Cathedrals Of Europe

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Europe’s 100 Best Cathedrals

Author : Simon Jenkins
Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 0241989566
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Europe’s 100 Best Cathedrals by : Simon Jenkins

Download or read book Europe’s 100 Best Cathedrals written by Simon Jenkins and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2021-11-04 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: READERS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY WILL LOVE THIS BEAUTIFULLY DESIGNED BOOK! "Simon Jenkins has provided a feast for both eyes and mind in this sumptuously illustrated guide to Europe's greatest cathedrals" John Barton, author of A History of the Bible "As ever, Simon Jenkins is here the best sort of guide to some of Europe's greatest buildings and their settings: well-informed, elegantly opinionated and passionate" Diarmaid MacCulloch, author of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years __________________________ Europe's cathedrals are magnificent. They outstrip palaces and castles. They are the most sensational group of structures anywhere in the world - which everyone should 'see before they die'. They are also hugely popular, most of them absolutely packed. They are humankind's greatest creations. In Europe's 100 Best Cathedrals, Simon Jenkins has travelled the continent - from Chartres to York, Cologne to Florence, Toledo to Moscow and Stockholm to Seville - to illuminate old favourites and highlight new discoveries. Beautifully illustrated with colour photographs throughout, this joyous exploration of Europe's history tells the stories behind these wonders, showing the cathedral's central role in the European imagination. Readers will be inspired to make their own pilgrimage to all one hundred of them.

Building the Great Cathedrals

Author : François Icher
Publisher : ABRAMS
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Building the Great Cathedrals by : François Icher

Download or read book Building the Great Cathedrals written by François Icher and published by ABRAMS. This book was released on 1998 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a study of the people who commissioned, designed, and built the great cathedrals of Europe, from the eleventh through the sixteenth centuries. Historian Francois Icher has written a lively, detailed account of the process by which these masterpieces of world architecture came to be - from their commissioning by a bishop or wealthy patron, to the hiring of an architect and mastercraftsmen, to the daily labor on the construction site. Supplementing the author's highly readable narrative are many stories and anecdotes about particular cathedrals and their construction; an appendix of archival documents that furnish additional details about the construction process at various sites; and a bibliography.

Stealing from the Saracens

Author : Diana Darke
Publisher : Hurst & Company
ISBN 13 : 1787383059
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Stealing from the Saracens by : Diana Darke

Download or read book Stealing from the Saracens written by Diana Darke and published by Hurst & Company. This book was released on 2020 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europeans are in denial. Against a backdrop of Islamophobia, they are increasingly distancing themselves from their cultural debt to the Muslim world. But while the legacy of Islam and the Middle East is in danger of being airbrushed out of Western history, its traces can still be detected in some of Europe's most recognisable monuments, from Notre-Dame to St Paul's Cathedral. In this comprehensively illustrated book, Diana Darke sets out to redress the balance, revealing the Arab and Islamic roots of Europe's architectural heritage. She tracks the transmission of key innovations from the great capitals of Islam's early empires, Damascus and Baghdad, via Muslim Spain and Sicily into Europe. Medieval crusaders, pilgrims and merchants from Europe later encountered Arab Muslim culture in journeys to the Holy Land. In more recent centuries, that same route through modern-day Turkey connected Ottoman culture with the West, leading Sir Christopher Wren himself to believe that Gothic architecture should more rightly be called 'the Saracen style', because of its Islamic origins. Recovering this overlooked story within the West's long history of borrowing from the Islamic world, Darke sheds new light on Europe's buildings and offers rich insights into the possibilities of cultural exchange.

Romanesque Cathedrals in Mediterranean Europe

Author : Gerardo Boto Varela
Publisher : Brepols Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9782503552507
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (525 download)

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Book Synopsis Romanesque Cathedrals in Mediterranean Europe by : Gerardo Boto Varela

