Championing Science

Download Championing Science full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Championing Science ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Championing Science

Author : Roger D. Aines
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520298098
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Championing Science by : Roger D. Aines

Download or read book Championing Science written by Roger D. Aines and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Championing Science shows scientists how to persuasively communicate complex scientific ideas to decision makers in government, industry, and education. This comprehensive guide provides real-world strategies to help scientists develop the essential communication, influence, and relationship-building skills needed to motivate nonexperts to understand and support their science. Instruction, interviews, and examples demonstrate how inspiring decision makers to act requires scientists to extract the essence of their work, craft clear messages, simplify visuals, bridge paradigm gaps, and tell compelling narratives. The authors bring these principles to life in the accounts of science champions such as Robert Millikan, Vannevar Bush, scientists at Caltech and MIT, and others. With Championing Science, scientists will learn how to use these vital skills to make an impact.

Championing Science

Author : Roger D. Aines
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520970187
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Championing Science by : Roger D. Aines

Download or read book Championing Science written by Roger D. Aines and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Championing Science shows scientists how to persuasively communicate complex scientific ideas to decision makers in government, industry, and education. This comprehensive guide provides real-world strategies to help scientists develop the essential communication, influence, and relationship-building skills needed to motivate nonexperts to understand and support their science. Instruction, interviews, and examples demonstrate how inspiring decision makers to act requires scientists to extract the essence of their work, craft clear messages, simplify visuals, bridge paradigm gaps, and tell compelling narratives. The authors bring these principles to life in the accounts of science champions such as Robert Millikan, Vannevar Bush, scientists at Caltech and MIT, and others. With Championing Science, scientists will learn how to use these vital skills to make an impact.

Championing Child Care

Author : Sally Solomon Cohen
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231112378
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Championing Child Care by : Sally Solomon Cohen

Download or read book Championing Child Care written by Sally Solomon Cohen and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on more than 100 interviews with government officials and extensive archival research, this book looks at the politics behind child care legislation. Identifying key times at which major child care bills were introduced, Cohen examines the politics surrounding these events and subsequent political negotiations. Cohen also looks at the impact President Clinton had on child care policymaking and how child care legislation became part of other issues, including welfare reform and tax policy revisions.

Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk

Author : Peter Daempfle
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 144221726X
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk by : Peter Daempfle

Download or read book Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk written by Peter Daempfle and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2013 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are constantly bombarded with breaking scientific news in the media, but we are almost never provided with enough information to assess the truth of these claims. Does drinking coffee really cause cancer? Does bisphenol-A in our tin can linings really cause reproductive damage? Good Science, Bad Science, Pseudoscience, and Just Plain Bunk teaches readers how to think like a scientist to question claims like these more critically. Peter A. Daempfle introduces readers to the basics of scientific inquiry, defining what science is and how it can be misused. Through provocative real-world examples, the book helps readers acquire the tools needed to distinguish scientific truth from myth. The book celebrates science and its role in society while building scientific literacy.

The Varieties of Scientific Experience

Author : Carl Sagan
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101201835
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Varieties of Scientific Experience by : Carl Sagan

Download or read book The Varieties of Scientific Experience written by Carl Sagan and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2006-11-02 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Ann Druyan has unearthed a treasure. It is a treasure of reason, compassion, and scientific awe. It should be the next book you read.” —Sam Harris, author of The End of Faith “A stunningly valuable legacy left to all of us by a great human being. I miss him so.” —Kurt Vonnegut Carl Sagan's prophetic vision of the tragic resurgence of fundamentalism and the hope-filled potential of the next great development in human spirituality The late great astronomer and astrophysicist describes his personal search to understand the nature of the sacred in the vastness of the cosmos. Exhibiting a breadth of intellect nothing short of astounding, Sagan presents his views on a wide range of topics, including the likelihood of intelligent life on other planets, creationism and so-called intelligent design, and a new concept of science as "informed worship." Originally presented at the centennial celebration of the famous Gifford Lectures in Scotland in 1985 but never published, this book offers a unique encounter with one of the most remarkable minds of the twentieth century.

