The Bullsh*t Artist

Download The Bullsh*t Artist PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1440527245
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Bullsh*t Artist by : Paul Kleinman

Download or read book The Bullsh*t Artist written by Paul Kleinman and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-06-18 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's not what you know. It's what they think you know. And they will think you know it all once you learn how to bullsh*t successfully. Because there's a difference between talking out of your ass and bullsh*tting like a pro--and if you want to sound in the know without getting called out, you better know how to do it right. What you want is to be able to control any conversation and keep cool under pressure with a combination of confidence and cunning. To help out, there's a section of useful facts to stick up your sleeve. Forget being a know-it-all. You'll tap into real appeal and have a lot more fun once you become a skilled bullsh*t artist. Guaranteed.

Bullshit Artist

Download Bullshit Artist PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BS Artist
ISBN 13 : 9781419624612
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (246 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bullshit Artist by : Ron Schalow

Download or read book Bullshit Artist written by Ron Schalow and published by BS Artist. This book was released on 2006-03-28 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No Conspiracy Theories in This Book-Just a True Story of Spleen Clutching Incompetence, Forehead Slapping Stupidity and Ear Sweating Cowardice.Tough on terrorism? Strong on defense? Leadership? Not quite. Compared to George W. Bush's gutless and incompetent performance on 9/11, Brownie looks like General Patton. The President pulled a FEMA for 102 minutes while al Qaeda struck with impunity-but since W's actions on September 11 were largely ignored by the national media-most people weren't even aware of the little man's 7 minutes of ass sitting paralysis in an elementary school classroom until Michael Moore's film "Fahrenheit 9/11" exposed the frozen leader of the free world-let alone know about Bush's clueless loitering-cutting and running, and terrorist appeasing for the other 95 minutes of the attacks. Ron Schalow's "Bullshit Artist" provides a full account of the President's lollygagging, decision avoiding and hiding in the heartland on the tragic day-in Bush's own words and the tortuously twisty recollections of the White House brain trust-Card, Rove, Fleischer, Hughes, Rice, Cheney & Rumsfeld-plus the traditional bushel basket of excuses that ensue after every Bush failure. And Bush supporters like Bill Sammon, Ann Coulter, Sean Hannity, John Podhoretz, David Frum and Dick Morris also chime in to provide cover for the cowardly Commander-in-Chief-evidently more concerned about the image of their beloved politician than the security of the American people. Then, as if his flaccid failures on 9/11 weren't shameful enough, a delusional GW boasts of his defense prowess at least 19 times per day in the following years-whoring the terrorist attacks and 3,000 deaths on his watch to his immense political benefit-a Bullshit Artist at his best. www.bullshitartist.net

Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas

Download Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780924047978
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (479 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas by : Fernando A. Flores

Download or read book Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas written by Fernando A. Flores and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiction. Music. DEATH TO THE BULLSHIT ARTISTS OF SOUTH TEXAS is a psychedelic romp through the Rio Grande Valley music scene. This collection of 10 punk rock fairy-tales offers a prismatic view of a subculture so rich that if it knew its own worth, it just might revolt against itself. This is the book you wish you had as a teenager, headphones on, waiting at a bus stop for a ride to the record store.

On Bullshit

Download On Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400826535
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Bullshit by : Harry G. Frankfurt

Download or read book On Bullshit written by Harry G. Frankfurt and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-10 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 New York Times bestseller Featured on The Daily Show and 60 Minutes The acclaimed book that illuminates our world and its politics by revealing why bullshit is more dangerous than lying One of the most prominent features of our world is that there is so much bullshit. Yet we have no clear understanding of what bullshit is, how it’s distinct from lying, what functions it serves, and what it means. In his acclaimed bestseller On Bullshit, Harry Frankfurt, who was one of the world’s most influential moral philosophers, explores this important subject, which has become a central problem of politics and our world. With his characteristic combination of philosophical acuity, psychological insight, and wry humor, Frankfurt argues that bullshitters misrepresent themselves to their audience not as liars do, that is, by deliberately making false claims about what is true. Rather, bullshitters seek to convey a certain impression of themselves without being concerned about whether anything at all is true. They quietly change the rules governing their end of the conversation so that claims about truth and falsity are irrelevant. Although bullshit can take many innocent forms, excessive indulgence in it can eventually undermine the bullshitter’s capacity to tell the truth in a way that lying does not. Liars at least acknowledge that the truth matters. Because of this, bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth than lies are. Remarkably prescient and insightful, On Bullshit is a small book that explains a great deal about our time.

