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Chapter 4 Lubricant Additives
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Book Synopsis Lubricant Additives by : Leslie R. Rudnick
Download or read book Lubricant Additives written by Leslie R. Rudnick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-12 with total page 1432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This indispensable book describes lubricant additives, their synthesis, chemistry, and mode of action. All important areas of application are covered, detailing which lubricants are needed for a particular application. Laboratory and field performance data for each application is provided and the design of cost-effective, environmentally friendly technologies is fully explored. This edition includes new chapters on chlorohydrocarbons, foaming chemistry and physics, antifoams for nonaqueous lubricants, hydrogenated styrene–diene viscosity modifiers, alkylated aromatics, and the impact of REACh and GHS on the lubricant industry.
Book Synopsis Chapter 4 : Lubricant Additives by :
Download or read book Chapter 4 : Lubricant Additives written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IN THIS CHAPTER WE DESCRIBE THE CHEMISTRY, manufacture, and properties of the chemicals that are used in lubricants as additives. The function of these chemicals is either to enhance the already existing properties of the base fluids or to impart new properties that they lack. Discussion also includes the mechanism by which each additive type performs its functions, multifunctional nature of some additives, and their impact on the environment. The need and the development of a new additive and the process by which it is approved for use in a particular application are also explained. All mechanical equipment must be lubricated. The primary purpose is to reduce friction and wear. If not controlled, these can lead to inefficiencies, damage, and ultimately to equipment seizure. Pictorial records depicting the use of lubricants date as far back as 1650 B.C. Analysis of the residue from chariot axle hubs suggests the use of animal fat as a lubricant, as early as 1400 B.C. This practice continued until 1859 when petroleum-based lubricants became available. While the claimed use of additives in lubricants dates far back into the 1860s, the modern history of lubricant additives began in the early 20th century, with the use of fatty oils and sulfur in mineral oils to improve lubrication under high loads. The use of additives became common only after the 1930s when more compact and faster engines were developed and the OEMs stalled to specify oils for use in their equipment [181,182]. However, these were the military needs during and after the Second World War that were the major driving force behind the development of the lubricant additives as we know them today. This is because the fast-running engines had a complex design, which placed a heavy demand on the lubricants. At that time, besides the SAE viscosity classification system, there were no established performance criteria and the end-user had to depend on the lubricant supplier's claims regarding the suitability of the lubricants [182]. Additives are not only critical to the manufacture and use of automotive fuels and lubricants; they are also extensively used in petroleum recovery as drilling additives and refining as refinery chemicals [183]. This was discussed in Chapter 2 on Mineral Base Stocks. Some of the highlights of the additives development are as follows. 1. Sodium soap greases were developed in the 1930s. They did not suffer from water sensitivity and had better resistance to high temperatures than the lime or calcium soap (calcium carboxylate) greases, the use of which dates back to the 1880s. 2. In 1937, the lubricants containing a lead soap-active sulfur additive combination, known as an extreme-pressure or EP additive system, was found to be effective. When GM in its 1937 models introduced hypoid axles, it tested and recommended the use of a number of such lubricants. 3. Complex calcium soap greases were invented in 1940, lithium soap greases were invented in 1942/1943, and barium greases were invented in the 1950s. These greases retain their semi-solid morphology at much higher temperatures than their sodium and calcium analogues. They contain sodium nitrite to inhibit corrosion and oxidation. 4. Until 1947, the performance of the engine oils was defined solely by their viscosity grades, without due consideration to the engine design, its operating environments, and the fuel type and quality. In 1947, API introduced three performance categories, regular, premium, and heavy-duty, based on the severity of service. Regular oils were straight mineral oils with or without viscosity modifiers and corresponded to oils defined previously by the viscosity grades. These oils were for both gasoline and diesel engines operating under mild to moderate service conditions. Premium oils, designed for somewhat more severe operating conditions, generally contained oxidation and corrosion inhibitors, and, in some cases, mild detergents. Heavy-duty oils possessed better oxidation and corrosion resistance and detergency than the premium oils and were designed to withstand the most severe service. 5. In the early 1950s, multi-grade oils were an outcome of the development of the viscosity modifiers. These were made by dissolving polymeric materials to low viscosity, or thin, oils.
