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Carbon Carbon Bond Forming Reactions For Bio Oil Upgrading
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Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions for Bio-oil Upgrading by : Ryan William Snell
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions for Bio-oil Upgrading written by Ryan William Snell and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Book Synopsis Carbon-Carbon ?-Bond Formation by : G. Pattenden
Download or read book Carbon-Carbon ?-Bond Formation written by G. Pattenden and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1992-09-08 with total page 1209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 3 covers carbon-to-carbon single bond forming reactions involving sp3, sp2 and sp carbon centers, but only those which do not involve additions to C-X &pgr;-bonds. The volume first compares and contrasts the alkylation reactions of all types of sp3 carbon nucleophiles and also covers vinyl and alkynyl carbanions. Following on from Volume 2, a separate section covers Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions, which is complemented by discussions of polyene cyclizations and electrophilic transannular cyclizations in synthesis. Coupling reactions leading to &agr;-bond formation, and involving all types of combinations ofsp3, sp2 and sp carbon centers are next covered, including those reactions based on pinacol, acyloin and phenol oxidative coupling reactions, and also the Kolbe reaction. Rearrangement reactions, leading to carbon-to-carbon &agr;-bond formation, are often used in a clever manner in synthesis. The volume includes all those rearrangement reactions based on intermediate carbonium ions and carbanions, and also includes the benzil-benzilic acid and the Wolff rearrangements. The volume closes with coverage of carbonylation reactions, and the use of carbene insertion reactions into the C-H bond in synthesis.
Book Synopsis Method for Producing Bio-fuel that Integrates Heat from Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions to Drive Biomass Gasification Reactions by :
Download or read book Method for Producing Bio-fuel that Integrates Heat from Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions to Drive Biomass Gasification Reactions written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A low-temperature catalytic process for converting biomass (preferably glycerol recovered from the fabrication of bio-diesel) to synthesis gas (i.e., H.sub. 2/CO gas mixture) in an endothermic gasification reaction is described. The synthesis gas is used in exothermic carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, such as Fischer-Tropsch, methanol, or dimethylether syntheses. The heat from the exothermic carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction is integrated with the endothermic gasification reaction, thus providing an energy-efficient route for producing fuels and chemicals from renewable biomass resources.
Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by Detelluration by : Lalitha Deepthi Kolluru
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by Detelluration written by Lalitha Deepthi Kolluru and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond Formation by : Robert L. Augustine
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Formation written by Robert L. Augustine and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1979-04-01 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stereoselective Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by : Elizabeth Diane Burke
Download or read book Stereoselective Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions written by Elizabeth Diane Burke and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the second chapter, a general method for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha,alpha-disubstituted-beta-hydroxy carbonyl compounds is described. This methodology relies on the stereoselective formation of acyclic alpha,alpha-disubstituted amide enolates. These enolates were prepared using methodology developed in the Gleason laboratory. Transmetallation of the initially formed lithium enolate was necessary to achieve high relative and absolute product stereocontrol. The E- and Z-enolate isomers were investigated. The Z-enolate reacted with high stereocontrol, whereas the E-enolate was not able to provide the anti isomer selectively. An X-ray crystal structure confirmed the absolute configuration of the product." --
Book Synopsis Catalytic Asymmetric Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions and Synthesis by : Sha Lou
Download or read book Catalytic Asymmetric Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions and Synthesis written by Sha Lou and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by : Travis Justin Christopher Hoskins
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions written by Travis Justin Christopher Hoskins and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions with Oxiranyl Radicals by : Yizhe Wang
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions with Oxiranyl Radicals written by Yizhe Wang and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Selectivity in Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by : E. Buncel
Download or read book Selectivity in Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions written by E. Buncel and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions by : Dorin Toader
Download or read book Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions written by Dorin Toader and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Asymmetric Catalysis of Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by : Souvagya Biswas