The Book of Bullshit

Download The Book of Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781952631023
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Book of Bullshit by : Spencer Gold

Download or read book The Book of Bullshit written by Spencer Gold and published by . This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas

Download Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781939987167
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (871 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas by : Fernando A. Flores

Download or read book Death to the Bullshit Artists of South Texas written by Fernando A. Flores and published by . This book was released on 2014-03-03 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: McAllen, Texas is the indie-rock capital of the world; or at least it would be, if all their bands didn't have the pesky habit of disintegrating before ever having their first big success. That's the central premise of Austinite Fernando A. Flores' literary debut, and anyone who's ever pawned their guitar to buy more beer will find much in this book to celebrate. Working from the conceit that all acts of creativity are vital to human happiness, no matter what the public reaction, Flores presents a smorgasbord of interconnected tales about artists who can't quite seem to get their act together--from the performance artist whose most important work was only ever seen by five people, to the revered punk singer who never recorded a single album, to the bar band who accidentally become pawns of a local political campaign--and shows how in all these cases, the mere existence of these artists is a magical antidote against day-to-day ennui and adversity, and that it's actually the rest of the squares who are the true bullshit artists. By turns hilarious, heartbreaking and infuriating, this compact story collection is a loving ode to small-town music scenes in all their messy glory, and a welcome slap in the face to our "Yes We Can" times.

Bullshit Jobs

Download Bullshit Jobs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon & Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1501143336
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bullshit Jobs by : David Graeber

Download or read book Bullshit Jobs written by David Graeber and published by Simon & Schuster. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From bestselling writer David Graeber—“a master of opening up thought and stimulating debate” (Slate)—a powerful argument against the rise of meaningless, unfulfilling jobs…and their consequences. Does your job make a meaningful contribution to the world? In the spring of 2013, David Graeber asked this question in a playful, provocative essay titled “On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs.” It went viral. After one million online views in seventeen different languages, people all over the world are still debating the answer. There are hordes of people—HR consultants, communication coordinators, telemarketing researchers, corporate lawyers—whose jobs are useless, and, tragically, they know it. These people are caught in bullshit jobs. Graeber explores one of society’s most vexing and deeply felt concerns, indicting among other villains a particular strain of finance capitalism that betrays ideals shared by thinkers ranging from Keynes to Lincoln. “Clever and charismatic” (The New Yorker), Bullshit Jobs gives individuals, corporations, and societies permission to undergo a shift in values, placing creative and caring work at the center of our culture. This book is for everyone who wants to turn their vocation back into an avocation and “a thought-provoking examination of our working lives” (Financial Times).

Bullshit

Download Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 1101904534
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bullshit by : Mark Peters Phd

Download or read book Bullshit written by Mark Peters Phd and published by Crown. This book was released on 2015-10-27 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An irreverent lexicon of the seemingly infinite ways we call bullshit, written by a McSweeney's columnist and etymologist, illustrated by a New Yorker-contributing cartoonist. What's the difference between "balderdash" and "drivel"? Where did "mumbo-jumbo" come from? How should you use "meadow mayonnaise"? What's "felgercarb" and which popular TV show coined it? There are hundreds of common and rare terms for bullshit in English, including borrowings from German, turn-of-the-century sailors, The Simpsons, and beyond. Bullshit is everywhere, but not all of it is created equal. Mark Peters's Bullshit: A Lexicon is the handy guide to identifying and calling BS in all of its many forms, from "bunk" and "claptrap" to "applesauce" and "gobbledygook." Packed with historical facts, pop culture tidbits, and definitions for each term, Bullshit is perfect for humor readers, language lovers, and anyone looking to describe life's everyday annoyances.

