Centennial Campaign

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Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806121529
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Centennial Campaign by : John Stephens Gray

Download or read book Centennial Campaign written by John Stephens Gray and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A fine book…In the twenty-two chapters that comprise the background and the campaign narrative, the author is at his best when he moves away from the Washington scene to detail the field operations. But it is the second part of the book—seven chapters labeled “Facets”—that moves Centennial Campaign into the realm of the exceptional. Here Dr. Gray combines impressive research, careful analysis, and sound deduction to reconstruct Indian movements, locations, and concentrations.”—Western Historical Quarterly

Centennial Crisis

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Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307425215
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Centennial Crisis by : William H. Rehnquist

Download or read book Centennial Crisis written by William H. Rehnquist and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2007-12-18 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the annals of presidential elections, the hotly contested 1876 race between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden was in many ways as remarkable in its time as Bush versus Gore was in ours. Chief Justice William Rehnquist offers readers a colorful and peerlessly researched chronicle of the post—Civil War years, when the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant was marked by misjudgment and scandal, and Hayes, Republican governor of Ohio, vied with Tilden, a wealthy Democratic lawyer and successful corruption buster, to succeed Grant as America’s chief executive. The upshot was a very close popular vote (in favor of Tilden) that an irremediably deadlocked Congress was unable to resolve. In the pitched battle that ensued along party lines, the ultimate decision of who would be President rested with a commission that included five Supreme Court justices, as well as five congressional members from each party. With a firm understanding of the energies that motivated the era’s movers and shakers, and no shortage of insight into the processes by which epochal decisions are made, Chief Justice Rehnquist draws the reader intimately into a nineteenth-century event that offers valuable history lessons for us in the twenty-first.

Custer and the Sioux, Durnford and the Zulus

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Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786497947
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

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Book Synopsis Custer and the Sioux, Durnford and the Zulus by : Paul Williams

Download or read book Custer and the Sioux, Durnford and the Zulus written by Paul Williams and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2015-09-04 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In June 1876 the 7th U.S. Cavalry was savagely defeated at the Little Bighorn in the Montana wilderness during an attempt to seize Sioux and Cheyenne hunting grounds. Three years later redcoats mirrored this utter disaster with an equally high-handed grab for Zulu lands in South Africa. Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and Lieutenant Colonel Anthony W. Durnford had much in common, from modes of dress to the way they died. This book interweaves the stories of the two soldiers and their final battles, revealing how, to an astonishing degree, similar personalities, aims, tactics, weapons, stupidity and a gross underestimation of the powers of the native people led to calamitous defeat.

Custer's Last Campaign

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 9780803270404
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Custer's Last Campaign by : John S. Gray

Download or read book Custer's Last Campaign written by John S. Gray and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Easily the most significant book yet published on the Battle of the Little Bighorn."--Paul L. Hedren, Western Historical Quarterly "[Gray] has applied rigorous analysis as no previous historian has done to these oft-analyzed events. His detailed time-motion study of the movements of the various participants frankly boggles the mind of this reviewer. No one will be able to write of this battle again without reckoning with Gray"--Thomas W. Dunlay, Journal of American History "Gray challenges many time~honored beliefs about the battle. Perhaps most significantly, he brings in as much as possible the testimony of the Indian witnesses, especially that of the young scout Curley, which generations of historians have dismissed for contradictions that Gray convincingly demonstrates were caused not by Curley but by the assumptions made by his questioners . . . The contrasts in [this] book. . . restate the basic components of what still attracts the imagination to the Little Bighorn."--Los Angeles Times Book Review "Gray's analysis, by and large, is impressively drawn; it is an immensely logical reconstruction that should stand the test of time. As a contribution to Custer and Indian wars literature, it is indeed masterful."--Jerome A. Greene, New Mexico Historical Review John S. Gray was a distinguished historian whose books included the acclaimed Centennial Campaign: The Sioux War of 1876. Custer's Last Campaign is the winner of the Western Writers of American Spur award and the Little Bighorn Associates John M. Carroll Literary Award.