Download or read book Romanesque Cathedrals in Mediterranean Europe written by Gerardo Boto Varela and published by Brepols Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gerardo Boto Varela & Justin Kroesen, Romanesque Cathedrals in Mediterranean Europe: Balance and Perspectives. I. Shaping Cathedrals in the Pre-Romanesque Era: Beat Brenk, The Cathedrals of Early Medieval Italy: The Impact of the Cult of the Saints and the Liturgy on Italian Cathedrals from 300 to 1200. Jean-Pierre Caillet, French Cathedrals around the Year 1000: Forms and Functions, Antecedents, and Future. II. Building Romanesque Cathedrals on Older Substrates: Matthias Untermann, Between 'Church Families' and Monumental Architecture: German Eleventh-Century Cathedrals and Mediterranean Traditions. Mauro Cortelazzo & Renato Perinetti, Aosta Cathedral from Bishop Anselm's Project to the Romanesque Church, 998-1200. Gerardo Boto Varela, Inter primas Hispaniarum urbes, Tarraconensis sedis insignissima: Morphogenesis and Spatial Organisation of Tarragona Cathedral (1150-1225). III. Romanesque Cathedrals in Urban Contexts: Quitterie Cazes, The Cathedral of Toulouse (1070-1120): An Ecclesiastical, Political, and Artistic Manifesto. Saverio Lomartire, The Renovation of Northern Italian Cathedrals during the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: The State of Current Research and Some Unanswered Questions. Xavier Barral i Altet, Medieval Cathedral Architecture as an Episcopal Instrument of Ideology and Urban Policy: The Example of Venice. Javier Martínez de Aguirre, The Architecture of Jaca Cathedral: The Project and its Impact. Jorge [Manuel de Oliveira] Rodrigues, The Portuguese Cathedrals and the Birth of a Kingdom: Braga, Oporto, Coimbra, and the Historical Arrival at Lisbon -- Capital City and Shrine of St Vincent. IV. Liturgical Layout and Spatial Organization: Michele Bacci, The Mise-en-Scène of the Holy in the Lateran Church in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Elisabetta Scirocco, Liturgical Installations in the Cathedral of Salerno: The Double Ambo in its Regional Context between Sicilian Models and Local Liturgy. Marc Sureda i Jubany, Romanesque Cathedrals in Catalonia as Liturgical Systems: A Functional and Symbolical Approach to the Cathedrals of Vic, Girona, and Tarragona (Eleventh-Fourteenth Centuries). V. Visual Discourses and Iconographic Programmes: Francesc Fité i Llevot, New Interpretation of the Thirteenth-Century Capitals of the Ancient Cathedral of Lleida ('Seu Vella'). Peter K. Klein, The Iconography of the Cloister of Gerona Cathedral and the Functionalist Interpretation of Romanesque Historiated Cloisters: Possibilities and Limitations. Marta Serrano Coll & Esther Lozano López, The Cloistral Sculpture at La Seu d'Urgell and the Problem of its Visual Repertoire. José Luis Hernando Garrido, Romanesque Sculpture in Zamora and Salamanca and its Connections to Santiago de Compostela.

Cathedral

Author : David Macaulay
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN 13 : 9780395316689
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

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Book Synopsis Cathedral by : David Macaulay

Download or read book Cathedral written by David Macaulay and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 1973 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This richly illustrated book shows the intricate step-by-step process of an imaginary cathedral's growth.

Cathedrals of the World Coloring Book

Author : John Green
Publisher : Courier Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0486283399
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Cathedrals of the World Coloring Book by : John Green

Download or read book Cathedrals of the World Coloring Book written by John Green and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating volume invites colorists of all ages to color detailed illustrations of 40 great churches from around the world. Includes St. Paul's (London), Chartres (France), Notre Dame (Paris), Cologne (Germany), St. Peter's (Rome), St. Basil's (Moscow), St. Patrick's (New York), the Washington Cathedral, and more.

The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral

Author : Stephanie Glaser
Publisher : Brepols Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9782503568133
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (681 download)

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Book Synopsis The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral by : Stephanie Glaser

Download or read book The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral written by Stephanie Glaser and published by Brepols Publishers. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central to many medieval ritual traditions both sacred and secular, the Gothic cathedral holds a privileged place within the European cultural imagination and experience. Due to the burgeoning historical interest in the medieval past, in connection with the medieval revival in literature, visual arts, and architecture that began in the late seventeenth century and culminated in the nineteenth, the Gothic cathedral took centre stage in numerous ideological discourses. These discourses imposed contemporary political and aesthetic connotations upon the cathedral that were often far removed from its original meaning and ritual use. This volume presents interdisciplinary perspectives on the resignification of the Gothic cathedral in the post-medieval period. Its contributors, literary scholars and historians of art and architecture, investigate the dynamics of national and cultural movements that turned Gothic cathedrals into symbols of the modern nation-state, highlight the political uses of the edifice in literature and the arts, and underscore the importance of subjectivity in literary and visual representations of Gothic architecture. Contributing to scholarship in historiography, cultural history, intermedial and interdisciplinary studies, as well as traditional disciplines, the volume resonates with wider perspectives, especially relating to the reuse of artefacts to serve particular ideological ends.