The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit

Download The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250271630
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit by : John V. Petrocelli

Download or read book The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit written by John V. Petrocelli and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding upon his viral TEDx Talk, psychology professor and social scientist John V. Petrocelli reveals the critical thinking habits you can develop to recognize and combat pervasive false information that harms society in The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit. Bullshit is the foundation of contaminated thinking and bad decisions leading to health consequences, financial losses, legal consequences, broken relationships, and wasted time and resources. No matter how smart we believe ourselves to be, we’re all susceptible to bullshit—and we all engage in it. While we may brush it off as harmless marketing sales speak or as humorous, embellished claims, it’s actually much more dangerous and insidious. It’s how Bernie Madoff successfully swindled billions of dollars from even the most experienced financial experts with his Ponzi scheme. It’s how the protocols of Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward resulted in the deaths of 36 million people from starvation. Presented as truths by authority figures and credentialed experts, bullshit appears legitimate, and we accept their words as gospel. If we don’t question the information we receive from bullshit artists to prove their thoughts and theories, we allow these falsehoods to take root in our memories and beliefs. This faulty data affects our decision making capabilities, sometimes resulting in regrettable life choices. But with a little dose of skepticism and a commitment to truth seeking, you can build your critical thinking and scientific reasoning skills to evaluate information, separate fact from fiction, and see through bullshitter spin. In The Life-Changing Science of Detecting Bullshit, experimental social psychologist John V. Petrocelli provides invaluable strategies not only to recognize and protect yourself from everyday bullshit, but to accept your own lack of knowledge about subjects and avoid in engaging in bullshit just for societal conformity. With real world examples from people versed in bullshit who work in the used car, real estate, wine, and diamond industries, Petrocelli exposes the red-flag warning signs found in the anecdotal stories, emotional language, and buzzwords used by bullshitters that persuade our decisions. By using his critical thinking defensive tactics against those motivated by profit, we will also learn how to stop the toxic misinformation spread from the social media influencers, fake news, and op-eds that permeate our culture and call out bullshit whenever we see it.

Bullshit

Download Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 1101904542
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bullshit by : Mark Peters Phd

Download or read book Bullshit written by Mark Peters Phd and published by Crown. This book was released on 2015-10-27 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An irreverent lexicon of the seemingly infinite ways we call bullshit, written by a McSweeney's columnist and etymologist, illustrated by a New Yorker-contributing cartoonist. What's the difference between "balderdash" and "drivel"? Where did "mumbo-jumbo" come from? How should you use "meadow mayonnaise"? What's "felgercarb" and which popular TV show coined it? There are hundreds of common and rare terms for bullshit in English, including borrowings from German, turn-of-the-century sailors, The Simpsons, and beyond. Bullshit is everywhere, but not all of it is created equal. Mark Peters's Bullshit: A Lexicon is the handy guide to identifying and calling BS in all of its many forms, from "bunk" and "claptrap" to "applesauce" and "gobbledygook." Packed with historical facts, pop culture tidbits, and definitions for each term, Bullshit is perfect for humor readers, language lovers, and anyone looking to describe life's everyday annoyances.

