Change and Resilience in Fishing

Download Change and Resilience in Fishing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Change and Resilience in Fishing by : Susan Hanna

Download or read book Change and Resilience in Fishing written by Susan Hanna and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Resilience in the English Small-Scale Fishery

Download Resilience in the English Small-Scale Fishery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030542459
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resilience in the English Small-Scale Fishery by : Rebecca Korda

Download or read book Resilience in the English Small-Scale Fishery written by Rebecca Korda and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-21 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a contribution to our understanding of the worrying situation of small-scale fisheries (SSF) which face marginalisation in most coastal countries. The authors explain why SSF are so pressured; how there has been a powerful backlash against this marginalisation during the last 30 years; what are the main ideational currents supporting this backlash; and what is the enduring value of SSF that justifies that support. The authors discuss the major contemporary interpretations of SSF; the challenges facing SSF globally and in England; and SSF’s coping strategies in response to those challenges through the framework of resilience theory. In an innovative analysis, the authors show how there are three kinds of resilience: passive resilience (where fishers are resigned to their adverse fate), adaptive resilience (where fishers make the best use of the opportunities that are available to them), and transformative resilience (where fishers attempt to change the system that faces them). The authors draw on an extensive range of interview data to provide rich insights into the world of SSF, and they discuss a variety of proposals for improving their conditions. The book will appeal to the growing academic and public community that is following with increasing concern the debate about the future of SFF, and to the environmental movement which has committed itself to support SSF as a greener form of fishing than the large-scale industrial sector.

Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance

Download Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030373711
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance by : José J. Pascual-Fernández

Download or read book Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe: Status, Resilience and Governance written by José J. Pascual-Fernández and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive account of the status and dynamics of people participating in the small-scale fisheries (SSF) of Europe. It covers the situation of SSF in 25 coastal countries, thereby providing a portrait of almost every coastal country on the continent and analyzing the recent evolution of the sector. Small-scale fisheries are argued to be extremely important in Europe, as they provide employment and welfare, while increasing food sovereignty and maintaining communities in coastal areas. The recent worldwide focus on SSF derives from their environmental sustainability, which distinguishes many of their activities from those of large-scale fisheries. This book analyses the diversity of SSF and shows how fishing communities have sometimes developed successful governing models, demonstrating social and economic resilience. While the book emphasizes the strengths of SSF and the synergies that occur with other marine sectors, it also presents cases of failure, in which collective action and policy have actually contributed to a weakening of the sector. In this context, the book shows how governmental policies toward SSF vary considerably from country to country, in a way that is not entirely consistent with European policies.

Linking Social and Ecological Systems

Download Linking Social and Ecological Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521785624
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (856 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Linking Social and Ecological Systems by : Fikret Berkes

Download or read book Linking Social and Ecological Systems written by Fikret Berkes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-04-13 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is usually the case that scientists examine either ecological systems or social systems, yet the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of environmental management and sustainable development is becoming increasingly obvious. Developed under the auspices of the Beijer Institute in Stockholm, this new book analyses social and ecological linkages in selected ecosystems using an international and interdisciplinary case study approach. The chapters provide detailed information on a variety of management practices for dealing with environmental change. Taken as a whole, the book will contribute to the greater understanding of essential social responses to changes in ecosystems, including the generation, accumulation and transmission of ecological knowledge, structure and dynamics of institutions, and the cultural values underlying these responses. A set of new (or rediscovered) principles for sustainable ecosystem management is also presented. Linking Social and Ecological Systems will be of value to natural and social scientists interested in sustainability.

The Blue Revolution

Download The Blue Revolution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1642832170
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Blue Revolution by : Nicholas Sullivan