Championing Women Leaders

Author : Shaheena Janjuha-Jivraj
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137478950
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Championing Women Leaders by : Shaheena Janjuha-Jivraj

Download or read book Championing Women Leaders written by Shaheena Janjuha-Jivraj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-03 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Championship is the key differentiator between women who achieve leadership roles and those who don't. This book examines the reasons why championing works and why it is so important for female executive development in particular, and provides a user-friendly guide to develop workplace champions for female leaders in any organization

Equivalence

Author : Amanda L. Golbeck
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351751913
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Equivalence by : Amanda L. Golbeck

Download or read book Equivalence written by Amanda L. Golbeck and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-04-28 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equivalence: Elizabeth L. Scott at Berkeley is the compelling story of one pioneering statistician’s relentless twenty-year effort to promote the status of women in academe and science. Part biography and part microhistory, the book provides the context and background to understand Scott’s masterfulness at using statistics to help solve societal problems. In addition to being one of the first researchers to work at the interface of astronomy and statistics and an early practitioner of statistics using high-speed computers, Scott worked on an impressively broad range of questions in science, from whether cloud seeding actually works to whether ozone depletion causes skin cancer. Later in her career, Scott became swept up in the academic women’s movement. She used her well-developed scientific research skills together with the advocacy skills she had honed, in such activities as raising funds for Martin Luther King Jr. and keeping Free Speech Movement students out of jail, toward policy making that would improve the condition of the academic workforce for women. The book invites the reader into Scott’s universe, a window of inspiration made possible by the fact that she saved and dated every piece of paper that came across her desk.

Stalin and the Scientists

Author : Simon Ings
Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
ISBN 13 : 0802189865
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Stalin and the Scientists by : Simon Ings

Download or read book Stalin and the Scientists written by Simon Ings and published by Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “One of the finest, most gripping surveys of the history of Russian science in the twentieth century.” —Douglas Smith, author of Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy Stalin and the Scientists tells the story of the many gifted scientists who worked in Russia from the years leading up to the revolution through the death of the “Great Scientist” himself, Joseph Stalin. It weaves together the stories of scientists, politicians, and ideologues into an intimate and sometimes horrifying portrait of a state determined to remake the world. They often wreaked great harm. Stalin was himself an amateur botanist, and by falling under the sway of dangerous charlatans like Trofim Lysenko (who denied the existence of genes), and by relying on antiquated ideas of biology, he not only destroyed the lives of hundreds of brilliant scientists, he caused the death of millions through famine. But from atomic physics to management theory, and from radiation biology to neuroscience and psychology, these Soviet experts also made breakthroughs that forever changed agriculture, education, and medicine. A masterful book that deepens our understanding of Russian history, Stalin and the Scientists is a great achievement of research and storytelling, and a gripping look at what happens when science falls prey to politics. Longlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction in 2016 A New York Times Book Review “Paperback Row” selection “Ings’s research is impressive and his exposition of the science is lucid . . . Filled with priceless nuggets and a cast of frauds, crackpots and tyrants, this is a lively and interesting book, and utterly relevant today.” —The New York Times Book Review “A must read for understanding how the ideas of scientific knowledge and technology were distorted and subverted for decades across the Soviet Union.” —The Washington Post

The Republican War on Science

Author : Chris Mooney
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465003869
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Republican War on Science by : Chris Mooney

Download or read book The Republican War on Science written by Chris Mooney and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2007-03-16 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science has never been more crucial to deciding the political issues facing the country. Yet science and scientists have less influence with the federal government than at any time since Richard Nixon fired his science advisors. In the White House and Congress today, findings are reported in a politicized manner; spun or distorted to fit the speaker's agenda; or, when they're too inconvenient, ignored entirely. On a broad array of issues-stem cell research, climate change, evolution, sex education, product safety, environmental regulation, and many others-the Bush administration's positions fly in the face of overwhelming scientific consensus. Federal science agencies-once fiercely independent under both Republican and Democratic presidents-are increasingly staffed by political appointees who know industry lobbyists and evangelical activists far better than they know the science. This is not unique to the Bush administration, but it is largely a Republican phenomenon, born of a conservative dislike of environmental, health, and safety regulation, and at the extremes, of evolution and legalized abortion. In The Republican War on Science, Chris Mooney ties together the disparate strands of the attack on science into a compelling and frightening account of our government's increasing unwillingness to distinguish between legitimate research and ideologically driven pseudoscience.