Cathedrals

Author : Simon Jenkins
Publisher : Rizzoli Publications
ISBN 13 : 0847871401
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (478 download)

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Book Synopsis Cathedrals by : Simon Jenkins

Download or read book Cathedrals written by Simon Jenkins and published by Rizzoli Publications. This book was released on 2022-04-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The acclaimed best-selling author and popular historian explores the history of Europe via its cathedrals. Beautifully illustrated with color photographs throughout, this joyous exploration of the history of Western civilization showcases the cathedral’s central role in the European imagination. A masterful writer, Jenkins tells the stories behind these stone wonders: the architects that made them possible, the triumphs of engineering, the artists who enriched their décor, and the inevitable human follies of those who were involved in their building, from the artisans and workers to the wealthy donors and the faithful who worshipped beneath their soaring spires and majestic domes. Simon Jenkins is the critically acclaimed, award-winning author of best-selling works that make history accessible. Blending insight and authority with personal reflections and experiences, he deftly reveals the history, design, and significance of each of these enduring monuments to the human spirit from popular favorites like St. Paul’s and the Duomo in Florence to less well-known masterpieces well worth a trip. Europe’s cathedrals are treasure troves of art and repositories of history that attract hundreds or thousands of visitors every year.

Notre-Dame

Author : Ken Follett
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984880268
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Notre-Dame by : Ken Follett

Download or read book Notre-Dame written by Ken Follett and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2019-10-29 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The wonderful cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, one of the greatest achievements of European civilization, was on fire. The sight dazed and disturbed us profoundly. I was on the edge of tears. Something priceless was dying in front of our eyes. The feeling was bewildering, as if the earth was shaking.” —Ken Follett “[A] treasure of a book.” —The New Yorker In this short, spellbinding book, international bestselling author Ken Follett describes the emotions that gripped him when he learned about the fire that threatened to destroy one of the greatest cathedrals in the world—the Notre-Dame de Paris. Follett then tells the story of the cathedral, from its construction to the role it has played across time and history, and he reveals the influence that the Notre-Dame had upon cathedrals around the world and on the writing of one of Follett's most famous and beloved novels, The Pillars of the Earth. Ken Follett will donate his proceeds from this book to the charity La Fondation du Patrimoine.

Believing and Seeing

Author : Roland Recht
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226706060
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Believing and Seeing by : Roland Recht

Download or read book Believing and Seeing written by Roland Recht and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-10-15 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developments in medieval science that elevated sight above the other senses found religious expression in the Christian emphasis on miracles, relics, and elaborate structures. In his incisive survey of Gothic art and architecture, Roland Recht argues that this preoccupation with vision as a key to religious knowledge profoundly affected a broad range of late medieval works. In addition to the great cathedrals of France, Recht explores key religious buildings throughout Europe to reveal how their grand designs supported this profusion of images that made visible the signs of scripture. Metalworkers, for example, fashioned intricate monstrances and reliquaries for the presentation of sacred articles, and technical advances in stained glass production allowed for more expressive renderings of holy objects. Sculptors, meanwhile, created increasingly naturalistic works and painters used multihued palettes to enhance their subjects’ lifelike qualities. Reimagining these works as a link between devotional practices in the late Middle Ages and contemporaneous theories that deemed vision the basis of empirical truth, Recht provides students and scholars with a new and powerful lens through which to view Gothic art and architecture.

Chartres Cathedral

Author : Malcolm B. Miller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Chartres Cathedral by : Malcolm B. Miller

Download or read book Chartres Cathedral written by Malcolm B. Miller and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author is the world's foremost authority on Chartres, and is in residence there most of the year. He shows us the history of the cathedral and teaches us how to "read" the world-famous stained glass and sculpture, explaining the references to Scripture and the teachings of the Church. Chartres alone, of all the great medieval churches, has survived into the 20th century almost intact, not only architecturally but with its vast inconographic program in 12th-and 13th-century stained glass and sculpture. Medieval art was intended not just to embellish the church but to instruct the people, for there was no printing. Scholars could therefore teach their students, the clergy preach sermons and parents read the lives of the saints to their children using the 'texts' in stained glass and sculpture. The sister churches of Chartres have been sadly vandalized to varying degrees by Reform, revolution, war or natural disaster. Here in Chartres the 'text' is virtually complete. A concise glossary of symbolic images has been included as well as a complete plan of all the windows in the cathedral, and an index.