River of Death--The Chickamauga Campaign

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Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469643138
Total Pages : 697 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis River of Death--The Chickamauga Campaign by : William Glenn Robertson

Download or read book River of Death--The Chickamauga Campaign written by William Glenn Robertson and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Battle of Chickamauga was the third bloodiest of the American Civil War and the only major Confederate victory in the conflict's western theater. It pitted Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee against William S. Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland and resulted in more than 34,500 casualties. In this first volume of an authoritative two-volume history of the Chickamauga Campaign, William Glenn Robertson provides a richly detailed narrative of military operations in southeastern and eastern Tennessee as two armies prepared to meet along the "River of Death." Robertson tracks the two opposing armies from July 1863 through Bragg's strategic decision to abandon Chattanooga on September 9. Drawing on all relevant primary and secondary sources, Robertson devotes special attention to the personalities and thinking of the opposing generals and their staffs. He also sheds new light on the role of railroads on operations in these landlocked battlegrounds, as well as the intelligence gathered and used by both sides. Delving deep into the strategic machinations, maneuvers, and smaller clashes that led to the bloody events of September 19@–20, 1863, Robertson reveals that the road to Chickamauga was as consequential as the unfolding of the battle itself.

The Obama Effect

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Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610448243
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis The Obama Effect by : Seth K. Goldman

Download or read book The Obama Effect written by Seth K. Goldman and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2014-05-31 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Barack Obama’s historic 2008 campaign exposed many white Americans more than ever before to a black individual who defied negative stereotypes. While Obama’s politics divided voters, Americans uniformly perceived Obama as highly successful, intelligent, and charismatic. What effect, if any, did the innumerable images of Obama and his family have on racial attitudes among whites? In The Obama Effect, Seth K. Goldman and Diana C. Mutz uncover persuasive evidence that white racial prejudice toward blacks significantly declined during the Obama campaign. Their innovative research rigorously examines how racial attitudes form, and whether they can be changed for the better. The Obama Effect draws from a survey of 20,000 people, whom the authors interviewed up to five times over the course of a year. This panel survey sets the volume apart from most research on racial attitudes. From the summer of 2008 through Obama’s inauguration in 2009, there was a gradual but clear trend toward lower levels of white prejudice against blacks. Goldman and Mutz argue that these changes occurred largely without people’s conscious awareness. Instead, as Obama became increasingly prominent in the media, he emerged as an “exemplar” that countered negative stereotypes in the minds of white Americans. Unfortunately, this change in attitudes did not last. By 2010, racial prejudice among whites had largely returned to pre-2008 levels. Mutz and Goldman argue that news coverage of Obama declined substantially after his election, allowing other, more negative images of African Americans to re-emerge in the media. The Obama Effect arrives at two key conclusions: Racial attitudes can change even within relatively short periods of time, and how African Americans are portrayed in the mass media affects how they change. While Obama’s election did not usher in a “post-racial America,” The Obama Effect provides hopeful evidence that racial attitudes can—and, for a time, did—improve during Obama’s campaign. Engaging and thorough, this volume offers a new understanding of the relationship between the mass media and racial attitudes in America.

Custer

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439129320
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Custer by : Jeffry D. Wert

Download or read book Custer written by Jeffry D. Wert and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Armstrong Custer has been so heavily mythologized that the human being has been all but lost. Now, in the first complete biography in decades, Jeffry Wert reexamines the life of the famous soldier to give us Custer in all his colorful complexity. Although remembered today as the loser at Little Big Horn, Custer was the victor of many cavalry engagements in the Civil War. He played an important role in several battles in the Virginia theater of the war, including the Shenandoah campaign. Renowned for his fearlessness in battle, he was always in front of his troops, leading the charge. His men were fiercely loyal to him, and he was highly regarded by Sheridan and Grant as well. Some historians think he may have been the finest cavalry officer in the Union Army. But when he was assigned to the Indian wars on the Plains, life changed drastically for Custer. No longer was he in command of soldiers bound together by a cause they believed in. Discipline problems were rampant, and Custer's response to them earned him a court-martial. There were long lulls in the fighting, during which time Custer turned his attention elsewhere, often to his wife, Libbie Bacon Custer, to whom he was devoted. Their romance and marriage is a remarkable love story, told here in part through their personal correspondence. After Custer's death, Libbie would remain faithful to his memory until her own death nearly six decades later. Jeffry Wert carefully examines the events around the defeat at Little Big Horn, drawing on recent archeological findings and the latest scholarship. His evenhanded account of the dramatic battle puts Custer's performance, and that of his subordinates, in proper perspective. From beginning to end, this masterful biography peels off the layers of legend to reveal for us the real George Armstrong Custer.