Book Synopsis Lubricant Additives by : Leslie R. Rudnick
Download or read book Lubricant Additives written by Leslie R. Rudnick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-01-29 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text details the design of cost-effective, environmentally friendly lubricant additive technologies and components for the automotive, industrial, manufacturing, food, and aerospace industries. Presenting methods to improve the performance and stability of lubricants, protect metal surfaces against wear, and to control deposits and contaminant
Book Synopsis Lubricant Additives by : Leslie R. Rudnick
Download or read book Lubricant Additives written by Leslie R. Rudnick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-04-20 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cost, environmental, and performance issues coupled with legislative changes, new engine oil requirements, and technology development for exploration of space and the oceans are changing the lubrication additive market. Reflecting how the need for new applications drives the development of new lubricant additives, Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, Second Edition presents methods to: Improve the performance, efficiency, and stability of lubricants Protect metal surfaces from wear Select lubricant additives for the food processing industry Select the most appropriate ashless additives Avoid microbial degradation of lubricants Lower toxicity And describes: Standard lubricant testing methods and product specifications Mechanisms and benefits of specific types of lubricant additives Recent industry trends Up-to-Date Coverage of Lubricant Additive Chemistry and Technology Addressing new trends in various industrial sectors and improvements in technology, this second edition provides detailed reviews of additives used in lubricant formulations, their chemistry, mechanisms of action, and trends for major areas of application. It explores the design of cost-effective, environmentally friendly lubricant technologies and lubricants for automotive, industrial, manufacturing, aerospace, and food-processing applications. An extensive list of online industry resources is available for download at crcpress.com.
Book Synopsis Developments in Lubricant Technology by : S. P. Srivastava
Download or read book Developments in Lubricant Technology written by S. P. Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-25 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DEVELOPMENTS IN LUBRICANT TECHNOLOGY Examines all stages of Lubricant formulations, production and applications Developments in Lubricant Technology describes the basics of Lubricant formulations and their application in variety of equipment and engines. Divided into twenty chapters, this book provides an introduction to lubricant technology for users, young scientists and engineers desirous of understanding this subject. The book covers all major classes of lubricants including base oils (mineral, chemically modified and synthetic), followed by the description of chemical- additives and their evaluation. A brief chapter on the friction-wear and lubrication has been provided to understand the behaviour of lubricants in equipment. Major industrial oils such as turbine, hydraulic, gear, compressor and metal working fluids have been described. Automotive engine, gear and transmission oils for passenger cars, commercial vehicles, rail-road, marine, natural gas engines and 2T, 4T small engines have been discussed at length with latest specifications and global trends. Various synthetic oils and environmentally friendly products have also been described in the relevant chapters to understand the critical applications of such products in modern equipment and engines. Finally lubricants blending technology, quality control, their storage, handling, re-refining and condition monitoring in equipment have been discussed along with the typical lubricant tests and their significance.
Book Synopsis Lubricant Additives by : Maurice William Ranney
Download or read book Lubricant Additives written by Maurice William Ranney and published by Noyes Data Corporation/Noyes Publications. This book was released on 1973 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lubricants and Lubrication, 2 Volume Set by : Theo Mang
Download or read book Lubricants and Lubrication, 2 Volume Set written by Theo Mang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 1220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the previous edition: "Contains something for everyone involved in lubricant technology." —Chemistry & Industry This completely revised third edition incorporates the latest data available and reflects the knowledge of one of the largest companies active in the business. The authors take into account the interdisciplinary character of the field, considering aspects of engineering, materials science, chemistry, health and safety. The result is a volume providing chemists and engineers with a clear interdisciplinary introduction and guide to all major lubricant applications, focusing not only on the various products but also on specific application engineering criteria. A classic reference work, completely revised and updated (approximately 35% new material) focusing on sustainability and the latest developments, technologies and processes of this multi billion dollar business Provides chemists and engineers with a clear interdisciplinary introduction and guide to all major lubricant applications, looking not only at the various products but also at specific application engineering criteria All chapters are updated in terms of environmental and operational safety. New guidelines, such as REACH, recycling alternatives and biodegradable base oils are introduced Discusses the integration of micro- and nano-tribology and lubrication systems Reflects the knowledge of Fuchs Petrolub SE, one of the largest companies active in the lubrication business 2 Volumes wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/lubricants
Book Synopsis Fuels and Fuel-Additives by : S. P. Srivastava
Download or read book Fuels and Fuel-Additives written by S. P. Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-16 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines all stages of fuel production, from feedstocks to finished products Exploring chemical structures and properties, this book sheds new light on the current science and technology of producing energy efficient and environmentally friendly fuels. Moreover, it explains the role of fuel-additives in the production cycle. This expertly written and organized guide to fuels and fuel-additives also presents requirements, rules and regulations, including US and EU standards governing automotive emissions, fuel quality and specifications, alternate fuels, biofuels, antioxidants, deposit control detergents/dispersants, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and polymeric fuel-additives. Fuels and Fuel-Additives covers all stages and facets of the production of engine fuels as well as heating and fuel oils. The book begins with a quick portrait of the future of fuels and fuel production. Then, it sets forth the regulations controlling exhaust gas emissions and fuel quality from around the world. Next, the book covers: Processing of engine fuels derived from crude oil, including the production of blending components Production of alternative fuels Fuel-additives for automotive engines Blending of fuels Key properties of motor fuels and their effects on engines and the environment Aviation fuels The final chapter of the book deals with fuel oils and marine fuels. Each chapter is extensively referenced, providing a gateway to the primary and secondary literature in the field. At the end of the book, a convenient glossary defines all the key terms used in the book. Examining the full production cycle from feedstocks to final products, Fuels and Fuel-Additives is recommended for students, engineers, and scientists working in fuels and energy production.