Religion in Cathedrals

Author : Simon Coleman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000533026
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion in Cathedrals by : Simon Coleman

Download or read book Religion in Cathedrals written by Simon Coleman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-26 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores cathedrals, past and present, as spaces for religious but also wider cultural practices. Contributors from history, anthropology, sociology, and religious studies trace major continuities and shifts in the location of cathedrals within religious, civic, urban, and economic landscapes of pre- and post-Reformation Christianity. While much of the focus is on England, other European and global contexts are referenced as authors explore ways in which cathedrals have been, and remain, distinctive spaces of adjacent ritual, political and social activity, capable of taking on lives of their own as sites of worship, pilgrimage, and governance. A major theme of the book is that of replication, pointing to the ways in which cathedrals echo each other materially and ritually in processes of mutual borrowing and competition, while a cathedral can also provide a reference point for smaller constituencies of religious practice such as a diocese or parish. As this volume demonstrates, the contemporary resurgence of interest in pilgrimage, the impact of ‘Caminoisation’, and the (re)presentation of cathedrals as cultural heritage further add to the attractions, popularity, and complexities of cathedrals in the 21st century. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal, Religion.

Great Gothic Cathedrals of France

Author : Stan Parry
Publisher : Oro Editions
ISBN 13 : 9781939621788
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Great Gothic Cathedrals of France by : Stan Parry

Download or read book Great Gothic Cathedrals of France written by Stan Parry and published by Oro Editions. This book was released on 2017-07-15 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Great Gothic Cathedrals of France guides readers on a tour of twelve French cathedrals that best exemplify one of the greatest glories of Western civilization. From the beautiful facade of Notre-Dame in Paris to the transcendent beauty of the stained glass at Chartres, this book clarifies the significant elements of their architecture by means of its text and images. The cathedrals of Amiens, Paris, Saint Denis, Chartres, Reims, Laon, Noyon, Soissons, Sens, Beauvais, Bourges and Troyes as well as Sainte-Chapelle are all presented to give the reader and visitor to France a clear understanding of these extraordinary buildings. This publication also provides the reader with a chapter on how to "read" a stained glass window.

The Gothic Enterprise

Author : Robert A. Scott
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520949560
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gothic Enterprise by : Robert A. Scott

Download or read book The Gothic Enterprise written by Robert A. Scott and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The great Gothic cathedrals of Europe are among the most astonishing achievements of Western culture. Evoking feelings of awe and humility, they make us want to understand what inspired the people who had the audacity to build them. This engrossing book surveys an era that has fired the historical imagination for centuries. In it Robert A. Scott explores why medieval people built Gothic cathedrals, how they built them, what conception of the divine lay behind their creation, and how religious and secular leaders used cathedrals for social and political purposes. As a traveler’s companion or a rich source of knowledge for the armchair enthusiast, The Gothic Enterprise helps us understand how ordinary people managed such tremendous feats of physical and creative energy at a time when technology was rudimentary, famine and disease were rampant, the climate was often harsh, and communal life was unstable and incessantly violent. While most books about Gothic cathedrals focus on a particular building or on the cathedrals of a specific region, The Gothic Enterprise considers the idea of the cathedral as a humanly created space. Scott discusses why an impoverished people would commit so many social and personal resources to building something so physically stupendous and what this says about their ideas of the sacred, especially the vital role they ascribed to the divine as a protector against the dangers of everyday life. Scott’s narrative offers a wealth of fascinating details concerning daily life during medieval times. The author describes the difficulties master-builders faced in scheduling construction that wouldn’t be completed during their own lifetimes, how they managed without adequate numeric systems or paper on which to make detailed drawings, and how climate, natural disasters, wars, variations in the hours of daylight throughout the year, and the celebration of holy days affected the pace and timing of work. Scott also explains such things as the role of relics, the quarrying and transporting of stone, and the incessant conflict cathedral-building projects caused within their communities. Finally, by drawing comparisons between Gothic cathedrals and other monumental building projects, such as Stonehenge, Scott expands our understanding of the human impulses that shape our landscape.