Download or read book The Blue Revolution written by Nicholas Sullivan and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2022-04-19 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overfishing. For the world’s oceans, it’s long been a worrisome problem with few answers. Many of the global fish stocks are at a dangerous tipping point, some spiraling toward extinction. But as older fishing fleets retire and new technologies develop, a better, more sustainable way to farm this popular protein has emerged to profoundly shift the balance. The Blue Revolution tells the story of the recent transformation of commercial fishing: an encouraging change from maximizing volume through unrestrained wild hunting to maximizing value through controlled harvesting and farming. Entrepreneurs applying newer, smarter technologies are modernizing fisheries in unprecedented ways. In many parts of the world, the seafood on our plates is increasingly the product of smart decisions about ecosystems, waste, efficiency, transparency, and quality. Nicholas P. Sullivan presents this new way of thinking about fish, food, and oceans by profiling the people and policies transforming an aging industry into one that is “post-industrial”—fueled by “sea-foodies” and locavores interested in sustainable, traceable, quality seafood. Catch quotas can work when local fishers feel they have a stake in the outcome; shellfish farming requires zero inputs and restores nearshore ecosystems; new markets are developing for kelp products, as well as unloved and “underutilized” fish species. Sullivan shows how the practices of thirty years ago that perpetuated an overfishing crisis are rapidly changing. In the book’s final chapters, Sullivan discusses the global challenges to preserving healthy oceans, including conservation mechanisms, the impact of climate change, and unregulated and criminal fishing in international waters. In a fast-growing world where more people are eating more fish than ever before, The Blue Revolution brings encouraging news for conservationists and seafood lovers about the transformation of an industry historically averse to change, and it presents fresh inspiration for entrepreneurs and investors eager for new opportunities in a blue-green economy.

Adaptive management of fisheries in response to climate change

Download Adaptive management of fisheries in response to climate change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251338906
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Adaptive management of fisheries in response to climate change by : ​Bahri, T., Vasconcellos, M., Welch, D.J., Johnson, J., Perry, R.I., Ma, X. & Sharma, R.

Download or read book Adaptive management of fisheries in response to climate change written by ​Bahri, T., Vasconcellos, M., Welch, D.J., Johnson, J., Perry, R.I., Ma, X. & Sharma, R. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report aims to accelerate climate change adaptation implementation in fisheries management throughout the world. It showcases how flexibility can be introduced in the fisheries management cycle in order to foster adaptation, strengthen the resilience of fisheries, reduce their vulnerability to climate change, and enable managers to respond in a timely manner to the projected changes in the dynamics of marine resources and ecosystems. The publication includes a set of good practices for climate-adaptive fisheries management that have proven their effectiveness and can be adapted to different contexts, providing a range of options for stakeholders including the fishing industry, fishery managers, policymakers and others involved in decision-making. These good practices were linked to one or more of the three common climate-related impacts on fisheries resources: distributional change; productivity change; and species composition change. Therefore, these three impacts can serve as practical entry points to guide decision-makers in identifying good practice adaptation measures suitable for their local contexts. These good practices are based upon transferable experiences and lessons learned from the thirteen case studies across the globe and hopefully will contribute to greater uptake and implementation of climate-adaptive fisheries management measures on the ground.

Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture

Download Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251306079
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-01-06 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report indicates that climate change will significantly affect the availability and trade of fish products, especially for those countries most dependent on the sector, and calls for effective adaptation and mitigation actions encompassing food production.

Sustainable Fisheries

Download Sustainable Fisheries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781934874219
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Fisheries by : William W. Taylor

Download or read book Sustainable Fisheries written by William W. Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents multi-level approaches to the problem of unsustainable fisheries and provides potential solutions to address it. It discusses the importance of fisheries from a global perspective, describes current fisheries failings, and provides recommendations for more sustainable practices (e.g., food and livelihood security, interdisciplinary approaches, ecosystem-based and community-based management, governance reforms, reduced capacity, and accountability).

Building Climate-Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific Region

Download Building Climate-Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific Region PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251317526
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Building Climate-Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific Region by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Building Climate-Resilient Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific Region written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fisheries and aquaculture is a sector of special importance to food security, nutrition and livelihood in the Asia-Pacific Region, which can be significantly impacted by climate changes and related disaster risks. Effectively addressing climate change impacts and managing disaster risks in fisheries and aquaculture sector are vitally important to building resilience of the sector for sustained and greater contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to ending hunger, poverty eradication and sustainable use of natural resources. FAO member countries in the region have been making good effort and significant progress in addressing climate change impacts and related disaster risks with support of international communities. A FAO regional consultative workshop was convened to bring together a wide range of players including country governments, regional organizations and other partners to share their knowledge and good practices in addressing climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture in the region, to assess the progress made in addressing issues with marine capture fisheries, inland capture fisheries, coastal aquaculture and inland aquaculture in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation in implementing the national plan of actions for addressing climate change in fisheries and aquaculture, and to recommend strategies for addressing institutional and capacity gaps in building climate-resilience fisheries and aquaculture industry in the region. The publication is the compilation of the workshop executive report, background technical papers, extended summary of presentations by representatives from participating government and FAO partners, and the workshop conclusions and recommendations.

Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture

Download Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119154065
Total Pages : 1048 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture by : Bruce F. Phillips

Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture written by Bruce F. Phillips and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-20 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive review of the current and future effects of climate change on the world’s fisheries and aquaculture operations The first book of its kind, Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture explores the impacts of climate change on global fisheries resources and on marine aquaculture. It also offers expert suggestions on possible adaptations to reduce those impacts. The world's climate is changing more rapidly than scientists had envisioned just a few years ago, and the potential impact of climate change on world food production is quite alarming. Nowhere is the sense of alarm more keenly felt than among those who study the warming of the world's oceans. Evidence of the dire effects of climate change on fisheries and fish farming has now mounted to such an extent that the need for a book such as this has become urgent. A landmark publication devoted exclusively to how climate change is affecting and is likely to affect commercially vital fisheries and aquaculture operations globally, Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture provides scientists and fishery managers with a summary of and reference point for information on the subject which has been gathered thus far. Covers an array of critical topics and assesses reviews of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture from many countries, including Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, Chile, US, UK, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, India and others Features chapters on the effects of climate change on pelagic species, cod, lobsters, plankton, macroalgae, seagrasses and coral reefs Reviews the spread of diseases, economic and social impacts, marine aquaculture and adaptation in aquaculture under climate change Includes special reports on the Antarctic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Arctic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea Extensive references throughout the book make this volume both a comprehensive text for general study and a reference/guide to further research for fisheries scientists, fisheries managers, aquaculture personnel, climate change specialists, aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate biologists, physiologists, marine biologists, economists, environmentalist biologists and planners.

Infinity Fish

Download Infinity Fish PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 012823816X
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Infinity Fish by : Ussif Rashid Sumaila

Download or read book Infinity Fish written by Ussif Rashid Sumaila and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infinity Fish: Economics and the Future of Fish and Fisheries is a practical and science-based reference that demonstrates how to value the benefits from restored marine ecosystems to sustain ocean and fishery resources for years to come. It discusses ecological and economical aspects to support the preservation of marine resources by understanding cost-benefits of fishery management systems. The book explains the economic benefits of restoring ecosystems that have been overexploited and how to maintain fisheries in a sustainable level. Infinity Fish: Economics and the Future of Fish and Fisheries is a useful reference to a wide range of audiences. It is for those who wish to make systematic efforts to develop their fisheries sector, scientists and researchers, anyone in fisheries management, marine resource management, economists, fish farmers, policy makers, leaders and regulators, operations researchers, as well as faculty and students. Includes case studies for each topic and provides detailed summaries to further understand them Presents examples and practical applications of cost-benefit concepts Provides models of statistical analysis to optimize decision making

An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

Download An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309288487
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico by : National Research Council

Download or read book An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services-the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico discusses the benefits and challenges associated with using an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment, describing potential impacts of response technologies, exploring the role of resilience, and offering suggestions for areas of future research. This report illustrates how this approach might be applied to coastal wetlands, fisheries, marine mammals, and the deep sea-each of which provide key ecosystem services in the Gulf-and identifies substantial differences among these case studies. The report also discusses the suite of technologies used in the spill response, including burning, skimming, and chemical dispersants, and their possible long-term impacts on ecosystem services.

Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience

Download Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319990248
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience by : Lisa L. Price

Download or read book Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience written by Lisa L. Price and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the knowledge, work and life of Pacific coastal populations from the Pacific Northwest to Panama. Center stage in this volume is the knowledge people acquire on coastal and marine ecosystems. Material and aesthetic benefits from interacting with the environment contribute to the ongoing building of coastal cultures. The contributors are particularly interested in how local knowledge -either recently generated or transmitted along generations- interfaces with science, conservation, policy and artistic expression. Their observations exhibit a wide array of outcomes ranging from resource and human exploitation to the magnification of cultural resilience and coastal heritage. The interdisciplinary nature of ethnobiology allows the chapter authors to have a broad range of freedom when examining their subject matter. They build a multifaceted understanding of coastal heritage through the different lenses offered by the humanities, social sciences, oceanography, fisheries and conservation science and, not surprisingly, the arts. Coastal Heritage and Cultural Resilience establishes an intimate bond between coastal communities and the audience in a time when resilience of coastal life needs to be celebrated and fortified.