Design and Science

Author : R. Roger Remington
Publisher : Ben Uri Gallery & Museum
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Design and Science by : R. Roger Remington

Download or read book Design and Science written by R. Roger Remington and published by Ben Uri Gallery & Museum. This book was released on 2007 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been said that Will Burtin (1908-1972) was to graphic design what Albert Einstein was to physics. Burtin pioneered important contributions to international typography and visual design. He is best known as the world leader in using design to interpret science; as a proponent of 'clean', uncluttered sans-serif typography; and for his large-scale three-dimensional models, which carried the craft and the art of display to new heights. His walk-through models included a human blood cell (1958) and brain functions (1960). His major achievement, his clarity and ingenuity with models and graphics made complex information easy to assimilate. Early success in his native Germany brought Burtin unwelcome attention from Nazi leaders courting his services. He fled with his Jewish wife to the United States. Within months he won the prestigious contract to create the Federal Works Agency exhibit for the 1939 New York World's Fair. The wartime Office of Strategic Services drafted Burtin to create Air Force gunnery manuals, cutting recruits' training from six months to six weeks. In 1945, with the U.S. still at war, Fortune magazine lobbied to extract Burtin from the army in order to appoint him Art Director. By the late 1950s he was designing the walk-through exhibits for which he is renowned. The first monograph on Burtin, Design and Science illustrates his leadership in five fields: using graphics to visualize science and information (pre-war); corporate identity (from the mid-1940s); multimedia (which he called 'Integration', from 1948); large-scale scientific visualization in 3-D (from 1958, foreshadowing computer-assisted virtual environments, i.e. CAVE-space); and, with others, promoting Helvetica in North America. Illustrations of Burtin's work that have never before been published make this invaluable book essential reading for design professionals and all those interested in design, visualization, imaging and information technology.

The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science

Author : Scott L. Montgomery
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022614450X
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science by : Scott L. Montgomery

Download or read book The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science written by Scott L. Montgomery and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive guide to scientific communication that has been used widely in courses and workshops as well as by individual scientists and other professionals since its first publication in 2002. This revision accounts for the many ways in which the globalization of research and the changing media landscape have altered scientific communication over the past decade. With an increased focus throughout on how research is communicated in industry, government, and non-profit centers as well as in academia, it now covers such topics as the opportunities and perils of online publishing, the need for translation skills, and the communication of scientific findings to the broader world, both directly through speaking and writing and through the filter of traditional and social media. It also offers advice for those whose research concerns controversial issues, such as climate change and emerging viruses, in which clear and accurate communication is especially critical to the scientific community and the wider world.

The Age of Living Machines: How Biology Will Build the Next Technology Revolution

Author : Susan Hockfield
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393634752
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Age of Living Machines: How Biology Will Build the Next Technology Revolution by : Susan Hockfield