Download or read book Asymmetric Catalysis of Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions written by Souvagya Biswas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nature has established numerous methods for synthesis of complex molecules utilizing simple and abundant resources such as the use of CO2, H2O and N2 using sunlight as a source of energy. Even more impressive are the high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivites observed in these transformations with a wide variety of both prochiral and chiral substrates. However, methods for the enantioselective incorporation of feedstock materials such as CO, HCN, CO2 or simple alkenes into prochiral molecules are limited and remain an important challenge in the field. The hydrovinylation reaction (HV), where ethylene is added across a carbon-carbon double bond, has been known for nearly fifty years, starting with the works of Hata, Alderson and Wilke. During the past few years, through an approach that relied mostly on mechanistic insights and systematic examination of ligand effects, our group discovered a number of protocols for Ni(II)- and Co(II)-catalyzed enantioselective hydrovinylation (HV) reactions of vinylarenes, 1,3-dienes and strained olefins. While the Ni(II)-catalyzed hydrovinylation (HV) reaction is one of the most selective asymmetric catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, its use has been limited to alkenes conjugated to an aromatic ring and strained alkenes. We recently found Co(II)-bisphosphine complexes show much improved regioselectivity with broader functional group compatibility in 1,3-dienes. By utilizing finely tuned catalysts derived from Co(II)-bisphosphine complexes and Me3Al or methylaluminoxane (MAO) acyclic (E) and (Z)-1,3-dienes were found to undergo efficient hydrovinylation giving mostly 1,4-hydrovinylation products in an atmosphere of ethylene. In order to expand the hydrovinylation chemistry, we turned our attention to one of the mostly widely used intermediates on organic chemistry, viz., silyl enol ethers. Trialkylsilyl enol ethers are exceptionally versatile intermediates often used as enolate surrogates for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. Yet there are no reports of broadly applicable, catalytic methods for the synthesis of chiral silyl enol ethers carrying latent functionalities useful for synthetic operations beyond the many possible reactions of the enol ether moiety itself. The work presented herein reports a general procedure for highly catalytic (substrate : catalyst ratio up to 1000:1) and enantioselective (96% to 98% major enantiomer) synthesis of silyl enol ethers bearing a vinyl group at a chiral carbon at the beta-position. The reactions, run under ambient conditions, use trialkylsiloxy-1,3-dienes and ethylene (1 atmosphere) as precursors, and readily available (bis-phosphine)-cobalt(II) complexes as catalysts. Once we have established the HV reaction conditions of the siloxydienes, we turn our attention towards diastereoselective functionalization of the hydrovinylated products. Under optimized conditions, we are able to successfully utilize our 1,4-hydrovinylated products as reactive nucleophilic synthons for several electrophilic reactions keeping moderate to good diastereomeric ratios. The silyl enolates can be readily converted into novel enantiopure vinyl triflates, a class of highly versatile cross-coupling reagents, enabling the syntheses of other enantiomerically pure trisubstituted alkene intermediates not easily accessible by current methods.
Book Synopsis Hydrocarbon Biorefinery by : Sunil Kumar Maity
Download or read book Hydrocarbon Biorefinery written by Sunil Kumar Maity and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable production of hydrocarbon biofuels from biomass, fuels that are fully compatible with existing internal combustion engines, will allow the global transport economy to transition to a sustainable energy source without the need for capital-intensive new infrastructures. Hydrocarbon Biorefinery: Sustainable Processing of Biomass for Hydrocarbon Biofuels presents a comprehensive and easy to understand consolidation of existing knowledge for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels from biomass. Three major areas for the conversion of biomass to hydrocarbon biofuels are addressed: i) Chemical and thermochemical conversion processes, ii) Biological and biochemical conversion processes, and iii) Conversion processes of biomass-derived compounds. Additionally, the book includes process design, life cycle analysis of various processes, reaction engineering, catalysts, process conditions and process concepts, and is supported with detailed case studies. The economic viability of each process is specifically addressed to provide a clear guide for the economic development of future hydrocarbon biofuels. Hydrocarbon Biorefinery: Sustainable Processing of Biomass for Hydrocarbon Biofuels offers an all-in-one resource for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals working in the area of bioenergy and will be of interest to energy engineers, chemical engineers, bioengineers, chemists, agricultural researchers, and mechanical engineers. Furthermore, this book provides structured foundational content on biorefineries for undergraduate and graduate students. - Presents fundamental concepts and processes of hydrocarbon biofuel production, covering chemical, biological, and biomass-derived conversion processes - Synthesizes the state-of-the-art research and commercial initiatives of this emerging concept into stand-alone chapters, serving as a structured resource for researchers and practitioners - Emphasizes the process design and economic feasibility of each process using life cycle assessments to support commercial development