Elizabeth Bacon Custer and the Making of a Myth

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Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806130965
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Elizabeth Bacon Custer and the Making of a Myth by :

Download or read book Elizabeth Bacon Custer and the Making of a Myth written by and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1998-09-01 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Georger Armstrong Custer’s death in 1876 at the Battle of the Little Big Horn left Elizabeth Bacon Custer a thirty-four-year-old widow who was deeply in debt. By the time she died fifty-seven years later she had achieved economic security, recognition as an author and lecturer, and the respect of numerous public figures. She had built the Custer legend, an idealized image of her husband as a brilliant military commander and a family man without personal failings. In Elizabeth Bacon Custer and the Making of a Myth, Shirley A. Leckie explores the life of "Libbie," a frontier army wife who willingly adhered to the social and religious restrictions of her day, yet used her authority as model wife and widow to influence events and ideology far beyond the private sphere.

The Lakotas and the Black Hills

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0143119206
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lakotas and the Black Hills by : Jeffrey Ostler

Download or read book The Lakotas and the Black Hills written by Jeffrey Ostler and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and engrossing account of the Lakota and the battle to regain their homeland. The Lakota Indians made their home in the majestic Black Hills mountain range during the last millennium, drawing on the hills' endless bounty for physical and spiritual sustenance. Yet the arrival of white settlers brought the Lakotas into inexorable conflict with the changing world, at a time when their tribe would produce some of the most famous Native Americans in history, including Red Cloud, Sitting Bull, and Crazy Horse. Jeffrey Ostler's powerful history of the Lakotas' struggle captures the heart of a people whose deep relationship with their homeland would compel them to fight for it against overwhelming odds, on battlefields as varied as the Little Bighorn and the chambers of U.S. Supreme Court.

Votes for Women

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Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 143846732X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Votes for Women by : Jennifer A. Lemak

Download or read book Votes for Women written by Jennifer A. Lemak and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work for women's suffrage started more than seventy years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and one hundred supporters signed the Declaration of Sentiments asserting that "all men and women are created equal." This convention served as a catalyst for debates and action on both the national and state levels, and on November 6, 1917, New York State passed the referendum for women's suffrage. Its passing in New York signaled that the national passage of suffrage would soon follow. On August 18, 1920, "Votes for Women" was constitutionally granted. Votes for Women, an exhibition catalog, celebrates the pivotal role the state played in the struggle for equal rights in the nineteenth century, the campaign for New York State suffrage, and the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It highlights the nationally significant role of state leaders in regards to women's rights and the feminist movement through the early twenty-first century and includes focused essays from historians on the various aspects of the suffrage and equal rights movements around New York, providing greater detail about local stories with statewide significance. The exhibition of the same name, on display at the New York State Museum beginning November 2017, features artifacts from the New York State Museum, Library, and Archives, as well as historical institutions and private collections across the state.

The Gray Fox

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Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806149507
Total Pages : 644 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gray Fox by : Paul Magid