The Game Behind the Game

Download The Game Behind the Game PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Farrah Gray Publishing, Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9780982702758
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (27 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Game Behind the Game by : Russ Parr

Download or read book The Game Behind the Game written by Russ Parr and published by Farrah Gray Publishing, Incorporated. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time when record numbers of Americans are unemployed and under-employed, syndicated radio personality Russ Parr has something important to add to the conversation about how to get a job, keep a job or move up the corporate ladder. The Game Behind The Game: Mastering The Art Of Bullshit a fresh look at what it really takes to win impress bosses and move ahead in the business game. In his humorous, urban style, Parr lets everyone know that 'the world runs on BS' and if you want to be 'cash-checking' (i.e. making money)— you might need to pucker up for a little old fashioned a$$-kissing. A how-to-succeed-in-business book unlike any you've ever seen, Parr offers readers a unique and humorous approach to what it really takes to succeed. Using the unique examples gleaned from his syndicated program The Russ Parr Morning Show, Parr recounts the foibles of unfortunate characters whose examples the reader should avoid—as well as stories from Parr's own riveting journey and ultimate ascent to top of the national airwaves. From his advice on 'How to Talk BS,' his suggestions to 'play the opposite' of what people expect and his heartfelt belief in the 'Power of Negative Thinking' Parr offers a move by move blueprint for success that is accessible to all. No matter the field in which your career aspirations may lie, Parr teaches us how to be victorious with a long term strategy while leap-frogging competitors who play the success game with a short term vision. This part motivational part biographical narrative boasts a lively wisdom delivered in a straight-forward diatribe that only an uncensored Russ Parr can convey.

Calling Bullshit

Download Calling Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House Trade Paperbacks
ISBN 13 : 0525509208
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Calling Bullshit by : Carl T. Bergstrom

Download or read book Calling Bullshit written by Carl T. Bergstrom and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bullshit isn’t what it used to be. Now, two science professors give us the tools to dismantle misinformation and think clearly in a world of fake news and bad data. “A modern classic . . . a straight-talking survival guide to the mean streets of a dying democracy and a global pandemic.”—Wired Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news abound and it’s increasingly difficult to know what’s true. Our media environment has become hyperpartisan. Science is conducted by press release. Startup culture elevates bullshit to high art. We are fairly well equipped to spot the sort of old-school bullshit that is based in fancy rhetoric and weasel words, but most of us don’t feel qualified to challenge the avalanche of new-school bullshit presented in the language of math, science, or statistics. In Calling Bullshit, Professors Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West give us a set of powerful tools to cut through the most intimidating data. You don’t need a lot of technical expertise to call out problems with data. Are the numbers or results too good or too dramatic to be true? Is the claim comparing like with like? Is it confirming your personal bias? Drawing on a deep well of expertise in statistics and computational biology, Bergstrom and West exuberantly unpack examples of selection bias and muddled data visualization, distinguish between correlation and causation, and examine the susceptibility of science to modern bullshit. We have always needed people who call bullshit when necessary, whether within a circle of friends, a community of scholars, or the citizenry of a nation. Now that bullshit has evolved, we need to relearn the art of skepticism.

Provenance

Download Provenance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101105003
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Provenance by : Laney Salisbury

Download or read book Provenance written by Laney Salisbury and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2009-07-09 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A tautly paced investigation of one the 20th century's most audacious art frauds, which generated hundreds of forgeries-many of them still hanging in prominent museums and private collections today Provenance is the extraordinary narrative of one of the most far-reaching and elaborate deceptions in art history. Investigative reporters Laney Salisbury and Aly Sujo brilliantly recount the tale of a great con man and unforgettable villain, John Drewe, and his sometimes unwitting accomplices. Chief among those was the struggling artist John Myatt, a vulnerable single father who was manipulated by Drewe into becoming a prolific art forger. Once Myatt had painted the pieces, the real fraud began. Drewe managed to infiltrate the archives of the upper echelons of the British art world in order to fake the provenance of Myatt's forged pieces, hoping to irrevocably legitimize the fakes while effectively rewriting art history. The story stretches from London to Paris to New York, from tony Manhattan art galleries to the esteemed Giacometti and Dubuffet associations, to the archives at the Tate Gallery. This enormous swindle resulted in the introduction of at least two hundred forged paintings, some of them breathtakingly good and most of them selling for hundreds of thousands of dollars. Many of these fakes are still out in the world, considered genuine and hung prominently in private houses, large galleries, and prestigious museums. And the sacred archives, undermined by John Drewe, remain tainted to this day. Provenance reads like a well-plotted thriller, filled with unforgettable characters and told at a breakneck pace. But this is most certainly not fiction; Provenance is the meticulously researched and captivating account of one of the greatest cons in the history of art forgery.