Book Synopsis A Study of Anodic Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions by : Jeffrey J. Rohde
Download or read book A Study of Anodic Carbon-carbon Bond Forming Reactions written by Jeffrey J. Rohde and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Upgrading of a Model Compound of Bio-oil Using Carbon Monoxide in High Temperature Water by : Ezra Daniel Phipps
Download or read book Upgrading of a Model Compound of Bio-oil Using Carbon Monoxide in High Temperature Water written by Ezra Daniel Phipps and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the energy demands of the future is one of the most important challenges facing the engineering community today. An example of this problem is transportation fuels. Most of the current transportation fuels are composed of petroleum hydrocarbons. Finding a viable alternative is important given the potential scarcity of these fuels. Alternatives have been explored including ethanol, biodiesel, hydrogen, and natural gas. It will be difficult for these fuels to replace petroleum fuels due to their inferior performance and, in some cases, the rising price of the feedstocks as they are produced on a larger scale. In addition, some of these fuels are not compatible with current infrastructures, including piping and filling stations, as well as being incompatible with the current fleet of cars. The ideal scenario for solving the energy problem is to produce a fuel that has the same level of performance as standard petroleum hydrocarbons and originates from a feedstock that is cheap and abundant. For these reasons, a large amount of research in the past couple decades has been dedicated to producing bio-oil from biomass by thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen. Biomass is composed of large oxygenated hydrocarbons containing as many as 60,000 carbons atoms. When subjected to high temperatures these molecules break apart and oil is produced that more closely resemble liquid fuels. The primary drawback of bio-oils is that they have high oxygen content. This high oxygen content causes them to have low energy density, low volatility, and a high viscosity. In order to meet the industry standards for transportation fuels, additional processing steps must be completed in order to reduce the oxygen content of the fuels. The most common processing step in use is hydrotreating. During this process bio-oils are heated up to high temperatures in the presence of an excess of hydrogen and a catalyst. The purpose of this is to initiate a hydrodeoxygenation reaction that removes oxygen from the oils in the form of water. This process has been shown to be effective; however the usefulness of the process is limited by the high cost and energy demands of producing hydrogen. Previous work has also been completed where bio-oils were treated in the absence of hydrogen using high temperature water as a solvent1. This process induces a separation of the oil into an aqueous phase and an oil phase which is low in oxygen content. Oxygen is also removed in the form of carbon dioxide due to a decarboxylation reaction. A more detailed review of the material balance for this process demonstrated that the overall amount of oxygen removed was actually quite low and may in fact be statistically insignificant. The purpose of this research project is to examine the process of treating bio-oils with supercritical water as a solvent in the presence of carbon monoxide. One reason for doing this is that at high temperatures, carbon monoxide reacts with water producing hydrogen and carbon dioxide. In addition, thermodynamic modeling demonstrates that carbon dioxide is one of the more favorable products formed when combining these reactants, which would consume additional oxygen. Guaiacol, a model compound for bio-oil was treated by heating to supercritical temperatures in the presence of water and varying concentrations of carbon monoxide. The resulting products were analyzed in order to determine the types of functional groups present, the elemental composition, water content, and in some cases the distribution of products. The analytical results suggest that catechol, methoxybenzene, and phenol are the primary reaction products with most of the catechol dissolved in the aqueous phase. There is some evidence that there is a relationship between the amount of carbon monoxide in the reactor enclosure and a reduction in oxygen content. Due to the small difference in oxygen content of the primary reaction products and the error inherent to the measurement methods it is not conclusive at this time if that the relationship between carbon monoxide and lower oxygen content is statistically significant. Future research is required to further validate the results. To supplement the findings of this research it would be helpful to perform a similar experiment under conditions that produce a larger spread in oxygen content. This can be done in several different ways. The reaction residence time could be increased, a different model compound could be used, the conditions could be more severe, and a catalyst could be used as well. By changing these conditions a greater spread of data could be produced and it would be easier to determine statistical significance on that basis.
Book Synopsis Novel Thermal and Electrochemical Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions by : Bradley Durward Gates
Download or read book Novel Thermal and Electrochemical Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions written by Bradley Durward Gates and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: