My Five Senses

Download My Five Senses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Turtleback Books
ISBN 13 : 9780606369848
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (698 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis My Five Senses by : Aliki

Download or read book My Five Senses written by Aliki and published by Turtleback Books. This book was released on 2015-08-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how you use your five senses, sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch to learn about the world. In this classic Level 1 Let's-Read-and-Find-Out picture book, Aliki uses simple, engaging text and colorful artwork to show young readers how they

A Common Sense Guide for Teaching Common Core Literacy

Download A Common Sense Guide for Teaching Common Core Literacy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sensible Solutions
ISBN 13 : 0989128172
Total Pages : 986 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (891 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Common Sense Guide for Teaching Common Core Literacy by : Jennifer Dutra

Download or read book A Common Sense Guide for Teaching Common Core Literacy written by Jennifer Dutra and published by Sensible Solutions. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 986 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Common Sense Guide for Common Core Literacy is a must-have for teachers who are responsible for implementing the new Common Core State Standards in their classrooms. With nearly 1,000 pages of information, Common Core aligned sample questions, and reproducible, classroom-ready resources, it is guaranteed to assist teachers in making the transition to the new CCSS. Not only will this book help teachers better understand the standards, what they mean, how they are crafted, and how they build on one another from one grade to the next, but it will explain how to implement the standards in their classrooms, how to align their existing materials to the CCSS, and how to craft formative and summative assessments to track student mastery of the standards. The resources provided in this book aim to help teachers make the Common Core State Standards work for them! Nobody wants to have to throw away years of hard word spent on crafting, refining, and perfecting lessons, materials and assessments just because they were aligned to an old set of standards...and this doesn't have to be the case. With this book, teachers can build off of their existing curriculum and make connections between what they are already doing and what is required by the new CCSS. Teachers, departments, professional learning communities, schools, and districts all play a role in implementing the CCSS, and whether individual teachers use this book to help achieve their own goals for integrating the standards into their classrooms, or entire districts use it is a resource to train teachers and administrators in how to implement the standards, create quality Common Core aligned assessments, and track student mastery of the standards, this book contains a wealth of invaluable information and resources that can help make the transition to the Common Core State Standards easier for everyone.

Society and solitude, 12 chapters

Download Society and solitude, 12 chapters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.R/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Society and solitude, 12 chapters by : Ralph Waldo Emerson

Download or read book Society and solitude, 12 chapters written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and published by . This book was released on 1883 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Teacher's Guide to Their Eyes Were Watching God

Download A Teacher's Guide to Their Eyes Were Watching God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0062374265
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Teacher's Guide to Their Eyes Were Watching God by : Zora Neale Hurston

Download or read book A Teacher's Guide to Their Eyes Were Watching God written by Zora Neale Hurston and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A leading novel in the canon of African American literature—this free teaching guide for Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is designed to help you put the new Common Core State Standards into practice. “A deeply soulful novel that comprehends love and cruelty, and separates the big people from the small of heart, without ever losing sympathy for those unfortunates who don’t know how to live properly.”—Zadie Smith One of the most important and enduring books of the twentieth century, Their Eyes Were Watching God brings to life a Southern love story with the wit and pathos found only in the writing of Zora Neale Hurston. Out of print for almost thirty years—due largely to initial audiences’ rejection of its strong black female protagonist—Hurston’s classic has since its 1978 reissue become perhaps the most widely read and highly acclaimed novel in the canon of African American literature.

The Core Deconstructed: How to Deconstruct the Common Core State Standards So You Can Teach ELA/Literacy for Middle and High School Practice Journal

Download The Core Deconstructed: How to Deconstruct the Common Core State Standards So You Can Teach ELA/Literacy for Middle and High School Practice Journal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0988746697
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (887 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Core Deconstructed: How to Deconstruct the Common Core State Standards So You Can Teach ELA/Literacy for Middle and High School Practice Journal by : Sheron Brown

Download or read book The Core Deconstructed: How to Deconstruct the Common Core State Standards So You Can Teach ELA/Literacy for Middle and High School Practice Journal written by Sheron Brown and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013-08-16 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Core Deconstructed" Practice Journal for Middle and High School Educators- Learn the unique "The Core Deconstructed" (TCD) process for deconstructing literacy standards, how they interact and how to teach the fullness of a standard. Use the TCD Practice Journal to analyze standards and determine how to accomplish the following the through the unique TCD process: create pre- and post-unit assessments; write lessons that allow for teaching multiple standards at a time; design tiered lessons for special needs; struggling and advanced learners; use the deconstructed standard to pinpoint exactly where students are struggling in the process of mastering a standard and much more. Become empowered with tools, resources and skills that result in improved educator effectiveness and increased student learning.

Artful Sentences

Download Artful Sentences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Conran Octopus
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artful Sentences by : Virginia Tufte

Download or read book Artful Sentences written by Virginia Tufte and published by Conran Octopus. This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style, Virginia Tufte shows how standard sentence patterns and forms contribute to meaning and art in more than a thousand wonderful sentences from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The book has special interest for aspiring writers, students of literature and language, and anyone who finds joy in reading and writing."--Publisher's description.

Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 11

Download Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 11 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119192706
Total Pages : 955 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 11 by : Odell Education

Download or read book Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 11 written by Odell Education and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-06 with total page 955 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies program is an integrated set of English Language Arts/Literacy units spanning grades 6-12 that provide student-centered instruction on a set of literacy proficiencies at the heart of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). Reading Closely for Textual Details Making Evidence-Based Claims Making Evidence-Based Claims about Literary Technique (Grades 9-12) Researching to Deepen Understanding Building Evidence-Based Arguments The program approaches literacy through the development of knowledge, literacy skills, and academic habits. Throughout the activities, students develop their literacy along these three paths in an integrated, engaging, and empowering way. Knowledge: The texts and topics students encounter in the program have been carefully selected to expose them to rich and varied ideas and perspectives of cultural significance. These texts not only equip students with key ideas for participating knowledgeably in the important discussions of our time, but also contain the complexity of expression necessary for developing college- and career-ready literacy skills. Literacy Skills: The program articulates and targets instruction and assessment on twenty CCSS-aligned literacy skills ranging from “making inferences” to “reflecting critically.” Students focus on this set of twenty skills throughout the year and program, continually applying them in new and more sophisticated ways. Academic Habits: The program articulates twelve academic habits for students to develop, apply, and extend as they progress through the sequence of instruction. Instructional notes allow teachers to introduce and discuss academic habits such as “preparing” and “completing tasks” that are essential to students’ success in the classroom. The program materials include a comprehensive set of instructional sequences, teacher notes, handouts, assessments, rubrics, and graphic organizers designed to support students with a diversity of educational experiences and needs. The integrated assessment system, centered around the literacy skills and academic habits, allows for the coherent evaluation of student literacy development over the course of the year and vertically across all grade levels.

Writing My Wrongs

Download Writing My Wrongs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Convergent Books
ISBN 13 : 1101907312
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Writing My Wrongs by : Shaka Senghor

Download or read book Writing My Wrongs written by Shaka Senghor and published by Convergent Books. This book was released on 2017-01-31 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • An “extraordinary, unforgettable” (Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow) memoir of redemption and second chances amidst America’s mass incarceration epidemic, from a member of Oprah’s SuperSoul 100 Shaka Senghor was raised in a middle-class neighborhood on Detroit’s east side during the height of the 1980s crack epidemic. An honor roll student and a natural leader, he dreamed of becoming a doctor—but at age eleven, his parents’ marriage began to unravel, and beatings from his mother worsened, which sent him on a downward spiral. He ran away from home, turned to drug dealing to survive, and ended up in prison for murder at the age of nineteen, full of anger and despair. Writing My Wrongs is the story of what came next. During his nineteen-year incarceration, seven of which were spent in solitary confinement, Senghor discovered literature, meditation, self-examination, and the kindness of others—tools he used to confront the demons of his past, forgive the people who hurt him, and begin atoning for the wrongs he had committed. Upon his release at age thirty-eight, Senghor became an activist and mentor to young men and women facing circumstances like his. His work in the community and the courage to share his story led him to fellowships at the MIT Media Lab and the Kellogg Foundation and invitations to speak at events like TED and the Aspen Ideas Festival. In equal turns, Writing My Wrongs is a page-turning portrait of life in the shadow of poverty, violence, and fear; an unforgettable story of redemption; and a compelling witness to our country’s need for rethinking its approach to crime, prison, and the men and women sent there.

Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 12

Download Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 12 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119192552
Total Pages : 1053 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 12 by : Odell Education

Download or read book Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies, Grade 12 written by Odell Education and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 1053 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Developing Core Literacy Proficiencies program is an integrated set of English Language Arts/Literacy units spanning grades 6-12 that provide student-centered instruction on a set of literacy proficiencies at the heart of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). Reading Closely for Textual Details Making Evidence-Based Claims Making Evidence-Based Claims about Literary Technique (Grades 9-12) Researching to Deepen Understanding Building Evidence-Based Arguments The program approaches literacy through the development of knowledge, literacy skills, and academic habits. Throughout the activities, students develop their literacy along these three paths in an integrated, engaging, and empowering way. Knowledge: The texts and topics students encounter in the program have been carefully selected to expose them to rich and varied ideas and perspectives of cultural significance. These texts not only equip students with key ideas for participating knowledgeably in the important discussions of our time, but also contain the complexity of expression necessary for developing college- and career-ready literacy skills. Literacy Skills: The program articulates and targets instruction and assessment on twenty CCSS-aligned literacy skills ranging from “making inferences” to “reflecting critically.” Students focus on this set of twenty skills throughout the year and program, continually applying them in new and more sophisticated ways. Academic Habits: The program articulates twelve academic habits for students to develop, apply, and extend as they progress through the sequence of instruction. Instructional notes allow teachers to introduce and discuss academic habits such as “preparing” and “completing tasks” that are essential to students’ success in the classroom. The program materials include a comprehensive set of instructional sequences, teacher notes, handouts, assessments, rubrics, and graphic organizers designed to support students with a diversity of educational experiences and needs. The integrated assessment system, centered around the literacy skills and academic habits, allows for the coherent evaluation of student literacy development over the course of the year and vertically across all grade levels.

Reading Strategies for Science

Download Reading Strategies for Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teacher Created Materials
ISBN 13 : 1425895360
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (258 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reading Strategies for Science by : Stephanie Macceca

Download or read book Reading Strategies for Science written by Stephanie Macceca and published by Teacher Created Materials. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Help students read about science content and build their scientific thinking skills! This 2nd edition resource was created to support College and Career Readiness Standards, and provides an in-depth research base about content-area literacy instruction, including key strategies to help students read and comprehend scientific content. Each strategy includes classroom examples by grade ranges (1-2, 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12) and necessary support materials, such as graphic organizers, templates, or digital resources to help teachers implement quickly and easily. Specific suggestions for differentiating instruction are also provided to help English language learners, gifted students, and students reading below grade level.

Assessing the Common Core: What's Gone Wrong--And How to Get Back on Track

Download Assessing the Common Core: What's Gone Wrong--And How to Get Back on Track PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 1462524338
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessing the Common Core: What's Gone Wrong--And How to Get Back on Track by : Robert C. Calfee

Download or read book Assessing the Common Core: What's Gone Wrong--And How to Get Back on Track written by Robert C. Calfee and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2016-02-02 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From distinguished educators, this book imagines what our schools could look like if an authentic vision of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were put in place, and thoughtfully critiques how and why implementation has faltered. The authors outline a curriculum framework that focuses on student-based inquiry and the use of formative assessment to monitor and guide student learning. They provide workable, innovative alternatives to the packaged instructional programs and summative tests that have come to be associated with the English language arts (ELA) standards. Vignettes of diverse schools and districts highlight a range of successful approaches to making the CCSS work.

Reading Strategies for Social Studies

Download Reading Strategies for Social Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teacher Created Materials
ISBN 13 : 1425895387
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (258 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reading Strategies for Social Studies by : Stephanie Macceca

Download or read book Reading Strategies for Social Studies written by Stephanie Macceca and published by Teacher Created Materials. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Help students read about social studies content and build their historical thinking skills! This 2nd edition resource was created to support College and Career Readiness Standards, and provides an in-depth research base about content-area literacy instruction, including key strategies to help students read and comprehend historical content. Each strategy includes classroom examples by grade ranges (1-2, 3-5, 6-8 and 9-12) and necessary support materials, such as graphic organizers, templates, or digital resources to help teachers implement quickly and easily. Specific suggestions for differentiating instruction are also provided to help English language learners, gifted students, and students reading below grade level.

A Teacher's Guide to Using the Common Core State Standards With Gifted and Advanced Learners in the English/Language Arts

Download A Teacher's Guide to Using the Common Core State Standards With Gifted and Advanced Learners in the English/Language Arts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100049151X
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Teacher's Guide to Using the Common Core State Standards With Gifted and Advanced Learners in the English/Language Arts by : National Assoc For Gifted Children

Download or read book A Teacher's Guide to Using the Common Core State Standards With Gifted and Advanced Learners in the English/Language Arts written by National Assoc For Gifted Children and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-23 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Teacher's Guide to Using the Common Core State Standards With Gifted and Advanced Learners in the English/Language Arts provides teachers and administrators a blueprint for differentiating the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts for gifted and advanced students through the use of acceleration, depth, complexity, and creativity within and across grade levels. It illustrates the differences between learning experiences for typical and advanced students based on the same standard and provides an array of examples across five of the information text and literary text standards while integrating the other aspects of language arts teaching and learning. The book highlights implementation features, such as classroom management and assessment of student work, that allow teachers to make data-based decisions about instruction for particular students. It also offers guidance to teachers on reading selections for advanced learners at all grade levels.

Common Core

Download Common Core PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443875775
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Common Core by : Jocelyn A. Chadwick

Download or read book Common Core written by Jocelyn A. Chadwick and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2015-02-27 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Common Core: Paradigmatic Shifts is a timely and protean educator resource and reference, designed to be of immediate use in the classroom and in Professional Learning Communities. In addition, this book also provides a “looking glass,” allowing educators to peer briefly back in history to ascertain the origin of standards, as they came to be in the United States educational system, and as they earnestly impacted English language arts. Common Core: Paradigmatic Shifts identifies and provides curricular approaches speaking to teachers’ concerns regarding content preparedness. In addition, this book includes teacher narratives from around the country, describing their approaches and strategies with the Common Core initiative and its impact on their students, as well as those who do not use the Core. Essentially, Common Core: Paradigmatic Shifts will spark further proactive, engaged, and reconstructive conversation among teachers regarding both students and themselves. Ignited by the advent of the Core, their conversation today is about just how do they use standards to create vibrant, engaged, immersive, and relevant instruction that lives beyond the traditional walls of the classroom. Common Core: Paradigmatic Shifts will prove to be a “go to” resource that provides useful information and instructional approaches beyond Common Core.

California Common Core State Standards

Download California Common Core State Standards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis California Common Core State Standards by : California. Department of Education

Download or read book California Common Core State Standards written by California. Department of Education and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet

Download Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ballantine Books
ISBN 13 : 0345512502
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (455 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by : Jamie Ford

Download or read book Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet written by Jamie Ford and published by Ballantine Books. This book was released on 2009-01-27 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Sentimental, heartfelt….the exploration of Henry’s changing relationship with his family and with Keiko will keep most readers turning pages...A timely debut that not only reminds readers of a shameful episode in American history, but cautions us to examine the present and take heed we don’t repeat those injustices."-- Kirkus Reviews “A tender and satisfying novel set in a time and a place lost forever, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet gives us a glimpse of the damage that is caused by war--not the sweeping damage of the battlefield, but the cold, cruel damage to the hearts and humanity of individual people. Especially relevant in today's world, this is a beautifully written book that will make you think. And, more importantly, it will make you feel." -- Garth Stein, New York Times bestselling author of The Art of Racing in the Rain “Jamie Ford's first novel explores the age-old conflicts between father and son, the beauty and sadness of what happened to Japanese Americans in the Seattle area during World War II, and the depths and longing of deep-heart love. An impressive, bitter, and sweet debut.” -- Lisa See, bestselling author of Snow Flower and the Secret Fan In the opening pages of Jamie Ford’s stunning debut novel, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, Henry Lee comes upon a crowd gathered outside the Panama Hotel, once the gateway to Seattle’s Japantown. It has been boarded up for decades, but now the new owner has made an incredible discovery: the belongings of Japanese families, left when they were rounded up and sent to internment camps during World War II. As Henry looks on, the owner opens a Japanese parasol. This simple act takes old Henry Lee back to the 1940s, at the height of the war, when young Henry’s world is a jumble of confusion and excitement, and to his father, who is obsessed with the war in China and having Henry grow up American. While “scholarshipping” at the exclusive Rainier Elementary, where the white kids ignore him, Henry meets Keiko Okabe, a young Japanese American student. Amid the chaos of blackouts, curfews, and FBI raids, Henry and Keiko forge a bond of friendship–and innocent love–that transcends the long-standing prejudices of their Old World ancestors. And after Keiko and her family are swept up in the evacuations to the internment camps, she and Henry are left only with the hope that the war will end, and that their promise to each other will be kept. Forty years later, Henry Lee is certain that the parasol belonged to Keiko. In the hotel’s dark dusty basement he begins looking for signs of the Okabe family’s belongings and for a long-lost object whose value he cannot begin to measure. Now a widower, Henry is still trying to find his voice–words that might explain the actions of his nationalistic father; words that might bridge the gap between him and his modern, Chinese American son; words that might help him confront the choices he made many years ago. Set during one of the most conflicted and volatile times in American history, Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet is an extraordinary story of commitment and enduring hope. In Henry and Keiko, Jamie Ford has created an unforgettable duo whose story teaches us of the power of forgiveness and the human heart. BONUS: This edition contains a Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet discussion guide and an excerpt from Jamie Ford's Love and Other Consolation Prizes.

Common Core Curriculum Maps in English Language Arts, Grades 9-12

Download Common Core Curriculum Maps in English Language Arts, Grades 9-12 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118157613
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Common Core Curriculum Maps in English Language Arts, Grades 9-12 by : Great Minds

Download or read book Common Core Curriculum Maps in English Language Arts, Grades 9-12 written by Great Minds and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-13 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first books to present specific guidance for teaching the Common Core State Standards Forty-three states plus the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands have signed on to adopt the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). The need for curriculum guides to assist teachers in helping students meet these standards has become imperative. Created by teachers, for teachers, the research-based curriculum maps in this book present a comprehensive, coherent sequence of thematic units for teaching the skills outlined in the CCSS for English language arts in Grades 9-12. Teachers can use the maps to plan their year and craft their own more detailed lesson plans. Each grade is broken down into six units that include focus standards, suggested works, sample activities and assessments, lesson plans, and more The maps address every standard in the CCSS, yet are flexible and adaptable to accommodate diverse teaching styles Any teacher, school, or district that chooses to follow the Common Core maps can be confident that they are adhering to the standards.