Migration Ecology of Marine Fishes

Download Migration Ecology of Marine Fishes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421416123
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Migration Ecology of Marine Fishes by : David H. Secor

Download or read book Migration Ecology of Marine Fishes written by David H. Secor and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A synthetic treatment of all marine fish taxa (teleosts and elasmobranchs), this book employs explanatory frameworks from avian and systems ecology while arguing that migrations are emergent phenomena, structured through schooling, phenotypic plasticity, and other collective agencies. The book provides overviews of the following concepts: The comparative movement ecology of fishes and birds; The alignment of mating systems with larval dispersal; Schooling and migration as adaptations to marine food webs; Natal homing; Connectivity in populations and metapopulations; The contribution of migration ecology to population resilience

Opportunities to promote the climate change resilience of Saint Lucia’s pelagic fisheries and value chains through sustainable and efficient resource use

Download Opportunities to promote the climate change resilience of Saint Lucia’s pelagic fisheries and value chains through sustainable and efficient resource use PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251351139
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Opportunities to promote the climate change resilience of Saint Lucia’s pelagic fisheries and value chains through sustainable and efficient resource use by : Bealey, R.

Download or read book Opportunities to promote the climate change resilience of Saint Lucia’s pelagic fisheries and value chains through sustainable and efficient resource use written by Bealey, R. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-10-20 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Saint Lucia is a Small Island Developing State in the Caribbean. Increasingly prevalent and intense hurricanes have provided tangible evidence of Caribbean fisheries exposure to environmental shocks in recent years. However, slower climate-change-related processes also require due attention. Promoting the efficiency of fisheries operations and their associated value chains can improve their climate change resilience while reducing stakeholders’ future socio-economic costs. Reducing operating and transaction costs promotes profitability and socio-economic resilience. Climate change resilience of fisheries duly considers the critical environmental efficiency related to capturing target species through methods that minimize unwanted effects upon bycatch species and the broader ecosystem. This publication proposes nationally tailored efficiency and climate-resilience-promoting interventions.

Freshwater Fisheries Ecology

Download Freshwater Fisheries Ecology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118394402
Total Pages : 920 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Freshwater Fisheries Ecology by : John F. Craig

Download or read book Freshwater Fisheries Ecology written by John F. Craig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-12 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inland fisheries are vital for the livelihoods and food resources of humans worldwide but their importance is underestimated, probably because large numbers of small, local operators are involved. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology defines what we have globally, what we are going to lose and mitigate for, and what, given the right tools, we can save. To estimate potential production, the dynamics of freshwater ecosystems (rivers, lakes and estuaries) need to be understood. These dynamics are diverse, as are the earths freshwater fisheries resources (from boreal to tropical regions), and these influence how fisheries are both utilized and abused. Three main types of fisheries are illustrated within the book: artisanal, commercial and recreational, and the tools which have evolved for fisheries governance and management, including assessment methods, are described. The book also covers in detail fisheries development, providing information on improving fisheries through environmental and habitat evaluation, enhancement and rehabilitation, aquaculture, genetically modified fishes and sustainability. The book thoroughly reviews the negative impacts on fisheries including excessive harvesting, climate change, toxicology, impoundments, barriers and abstractions, non-native species and eutrophication. Finally, key areas of future research are outlined. Freshwater Fisheries Ecology is truly a landmark publication, containing contributions from over 100 leading experts and supported by the Fisheries Society of the British Isles. The global approach makes this book essential reading for fish biologists, fisheries scientists and ecologists and upper level students in these disciplines. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where biological and fisheries sciences are studied and taught should have multiple copies of this hugely valuable resource. About the Editor John Craig is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Fish Biology and has an enormous range of expertise and a wealth of knowledge of freshwater fishes and their ecology, having studied them around the globe, including in Asia, North America, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. His particular interests have been in population dynamics and life history strategies. He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and the Royal Society of Biology.

An Investment in Trust

Download An Investment in Trust PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Investment in Trust by : Jennifer Gilden

Download or read book An Investment in Trust written by Jennifer Gilden and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.