Book Synopsis Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants by : Roy M. Mortier
Download or read book Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants written by Roy M. Mortier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants" describes the chemistry and technology of base oils, additives and applications of liquid lubricants. This Third Edition reflects how the chemistry and technology of lubricants has developed since the First Edition was published in 1992. The acceleration of performance development in the past 35 years has been as significant as in the previous century: Refinery processes have become more precise in defining the physical and chemical properties of higher quality mineral base oils. New and existing additives have improved performance through enhanced understanding of their action. Specification and testing of lubricants has become more focused and rigorous. "Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants" is directed principally at those working in the lubricants industry as well as individuals working within academia seeking a chemist's viewpoint of lubrication. It is also of value to engineers and technologists requiring a more fundamental understanding of the subject.
Book Synopsis A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Chemistry, Technology, Selection, and Design by : Syed Q. A. Rizvi
Download or read book A Comprehensive Review of Lubricant Chemistry, Technology, Selection, and Design written by Syed Q. A. Rizvi and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance by : R. David Whitby
Download or read book Lubricant Blending and Quality Assurance written by R. David Whitby and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many people, including those involved in the manufacturing, marketing and selling of lubricants, believe that blending lubricants is simply a matter of putting one or more base oils and several additives into a tank of some kind and stirring them around to mix them. Blending lubricants that meet customers’ demands requires much more than this. The correct ingredients of the right quality need to be used in precisely controlled quantities. The ingredients need to be tested prior to blending and the finished products need to be tested following blending. The ingredients need to be stored and mixed under carefully controlled conditions. The finished lubricants need to be stored and packaged carefully and then delivered to customers correctly. This book discusses all of these issues, describes the different types of equipment used to blend lubricants, provides guidance on how best to use this equipment, and offers tips and techniques to help to avoid problems. It focuses on liquid lubricants. Greases are not discussed, as their manufacture involves very different manufacturing procedures compared with those concerned with liquid lubricants. The book starts with descriptions and discussion of the properties and characteristics of the main types of mineral and synthetic base oils, as well as the properties and characteristics of the main types of additives that are used in lubricant formulations. Criteria and methodologies used to design both new and upgraded blending plants are covered next. The types and operation of the equipment used in lubricant blending plants are described and discussed, together with a chapter on how to avoid problems before, during, and after blending. Testing and analysis of base oils, additives, and blended lubricants are covered in two separate chapters. Procedures for quality control and quality management in lubricant blending plants are also discussed in two separate chapters. Types of packages for lubricants are reviewed, together with methods for filling packages and methods for transporting lubricants in bulk. The storage of lubricants and supply chain management is also covered in depth.
Book Synopsis Nanolubricants by : Jean Michel Martin
Download or read book Nanolubricants written by Jean Michel Martin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technology involved in lubrication by nanoparticles is a rapidly developing scientific area and one that has been watched with interest for the past ten years. Nanolubrication offers a solution to many problems associated with traditional lubricants that contain sulphur and phosphorus; and though for some time the production of nanoparticles was restricted by the technologies available, today synthesis methods have been improved to such a level that it is possible to produce large quantities relatively cheaply and efficiently. Nanolubricants develops a new concept of lubrication, based on these nanoparticles, and along with the authors’ own research it synthesises the information available on the topic of nanolubrication from existing literature and presents it in a concise form. Describes the many advantages and potential applications of nanotechnology in the tribological field. Offers a full review of the state-of-the-art as well as much original research that is yet unpublished. Includes sections on boundary lubrication by colloïdal systems, nanolubricants made of metal dichalcogenides, carbon-based nanolubricants, overbased detergent salts, nanolubricants made of metals and boron-based solid nanolubricants and lubrication additives. Authored by highly regarded experts in the field with contributions from leading international academics. Nanolubricants will appeal to postgraduate students, academics and researchers in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and materials science. It should also be of interest to practising engineers with petroleum companies and mechanical manufacturers.
Book Synopsis Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids by : Johannes Fink
Download or read book Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids written by Johannes Fink and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-13 with total page 809 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids is a comprehensive manual that provides end users with information about oil field chemicals, such as drilling muds, corrosion and scale inhibitors, gelling agents and bacterial control. This book is an extension and update of Oil Field Chemicals published in 2003, and it presents a compilation of materials from literature and patents, arranged according to applications and the way a typical job is practiced. The text is composed of 23 chapters that cover oil field chemicals arranged according to their use. Each chapter follows a uniform template, starting with a brief overview of the chemical followed by reviews, monomers, polymerization, and fabrication. The different aspects of application, including safety and environmental impacts, for each chemical are also discussed throughout the chapters. The text also includes handy indices for trade names, acronyms and chemicals. Petroleum, production, drilling, completion, and operations engineers and managers will find this book invaluable for project management and production. Non-experts and students in petroleum engineering will also find this reference useful. Chemicals are ordered by use including drilling muds, corrosion inhibitors, and bacteria control Includes cutting edge chemicals and polymers such as water soluble polymers and viscosity control Handy index of chemical substances as well as a general chemical index
Book Synopsis Principles of Tribology by : Shizhu Wen
Download or read book Principles of Tribology written by Shizhu Wen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-21 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professors Wen and Huang present current developments in tribology research along with tribology fundamentals and applications, including lubrication theory, lubrication design, friction mechanism, wear mechanism, friction control, and their applications. In addition to classical tribology, Wen and Huang cover the research areas of the modern tribology, as well as the regularities and characteristics of tribological phenomena in practice. Furthermore, the authors present the basic theory, numerical analysis methods, and experimental measuring techniques of tribology as well as their applications in engineering. Provides a systematic presentation of tribology fundamentals and their applications Discusses the current states and development trends in tribology research Applies the applications to modern day engineering Computer programs available for download from the book’s companion site Principles of Tribology is aimed at postgraduates and senior-level undergraduates studying tribology, and can be used for courses covering theory and applications. Tribology professionals and students specializing in allied areas of mechanical engineering and materials science will also find the book to be a helpful reference or introduction to the topic. Companion website for the book: www.wiley.com/go/wen/tribology
Book Synopsis Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants by : Leslie R. Rudnick
Download or read book Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants written by Leslie R. Rudnick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-12-22 with total page 947 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the field of tribology has evolved, the lubrication industry is also progressing at an extraordinary rate. Updating the author's bestselling publication, Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids, this book features the contributions of over 60 specialists, ten new chapters, and a new title to reflect the evolving nature of the
Book Synopsis Mitigating Environmental Impact of Petroleum Lubricants by : Ignatio Madanhire
Download or read book Mitigating Environmental Impact of Petroleum Lubricants written by Ignatio Madanhire and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores effective environmental impact mitigation for petroleum-based lubricants to reduce their negative persistence during usage and upon end-of-life disposal. The book reviews the basic tribology of lubricants as well as initiatives that may enhance the environmental and economic effectiveness of lubricating oils from the composition design perspective across industries. Considering the blending, application, and disposal of petroleum lubricants in a holistic manner, the book presents and extends current best practices that minimize or eliminate adverse environmental impact throughout the product’s life cycle. The book reviews methods including: raw material substitution, minimizing oil losses during and after manufacturing, raw material and energy consumption reduction, and environmentally friendly applications of oil disposal as ways forward for cleaner and more effective production. This book provides readers with strategies for incorporating cleaner production practices into their operations – a benefit to both environmental legal compliance and business competitiveness – all the while preserving the environment for sustainable development. The book is therefore of interest to both manufacturers and consumers in the lubricants industry.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication by : Bernard J. Hamrock
Download or read book Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication written by Bernard J. Hamrock and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-03-15 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specifically focusing on fluid film, hydrodynamic, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication, this edition studies the most important principles of fluid film lubrication for the correct design of bearings, gears, and rolling operations, and for the prevention of friction and wear in engineering designs. It explains various theories, procedures, and equations for improved solutions to machining challenges. Providing more than 1120 display equations and an introductory section in each chapter, Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication, Second Edition facilitates the analysis of any machine element that uses fluid film lubrication and strengthens understanding of critical design concepts.