Download or read book The Age of Living Machines: How Biology Will Build the Next Technology Revolution written by Susan Hockfield and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the former president of MIT, the story of the next technology revolution, and how it will change our lives. A century ago, discoveries in physics came together with engineering to produce an array of astonishing new technologies: radios, telephones, televisions, aircraft, radar, nuclear power, computers, the Internet, and a host of still-evolving digital tools. These technologies so radically reshaped our world that we can no longer conceive of life without them. Today, the world’s population is projected to rise to well over 9.5 billion by 2050, and we are currently faced with the consequences of producing the energy that fuels, heats, and cools us. With temperatures and sea levels rising, and large portions of the globe plagued with drought, famine, and drug-resistant diseases, we need new technologies to tackle these problems. But we are on the cusp of a new convergence, argues world-renowned neuroscientist Susan Hockfield, with discoveries in biology coming together with engineering to produce another array of almost inconceivable technologies—next-generation products that have the potential to be every bit as paradigm shifting as the twentieth century’s digital wonders. The Age of Living Machines describes some of the most exciting new developments and the scientists and engineers who helped create them. Virus-built batteries. Protein-based water filters. Cancer-detecting nanoparticles. Mind-reading bionic limbs. Computer-engineered crops. Together they highlight the promise of the technology revolution of the twenty-first century to overcome some of the greatest humanitarian, medical, and environmental challenges of our time.

Getting to the Heart of Science Communication

Author : Faith Kearns
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 1642830747
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (428 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Getting to the Heart of Science Communication by : Faith Kearns

Download or read book Getting to the Heart of Science Communication written by Faith Kearns and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists today working on controversial issues from climate change to drought to COVID-19 are finding themselves more often in the middle of deeply traumatizing or polarized conflicts they feel unprepared to referee. It is no longer enough for scientists to communicate a scientific topic clearly. They must now be experts not only in their fields of study, but also in navigating the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of members of the public they engage with, and with each other. And the conversations are growing more fraught. In Getting to the Heart of Science Communication, Faith Kearns has penned a succinct guide for navigating the human relationships critical to the success of practice-based science. This meticulously researched volume takes science communication to the next level, helping scientists to see the value of listening as well as talking, understanding power dynamics in relationships, and addressing the roles of trauma, loss, grief, and healing.

Groovy Science

Author : David Kaiser
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022637307X
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Groovy Science by : David Kaiser

Download or read book Groovy Science written by David Kaiser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2016-05-31 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Did the Woodstock generation reject science—or re-create it? An “enthralling” study of a unique period in scientific history (New Scientist). Our general image of the youth of the late 1960s and early 1970s is one of hostility to things like missiles and mainframes and plastics—and an enthusiasm for alternative spirituality and getting “back to nature.” But this enlightening collection reveals that the stereotype is overly simplistic. In fact, there were diverse ways in which the era’s countercultures expressed enthusiasm for and involved themselves in science—of a certain type. Boomers and hippies sought a science that was both small-scale and big-picture, as exemplified by the annual workshops on quantum physics at the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, or Timothy Leary’s championing of space exploration as the ultimate “high.” Groovy Science explores the experimentation and eclecticism that marked countercultural science and technology during one of the most colorful periods of American history. “Demonstrate[s] that people and groups strongly ensconced in the counterculture also embraced science, albeit in untraditional and creative ways.”—Science “Each essay is a case history on how the hippies repurposed science and made it cool. For the academic historian, Groovy Science establishes the ‘deep mark on American culture’ made by the countercultural innovators. For the non-historian, the book reads as if it were infected by the hippies’ democratic intent: no jargon, few convoluted sentences, clear arguments and a sense of delight.”—Nature “In the late 1960s and 1970s, the mind-expanding modus operandi of the counterculture spread into the realm of science, and sh-t got wonderfully weird. Neurophysiologist John Lilly tried to talk with dolphins. Physicist Peter Phillips launched a parapsychology lab at Washington University. Princeton physicist Gerard O’Neill became an evangelist for space colonies. Groovy Science is a new book of essays about this heady time.”—Boing Boing

Nourishing millions: Stories of change in nutrition: Synopsis

Author : Yosef, Sivan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 : 0896299902
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (962 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nourishing millions: Stories of change in nutrition: Synopsis by : Yosef, Sivan

Download or read book Nourishing millions: Stories of change in nutrition: Synopsis written by Yosef, Sivan and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the world has seen unprecedented attention and political commitment to addressing malnutrition. Milestones such as the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement, the Lancet Maternal and Child Nutrition Series, and the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) have marked the rapid rise of nutrition on the global policy and research agenda. These developments reverse years of relative neglect for nutrition. Undernutrition is a global challenge with huge social and economic costs. It kills millions of young children annually, stunts growth, erodes child development, reduces the amount of schooling children attain, and increases the likelihood of their being poor as adults, if they survive. Stunting persists through a lifetime and beyond—underweight mothers are more likely to give birth to underweight children, perpetuating undernutrition across generations. Undernutrition reduces global gross domestic product by US$1.4–$2.1 trillion a year—the size of the total economy of Africa south of the Sahara.