American Studies

Download American Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9780374529000
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Studies by : Louis Menand

Download or read book American Studies written by Louis Menand and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2003-11 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Collection That "Represents The Heart of Menand's Work . . . And Demonstrates His Status As His Generation's Premier Critical Talent" (Los Angeles Times)

Social Media Is Bullshit

Download Social Media Is Bullshit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250017505
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Media Is Bullshit by : B. J. Mendelson

Download or read book Social Media Is Bullshit written by B. J. Mendelson and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative look at social media that dispels the hype and tells you all you need to know about using the Web to expand your business If you listen to the pundits, Internet gurus, marketing consultants, and even the mainstream media, you could think social media was the second coming. When it comes to business, they declare that it's revolutionizing advertising, PR, customer relations—everything. And they all agree: it is here to stay. In this lively, insightful guide, journalist and social critic B.J. Mendelson skillfully debunks the myths of social media. He illustrates how the notion of "social media" first came to prominence, why it has become such a powerful presence in the marketing field, and who stands to benefit each time it's touted in the press. He shows you why all the Facebook friends and Twitter followers in the world mean nothing to you and your business without old-fashioned, real-world connections. He examines popular tales of social media "success," and reveals some unsettling truths behind the surface. And he tells you how to best harness the potential of the Internet—without spending a fortune in the process. Social media is bullshit. This book gives the knowledge and tools you really need to connect with customers and grow your brand.

Social Engineering

Download Social Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262368935
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Engineering by : Robert W. Gehl

Download or read book Social Engineering written by Robert W. Gehl and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manipulative communication—from early twentieth-century propaganda to today’s online con artistry—examined through the lens of social engineering. The United States is awash in manipulated information about everything from election results to the effectiveness of medical treatments. Corporate social media is an especially good channel for manipulative communication, with Facebook a particularly willing vehicle for it. In Social Engineering, Robert Gehl and Sean Lawson show that online misinformation has its roots in earlier techniques: mass social engineering of the early twentieth century and interpersonal hacker social engineering of the 1970s, converging today into what they call “masspersonal social engineering.” As Gehl and Lawson trace contemporary manipulative communication back to earlier forms of social engineering, possibilities for amelioration become clearer. The authors show how specific manipulative communication practices are a mixture of information gathering, deception, and truth-indifferent statements, all with the instrumental goal of getting people to take actions the social engineer wants them to. Yet the term “fake news,” they claim, reduces everything to a true/false binary that fails to encompass the complexity of manipulative communication or to map onto many of its practices. They pay special attention to concepts and terms used by hacker social engineers, including the hacker concept of “bullshitting,” which the authors describe as a truth-indifferent mix of deception, accuracy, and sociability. They conclude with recommendations for how society can undermine masspersonal social engineering and move toward healthier democratic deliberation.

The End of the Odyssey of the Idiots

Download The End of the Odyssey of the Idiots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1664140379
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (641 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The End of the Odyssey of the Idiots by : David Baker

Download or read book The End of the Odyssey of the Idiots written by David Baker and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Odyssey of the Idiots is an autobiography of the author with satirical tones discussing the politics and history that have led America to where it is today. Manuscript’s Strengths • The author uses an educated style and language that will appeal to an educated/scholarly audience. This language sets up the book to be for an educated audience who has some understanding of the topic and wishes to learn more regarding the issues discussed. • Including the glossary of terms in the back of the book was great on the part of the author to provide a tool for readers to fully understand the author’s terminology in the book. It adds a reference for readers to be able to refer to if they need further clarification of terms, which will assist in their better grasping the author’s meanings and message. • The author’s language holds a dramatic and descriptive flair that helps contribute to the engagement of readers in the text. It makes the author’s writing unique and adds something readers may not find elsewhere.