The Medieval Cathedral of Trondheim

Author : Margrete Syrstad Andås
Publisher : Brepols Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Medieval Cathedral of Trondheim by : Margrete Syrstad Andås

Download or read book The Medieval Cathedral of Trondheim written by Margrete Syrstad Andås and published by Brepols Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medieval cathedrals and the various practices connected to them form an important and complex part of the European cultural heritage. The buildings themselves and their reception into the modern arts ensure their presence within today's cultural memories and sensibilities. In the mid-twelfth century, a new archbishop's seat was erected in the Norwegian city of Trondheim (or Nidaros) at the far north of Europe. This interdisciplinary volume, written by scholars of history, architecture, and liturgy, explores the medieval cathedral of Trondheim as a local construction in a European context. As a see of the Western Church, it was set in an international Latinate culture. At the same time, the construction of the building itself and the ritual practices in and around it were influenced by local political, religious, and cultural conditions. The relationship between the physical construction of a cathedral and its function in medieval liturgical and other ritual practices is a topic of wide relevance for architectural and liturgical scholarship. The so-called Ordo Nidrosiensis, the thirteenth-century ordinal of the Province of Nidaros, is an immense help in interpreting the architectural construction and sacred space of Nidaros Cathedral and the Ordo is dealt with in many of the articles. In accordance with general medieval practice, the Nidaros ordinal may be described as international in contents but edited with regard to local considerations.

Gothic Cathedrals

Author : Karen Ralls
Publisher : Nicolas-Hays, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 0892546271
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Gothic Cathedrals by : Karen Ralls

Download or read book Gothic Cathedrals written by Karen Ralls and published by Nicolas-Hays, Inc.. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross the threshold into the world of the High Middle Ages and explore the illuminating wisdom, beauty and art of the Gothic cathedrals, stunning wonders of the medieval era for all to see today. From bejewelled stained glass windows to a pilgrimage “on the road” to Compostela, the wonders of Gothic architecture continue to inspire many worldwide. From the 12th century, the Gothic architectural style continued to spread throughout Europe. Highly-regarded medievalist Dr. Karen Ralls explores the legacy of this exquisite architectural period, whose artistic beauty and expert craftsmanship have served for centuries to inspire feelings of spiritual reverence and aesthetic wonder. She details the relationship between architecture, geometry, and music; explores the concept of the labyrinth; pilgrimage; Black Madonnas; astronomical calculations in the design and location of cathedrals; stone and wood carvings; gargoyles; the teachings of Pythagoras and the later Neo-Platonists, and more. For the general reader and specialist alike, Dr. Ralls guides the reader through the history, places, art, and symbolism of these unique "books in stone", providing a lively portal and solid resource for all. Lavishly illustrated with color photographs, a recommended reading section, lists of the major European cathedral sites and a full Bibliography, Gothic Cathedrals is a fascinating showcase of the mystic and spiritual symbolism found in these great structures of Europe, information that will help modern readers visit these sites and share in the energy of the sacred they continue to radiate.

Cathedrals of Consumption

Author : Taylor & Francis Group
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367133931
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (339 download)

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Book Synopsis Cathedrals of Consumption by : Taylor & Francis Group

Download or read book Cathedrals of Consumption written by Taylor & Francis Group and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1999, Cathedrals of Consumption examines the history of the department store. After many decades in which it was almost exclusively historians of retailing and company biographers who were interested in the phenomenon, the department store has now come to attract the attention of historians of culture, consumption, gender, urban life and much more. Indeed, the department store in its classic era of expansive growth has often seemed better than anything else to embody the cultural and social modernity of its time. The articles in this book range widely in presenting the breadth of these new approaches to department store history. An introductory essay explores the questions that surround the department store from its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century, through its golden age in the decades before the First World War, to the challenges posed in the more competitive world of inter-war Europe. A dozen contributors - writing about Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and Hungary - then examine themes as varied as the new public space which department stores provided for women, the politics of consumption, the architecture of the new stores, the training of the workforce, the cult of shopping, advertising strategies, shoplifting, employer organisations, and the geographical spread of the new stores, while a comparison with eighteenth-century London raises the question of just how new the department store was.