lignocellulosic biomass is seen as a potential renewable resource for the production of fuels and commodity chemicals. One of the most difficult components of lignocellulose to process is lignin, which is a complex, amorphous aromatic polymer that acts as one of the structural components in plants. Ionic liquids are a class of compounds that are composed completely of anions and cations that, in some cases, can completely dissolve lignocellulosic biomass. The research performed for this dissertation aims to advance the technologies of lignocellulose processing through effective depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids. Lignin fragments from this depolymerization could be used as a feedstock for further processing into aromatic commodity chemicals or polymers. Additionally, by removing lignin, biomass becomes much more accessible to enzymatic or chemical saccharification as a step towards fermentation into ethanol or other fuels. Both base and acid catalyzed methods were explored, although the base promoted depolymerization of lignin in ionic liquids did not show much promise, as the reaction was never shown to be catalytic. Acidic routes towards lignin depolymerization were more successful. Using the acidic ionic liquid 1-H-3-methylimiazolium chloride, the ether linkages in lignin model compounds could be hydrolyzed with high yields. This technology was also applicable to the whole lignin macromolecule. The mechanisms of this reaction, as well as the effects on lignin were explored with various neutral and acidic ionic liquids, using HPLC, GPC, NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry for analysis of samples. To demonstrate the applications of this technique, pine wood was treated with the acidic ionic liquids to open the structure of the wood to enzymatic saccharification through the removal of lignin and hemicellulose.

Solubility of Polysaccharides

Author : Zhenbo Xu
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535136496
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Solubility of Polysaccharides by : Zhenbo Xu

Download or read book Solubility of Polysaccharides written by Zhenbo Xu and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sugars, with a scientific term as saccharides, are involved in various aspects in the lives of human beings, including the sense of taste, energy for daily life, etc. Recent development in polysaccharides, as well as the background knowledge in this field, further deepens insight into their roles as healthy supplements. In this book, the principles on polysaccharides' solubility and structure, methodologies and application of polysaccharides have been reviewed. The chapters in this book include the relationship between structure and solubility of polysaccharide, the experimental and computational researches on polysaccharide solubility and the common polysaccharide, which may further aid scholars and researchers in regard to solubility of polysaccharides, methodologies and modification.

Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery

Author : S.I. Mussatto
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128025611
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery by : S.I. Mussatto

Download or read book Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery written by S.I. Mussatto and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-02-18 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock-based Biorefinery reviews the extensive research and tremendous scientific and technological developments that have occurred in the area of biorefinering, including industrial processes and product development using ‘green technologies’, often referred as white biotechnology. As there is a huge need for new design concepts for modern biorefineries as an alternative and amendment to industrial crude oil and gas refineries, this book presents the most important topics related to biomass fractionation, including advances, challenges, and perspectives, all with references to current literature for further study. Presented in 26 chapters by international field specialists, each chapter consists of review text that comprises the most recent advances, challenges, and perspectives for each fractionation technique. The book is an indispensable reference for all professionals, students, and workers involved in biomass biorefinery, assisting them in establishing efficient and economically viable process technologies for biomass fractionation. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment processes and technologies for biomass Reviews numerous valuable products from lignocellulose Discusses integration of processes for complete biomass conversion with minimum waste generation Identifies the research gaps in scale-up Presents an indispensable reference for all professionals, students, and workers involved in biomass biorefinery, assisting them in establishing efficient and economically viable process technologies for biomass fractionation

Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications

Author : Patrícia Figueiredo
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128203048
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications by : Patrícia Figueiredo

Download or read book Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications written by Patrícia Figueiredo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Implementation explores the emerging area of lignin-based materials as a platform for advanced biomedical applications, guiding the reader from source through to implementation. The first part of the book introduces the basics of lignin, including extraction methods, chemical modifications, structure and composition, and properties that make lignin suitable for biomedical applications. In addition, structural characterization techniques are described in detail. The next chapters focus on the preparation of lignin-based materials for biomedical applications, presenting methodologies for lignin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, and nanofibers, and providing in-depth coverage of lignin-based materials with specific properties—including antioxidant properties, UV absorbing capability, antimicrobial properties, and colloidal particles with tailored properties—and applications, such as drug and gene delivery, and tissue engineering. Finally, future perspectives and possible new applications are considered. This is an essential reference for all those with an interest in lignin-based materials and their biomedical applications, including researchers and advanced students across bio-based polymers, polymer science, polymer chemistry, biomaterials, nanotechnology, materials science and engineering, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering, as well as industrial R&D and scientists involved with bio-based polymers, specifically for biomedical applications. Unlocks the potential of lignin-based materials with advanced properties for cutting-edge applications in areas such as drug delivery, gene delivery and tissue engineering Presents state-of-the-art methodologies used in the development of lignin-based nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels and nanofibers Explains the fundamentals of lignin, including structure and composition, extraction and isolation methods, types and properties, chemical modifications, and characterization techniques

Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept

Author : Rafal Bogel-Lukasik
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849739765
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept by : Rafal Bogel-Lukasik

Download or read book Ionic Liquids in the Biorefinery Concept written by Rafal Bogel-Lukasik and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarising advance in the use of ionic liquids in biomass processing, this book is an important reference for researchers and practising chemists.

Cellulose Science and Technology

Author : Thomas Rosenau
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119217636
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Cellulose Science and Technology by : Thomas Rosenau

Download or read book Cellulose Science and Technology written by Thomas Rosenau and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-30 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses both classic concepts and state-of-the-art technologies surrounding cellulose science and technology. Integrating nanoscience and applications in materials, energy, biotechnology, and more, the book appeals broadly to students and researchers in chemistry, materials, energy, and environmental science. • Includes contributions from leading cellulose scientists worldwide, with five Anselm Payen Cellulose Award winners and two Hayashi Jisuke Cellulose Award winners • Deals with a highly applicable and timely topic, considering the current activities in the fields of bioeconomies, biorefineries, and biomass utilization • Maximizes readership by combining fundamental science and application development

Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production

Author : Robert Henry
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889198677
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production by : Robert Henry

Download or read book Biomass Modification, Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production written by Robert Henry and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and other commodities has provided an appealing alternative towards supplanting global dependence on fossil fuels. The suitability of multitudes of plants for deconstruction to useful precursor molecules and products is currently being evaluated. These studies have probed a variety of phenotypic traits, including cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and lignin monomer composition, glucose and xylose production following enzymatic hydrolysis, and an assessment of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages, to name a few. These quintessential traits can provide an assessment of biomass recalcitrance, enabling researchers to devise appropriate deconstruction strategies. Plants with high polysaccharide and lower lignin contents have been shown to breakdown to monomeric sugars more readily. Not all plants contain ideal proportions of the various cell wall constituents, however. The capabilities of biotechnology can alleviate this conundrum by tailoring the chemical composition of plants to be more favorable for conversion to sugars, fuels, etc. Increases in the total biomass yield, cellulose content, or conversion efficiency through, for example, a reduction in lignin content, are pathways being evaluated to genetically improve plants for use in manufacturing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Although plants have been previously domesticated for food and fiber production, the collection of phenotypic traits prerequisite for biofuel production may necessitate new genetic breeding schemes. Given the plethora of potential plants available for exploration, rapid analytical methods are needed to more efficiently screen through the bulk of samples to hone in on which feedstocks contain the desired chemistry for subsequent conversion to valuable, renewable commodities. The standard methods for analyzing biomass and related intermediates and finished products are laborious, potentially toxic, and/or destructive. They may also necessitate a complex data analysis, significantly increasing the experimental time and add unwanted delays in process monitoring, where delays can incur in significant costs. Advances in thermochemical and spectroscopic techniques have enabled the screening of thousands of plants for different phenotypes, such as cell-wall cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, and lignin composition, lignin monomer composition, or monomeric sugar release. Some instrumental methods have been coupled with multivariate analysis, providing elegant chemometric predictive models enabling the accelerated identification of potential feedstocks. In addition to the use of high-throughput analytical methods for the characterization of feedstocks based on phenotypic metrics, rapid instrumental techniques have been developed for the real-time monitoring of diverse processes, such as the efficacy of a specific pretreatment strategy, or the formation of end products, such as biofuels and biomaterials. Real-time process monitoring techniques are needed for all stages of the feedstocks-to-biofuels conversion process in order to maximize efficiency and lower costs by monitoring and optimizing performance. These approaches allow researchers to adjust experimental conditions during, rather than at the conclusion, of a process, thereby decreasing overhead expenses. This Frontiers Research Topic explores options for the modification of biomass composition and the conversion of these feedstocks into to biofuels or biomaterials and the related innovations in methods for the analysis of the composition of plant biomass, and advances in assessing up- and downstream processes in real-time. Finally, a review of the computational models available for techno-economic modeling and lifecycle analysis will be presented.

Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids

Author : Mark B. Shiflett
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030352455
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids by : Mark B. Shiflett

Download or read book Commercial Applications of Ionic Liquids written by Mark B. Shiflett and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the current and emerging industrial applications of ionic liquids, covering the core processes, the practical implementation and technical challenges involved, and exploring potential future directions for research and development. The introductory chapter describes the unique physical and chemical properties of ionic liquids, and illustrates the vast potential for application of these materials across the industrial landscape. Following this, individual chapters written by leading figures from industry and academia address specific processes and products, such as the development of a new chloroaluminate ionic liquid as an alkylation catalyst and a new class of capillary gas chromatography (GC) columns with stationary phases based on ionic liquids. Over the past twenty years, ionic liquids have moved from being considered as mere academic curiosities to having genuine applications in fields as wide-ranging as biotechnology, biorefineries, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, renewable fuels, and sustainable energy. This book highlights several commercial products and processes that use or will soon be using ionic liquids.

Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization

Author : Rafael Luque
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889457729
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization by : Rafael Luque

Download or read book Nano-(Bio)Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biomass Valorization written by Rafael Luque and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of forest and agricultural wastes, industrial processing side-streams, and dedicated energy crops, toward chemicals, fuels and added-value products has become a major research area with increasing exploitation potential. The efficient and tailored depolymerization of biomass or its primary structural components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) to platform chemicals, i.e., sugars, phenolics, furans, ketones, organic acids, etc. is highly dependent on the development of novel or modified chemo- and bio-catalytic processes that take into account the peculiarities and recalcitrance of biomass as feedstock, compared for example to petroleum fractions. The present Research Topic in Frontiers in Chemistry, Section of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, entitled “Nano-(bio)catalysis in lignocellulosic biomass valorization” aims to further contribute to the momentum of research and development in the (bio)catalytic conversion of biomass, by featuring original research papers as well as two review papers, authored and reviewed by experts in the field. The Research Topic addresses various representative reactions and processes in biomass valorization, highlighting the importance of developing novel, efficient and stable nano-(bio)catalysts with tailored properties according to the nature of the reactant/feedstock and the targeted products.

Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass

Author : Indira Priya Samayam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass by : Indira Priya Samayam

Download or read book Characterization and Saccharification of Ionic Liquid Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass written by Indira Priya Samayam and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this dissertation research is to gain a more fundamental understanding of the impact of ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in production of ethanol and other chemicals through a sugar platform and biochemical conversion of polysaccharides to monomeric sugars. Recalcitrance of cellulose hydrolysis is a primary roadblock for efficient enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars that are fermented to ethanol or other products. The structure of lignocellulosic biomass is rendered amenable to enzymatic saccharification upon IL pretreatment. Changes in the structure of cellulose in relation to the biomass digestibility with varying ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment were examined. Conversion of native cellulose I to amorphous cellulose or cellulose II improved the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. The performance of commercial enzyme mixtures were evaluated through saccharification of IL pretreated biomass substrates (poplar and switchgrass) at low biomass slurry concentrations. Poplar and switchgrass hydrolysis with commercial cellulase, Spezyme CP, and Multifect Xylanase showed synergism between the two enzymes. However, switchgrass hydrolysis was less complete than that of poplar, likely due to differences in hemicellulose structural features. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides in lignocellulose at high biomass slurry concentrations is essential in economical fermentation of hydrolyzates to ethanol and other products. Commercial enzyme mixtures were varied for simultaneous or sequential hydrolysis and fermentation of pentose and hexose sugars with Pichia stipitis for IL treated poplar. In sequential hydrolysis of poplar at modest enzyme loadings of 9 mg/g xylan Multifect Xylanase, 1.8 mg/ g xylan SXA (ß-xylosidase) at 50°C in the first step and 10 FPU/g glucan Spezyme CP, and 40 CBU/g glucan Novozyme 188 at 25°C in the second step, the yields of glucose and xylose at 15% (w/v) solid loadings were 61% and 83%, respectively. The incomplete hydrolysis may be due to the accumulation of cellobiose and low activity of enzymes at 25°C. Further increase in Novozyme 188 loadings or hydrolysis may improve hydrolysis yields. A maximum of 66% theoretical ethanol yield based on initial sugar analysis of poplar was expected from these hydrolyzates if all the released sugars were fermented to ethanol. In sequential hydrolysis and fermentation with P. stipitis, 56% theoretical ethanol yields based on the initial sugar composition of poplar respectively was achieved.