The Alchemy of Us

Author : Ainissa Ramirez
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262542269
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Alchemy of Us by : Ainissa Ramirez

Download or read book The Alchemy of Us written by Ainissa Ramirez and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “timely, informative, and fascinating” study of 8 inventions—and how they shaped our world—with “totally compelling” insights on little-known inventors throughout history (Elizabeth Kolbert, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Sixth Extinction) In The Alchemy of Us, scientist and science writer Ainissa Ramirez examines 8 inventions and reveals how they shaped the human experience: • Clocks • Steel rails • Copper communication cables • Photographic film • Light bulbs • Hard disks • Scientific labware • Silicon chips Ramirez tells the stories of the woman who sold time, the inventor who inspired Edison, and the hotheaded undertaker whose invention pointed the way to the computer. She describes how our pursuit of precision in timepieces changed how we sleep; how the railroad helped commercialize Christmas; how the necessary brevity of the telegram influenced Hemingway’s writing style; and how a young chemist exposed the use of Polaroid’s cameras to create passbooks to track black citizens in apartheid South Africa. These fascinating and inspiring stories offer new perspectives on our relationships with technologies. Ramirez shows not only how materials were shaped by inventors but also how those materials shaped culture, chronicling each invention and its consequences—intended and unintended. Filling in the gaps left by other books about technology, Ramirez showcases little-known inventors—particularly people of color and women—who had a significant impact but whose accomplishments have been hidden by mythmaking, bias, and convention. Doing so, she shows us the power of telling inclusive stories about technology. She also shows that innovation is universal—whether it's splicing beats with two turntables and a microphone or splicing genes with two test tubes and CRISPR.

Championing Technology Infusion in Teacher Preparation

Author : Arlene C. Borthwick
Publisher : International Society for Technology in Education
ISBN 13 : 1564848361
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Championing Technology Infusion in Teacher Preparation by : Arlene C. Borthwick

Download or read book Championing Technology Infusion in Teacher Preparation written by Arlene C. Borthwick and published by International Society for Technology in Education. This book was released on 2022-08-17 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educators learning how to meaningfully integrate technology into their teaching practice will find resources and action plans to prepare them for today’s tech-infused lessons. Advancing teacher preparation to full adoption of technology infusion is no small undertaking. Written by 20 experts in the teacher prep field, Championing Technology Infusion in Teacher Preparation provides research- and practice-based direction for faculty, administrators, PK-12 school partners and other stakeholders who support programwide technology infusion in teacher education programs. Such organizational change involves almost every individual and system involved in teacher preparation. Topics addressed include: • Defining technology infusion and integration. • Systemic planning and readiness of college-level leadership. • Programwide, iterative candidate experiences across courses and clinical work. • Technology use and expectations for teachers and students in PK-12 settings. • Instructional design in teacher preparation programs to include integration of technology in face-to-face, blended and online PK-12 teaching and learning. • Strategies to support induction of new teachers in PK-12 settings. • Technology use, expectations, and professional development for teacher educators • Models for effective candidate and program evaluation. • Roles for government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in nationwide collaboration for technology infusion in teacher preparation. This book will help administrators in colleges and schools of education as well as teacher educators in preparation programs support the developmental needs of teacher candidates as they learn how to teach with technology. With action steps and getting started resources in each chapter, the book is well-adapted for small group study and planning by collaborative leadership teams in colleges and schools of education. The book is also appropriate for the study of effective organizational change in education by graduate students.