Download or read book The Gray Fox written by Paul Magid and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Crook was one of the most prominent military figures of the late-nineteenth-century Indian Wars. Yet today his name is largely unrecognized despite the important role he played in such pivotal events in western history as the Custer fight at the Little Big Horn, the death of Crazy Horse, and the Geronimo campaigns. As Paul Magid portrays Crook in this highly readable second volume of a projected three-volume biography, the general was an innovative and eccentric soldier, with a complex and often contradictory personality, whose activities often generated intense controversy. Though known for his uncompromising ferocity in battle, he nevertheless respected his enemies and grew to know and feel compassion for them. Describing campaigns against the Paiutes, Apaches, Sioux, and Cheyennes, Magid’s vivid narrative explores Crook’s abilities as an Indian fighter. The Apaches, among the fiercest peoples in the West, called Crook the Gray Fox after an animal viewed in their culture as a herald of impending death. Generals Grant and Sherman both regarded him as indispensable to their efforts to subjugate the western tribes. Though noted for his aggressiveness in combat, Crook was a reticent officer who rarely raised his voice, habitually dressed in shabby civilian attire, and often rode a mule in the field. He was also self-confident to the point of arrogance, harbored fierce grudges, and because he marched to his own beat, got along poorly with his superiors. He had many enduring friendships both in- and outside the army, though he divulged little of his inner self to others and some of his closest comrades knew he could be cold and insensitive. As Magid relates these crucial episodes of Crook’s life, a dominant contradiction emerges: while he was an unforgiving warrior in the field, he not infrequently risked his career to do battle with his military superiors and with politicians in Washington to obtain fair treatment for the very people against whom he fought. Upon hearing of the general’s death in 1890, Chief Red Cloud spoke for his Sioux people: “He, at least, never lied to us. His words gave the people hope.”

Killing Custer

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Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 9780393329391
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (293 download)

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Book Synopsis Killing Custer by : James Welch

Download or read book Killing Custer written by James Welch and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2007-01-30 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classic account of Custer\'s Last Stand that shattered themyth of the Little Bighorn and rewrote history books. This historic and personal work tells the Native American sideof Custer\'s fabled attack, poignantly revealing how disastrous theencounter was for the "victors," the last great gathering of PlainsIndians under the leadership of Sitting Bull.

Cases in Public Relations Strategy

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Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1544339941
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Cases in Public Relations Strategy by : Burton St. John III

Download or read book Cases in Public Relations Strategy written by Burton St. John III and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2018-08-02 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cases in Public Relations Strategy, by Burton St. John III, Diana K. Martinelli, Robert S. Pritchard, and Cylor Spaulding, draws on original, real-world case studies to provide you with a strategic approach to meeting the needs of a client before, during, and beyond a campaign. Using the RACE (Research, Action Planning, Communication, and Evaluation) model, you will explore successful contemporary campaigns and evaluate best practices in all major areas of public relations activity. This practical, client-oriented text shows you how to systematically evaluate and adapt to the needs of a particular client—whether big or small, global or local, for-profit or nonprofit—in order to launch the most effective campaign. Each case includes a brief introduction focused on fundamentals and core competencies, and all cases have been carefully selected to present a wide range of client types. In addition to the lessons from professionals in the case studies, a section on PR consulting and an appendix on advancing your PR career give you the knowledge and skills you need for success in the field.

The Earth is Weeping

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Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 0307958043
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis The Earth is Weeping by : Peter Cozzens

Download or read book The Earth is Weeping written by Peter Cozzens and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2016 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With the end of the Civil War, the nation recommenced its expansion onto traditional Indian tribal lands, setting off a wide-ranging conflict that would last more than three decades. In an exploration of the wars and negotiations that destroyed tribal ways of life even as they made possible the emergence of the modern United States, Peter Cozzens gives us both sides in comprehensive and singularly intimate detail. He illuminates the encroachment experienced by the tribes and the tribal conflicts over whether to fight or make peace, and explores the squalid lives of soldiers posted to the frontier and the ethical quandaries faced by generals who often sympathized with their native enemies, "--Amazon.com.

Crazy Horse

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Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806183748
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Crazy Horse by : Kingsley M. Bray

Download or read book Crazy Horse written by Kingsley M. Bray and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2014-10-30 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crazy Horse was as much feared by tribal foes as he was honored by allies. His war record was unmatched by any of his peers, and his rout of Custer at the Little Bighorn reverberates through history. Yet so much about him is unknown or steeped in legend. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life corrects older, idealized accounts—and draws on a greater variety of sources than other recent biographies—to expose the real Crazy Horse: not the brash Sioux warrior we have come to expect but a modest, reflective man whose courage was anchored in Lakota piety. Kingsley M. Bray has plumbed interviews of Crazy Horse’s contemporaries and consulted modern Lakotas to fill in vital details of Crazy Horse’s inner and public life. Bray places Crazy Horse within the rich context of the nineteenth-century Lakota world. He reassesses the war chief’s achievements in numerous battles and retraces the tragic sequence of misunderstandings, betrayals, and misjudgments that led to his death. Bray also explores the private tragedies that marred Crazy Horse’s childhood and the network of relationships that shaped his adult life. To this day, Crazy Horse remains a compelling symbol of resistance for modern Lakotas. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life is a singular achievement, scholarly and authoritative, offering a complete portrait of the man and a fuller understanding of his place in American Indian and United States history.

White Hat

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Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806162678
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis White Hat by : Mark J. Nelson

Download or read book White Hat written by Mark J. Nelson and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2018-10-18 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Best known for his role in the arrest and killing of Crazy Horse and for the book he wrote, The Indian Sign Language, Captain William Philo Clark (1845–1884) was one of the Old Army’s renaissance men, by turns administrator, fighter, diplomat, explorer, and ethnologist. As such, Clark found himself at center stage during some of the most momentous events of the post–Civil War West: from Brigadier General George Crook’s infamous “Starvation March” to the Battle of Slim Buttes and the Dull Knife Fight, then to the attack against the Bannocks at Index Peak and Sitting Bull’s final fight against the U.S. Army. Captain Clark’s life story, here chronicled in full for the first time, is at once an introduction to a remarkable figure in the annals of nineteenth-century U.S. history, and a window on the exploits of the U.S. Army on the contested western frontier. White Hat follows Clark from his upbringing in New York State to his life as a West Point cadet, through his varied army posts on the northern plains, and finally to his stint in Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan’s headquarters first in Chicago and later in Washington, D.C. Along the way, Mark J. Nelson sets the record straight on Clark’s controversial relationship with Crazy Horse during the Lakota leader’s time at Camp Robinson, Nebraska. His book also draws a detailed picture of Clark’s service at Fort Keogh, Montana Territory, including what is arguably his greatest success—the securing of Northern Cheyenne leader Little Wolf’s peaceful surrender. In telling Clark’s story, White Hat illuminates the history of the nineteenth-century American military and the Great Plains, including the Grand Duke Alexis’s buffalo hunt, the Great Sioux War, and the careers of Crook and Sheridan. Nelson's examination of Clark’s early years in the army offers a rare look at the experiences of a staff officer stationed on the frontier and expands our view of the army, as well as the United States’ westward march.

Deliverance from the Little Big Horn

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Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806187905
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Deliverance from the Little Big Horn by : Joan Nabseth Stevenson

Download or read book Deliverance from the Little Big Horn written by Joan Nabseth Stevenson and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2012-10-29 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the three surgeons who accompanied Custer’s Seventh Cavalry on June 25, 1876, only the youngest, twenty-eight-year-old Henry Porter, survived that day’s ordeal, riding through a gauntlet of Indian attackers and up the steep bluffs to Major Marcus Reno’s hilltop position. But the story of Dr. Porter’s wartime exploits goes far beyond the battle itself. In this compelling narrative of military endurance and medical ingenuity, Joan Nabseth Stevenson opens a new window on the Battle of the Little Big Horn by re-creating the desperate struggle for survival during the fight and in its wake. As Stevenson recounts in gripping detail, Porter’s life-saving work on the battlefield began immediately, as he assumed the care of nearly sixty soldiers and two Indian scouts, attending to wounds and performing surgeries and amputations. He evacuated the critically wounded soldiers on mules and hand litters, embarking on a hazardous trek of fifteen miles that required two river crossings, the scaling of a steep cliff, and a treacherous descent into the safety of the steamboat Far West, waiting at the mouth of the Little Big Horn River. There began a harrowing 700-mile journey along the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers to the post hospital at Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarck, Dakota Territory. With its new insights into the role and function of the army medical corps and the evolution of battlefield medicine, this unusual book will take its place both as a contribution to the history of the Great Sioux War and alongside such vivid historical novels as Son of the Morning Star and Little Big Man. It will also ensure that the selfless deeds of a lone “contract” surgeon—unrecognized to this day by the U.S. government—will never be forgotten.