Building a Lexical Knowledge-base of Near-synonym Differences [microform]

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Publisher : National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
ISBN 13 : 9780612916012
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Building a Lexical Knowledge-base of Near-synonym Differences [microform] by : Diana Inkpen

Download or read book Building a Lexical Knowledge-base of Near-synonym Differences [microform] written by Diana Inkpen and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 2004 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I designed a method to automatically acquire knowledge from dictionaries of near-synonym discrimination written for human readers. An unsupervised decision-list algorithm learns patterns and words for classes of distinctions. The patterns are learned automatically, followed by a manual validation step. The extraction of distinctions between near-synonyms is entirely automatic. The main types of distinctions are: stylistic (for example, inebriated is more formal than drunk), attitudinal (for example, skinny is more pejorative than slim), and denotational (for example, blunder implies accident and ignorance, while error does not). Current natural language generation or machine translation systems cannot distinguish among near-synonyms---words that share the same core meaning but vary in their lexical nuances. This is due to a lack of knowledge about differences between near-synonyms in existing computational lexical resources. I enriched the initial LKB of NS with information extracted from other sources. First, information about the senses of the near-synonym was added (WordNet senses). Second, knowledge about the collocational behaviour of the near-synonyms was acquired from free text. Collocations between a word and the near-synonyms in a dictionary entry were classified into: preferred collocations, less-preferred collocations, and anti-collocations. Third, knowledge about distinctions between near-synonyms was acquired from machine-readable dictionaries (the General Inquirer and the Macquarie Dictionary). These distinctions were merged with the initial LKB of NS, and inconsistencies were resolved. The goal of this thesis is to automatically acquire a lexical knowledge-base of near-synonym differences (LKB of NS) from multiple sources, and to show how it can be used in a practical natural language processing system. The generic LKB of NS needs to be customized in order to be used in a natural language processing system. The parts that need customization are the core denotations and the strings that describe peripheral concepts in the denotational distinctions. To show how the LKB of NS can be used in practice, I present Xenon, a natural language generation system that chooses the near-synonym that best matches a set of input preferences. I implemented Xenon by adding a near-synonym choice module and a near-synonym collocation module to an existing general-purpose surface realizer.

Building a Lexical Knowledge-Base of Near-Synonym Differences

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Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783838304779
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Building a Lexical Knowledge-Base of Near-Synonym Differences by : Diana Inkpen

Download or read book Building a Lexical Knowledge-Base of Near-Synonym Differences written by Diana Inkpen and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2009-08 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current natural language generation or machine translation systems cannot distinguish among near-synonyms - words that share the same core meaning but vary in their lexical nuances. This is due to a lack of knowledge about differences between near-synonyms in existing computational lexical resources. In this work, I automatically acquired a lexical knowledge-base of near-synonym differences from multiple sources, using an unsupervised decision- list algorithm. The main types of differences are: stylistic (for example, "inebriated" is more formal than "drunk"), attitudinal (for example, "skinny" is more pejorative than "slim"), and denotational (for example, "blunder" implies "accident" and "ignorance", while "error" does not). To show how the knowledge-base can be used in practice, I designed Xenon, a natural language generation system system that chooses the near-synonym that best matches a set of input preferences. I implemented Xenon by adding a near-synonym choice module and a near-synonym collocation module to an existing general-purpose surface realizer.

Semantic Representations of Near-synonyms for Automatic Lexical Choice

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Semantic Representations of Near-synonyms for Automatic Lexical Choice by : Philip Glenny Edmonds

Download or read book Semantic Representations of Near-synonyms for Automatic Lexical Choice written by Philip Glenny Edmonds and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We develop a new computational model for representing the fine-grained meanings of near-synonyms and the differences between them. We also develop a sophisticated lexical-choice process that can decide which of several near-synonyms is most appropriate in any particular context. This research has direct applications in machine translation and text generation, and also in intelligent electronic dictionaries and automated style-checking and document editing. We first identify the problems of representing near-synonyms in a computational lexicon and show that no previous model adequately accounts for near-synonymy. We then propose a preliminary theory to account for near-synonymy in which the meaning of a word arises out of a context-dependent combination of a context-independent core meaning and a set of explicit differences to its near-synonyms. That is, near-synonyms cluster together. After considering a statistical model and its weaknesses, we develop a clustered model of lexical knowledge, based on the conventional ontological model. The model cuts off the ontology at a coarse grain, thus avoiding an awkward proliferation of language-dependent concepts in the ontology, and groups near-synonyms into subconceptual clusters that are linked to the ontology, A duster acts as a 'formal usage note' that differentiates near-synonyms in terms of fine-grained aspects of denotation, implication, expressed attitude, and style. The model is general enough to account for other types of variation, for instance, in collocational behaviour. We formalize various criteria for lexical choice as 'preferences ' to express certain concepts with varying indirectness to express attitudes, and to establish certain styles. The lexical-choice process chooses the near-synonym that best satisfies the most preferences. The process uses an approximate-matching algorithm that determines how well the set of lexical distinctions of each near-synonym in a cluster matches a set of input preferences. We implemented the lexical-choice process in a prototype sentence-planning system. We evaluate the system to show that it can make the appropriate word choices when given a set of preferences.

Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402041020
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications by : James G. Shanahan

Download or read book Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications written by James G. Shanahan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-17 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems have typically focused on the “factual” aspect of content analysis. Other aspects, including pragmatics, opinion, and style, have received much less attention. However, to achieve an adequate understanding of a text, these aspects cannot be ignored. The chapters in this book address the aspect of subjective opinion, which includes identifying different points of view, identifying different emotive dimensions, and classifying text by opinion. Various conceptual models and computational methods are presented. The models explored in this book include the following: distinguishing attitudes from simple factual assertions; distinguishing between the author’s reports from reports of other people’s opinions; and distinguishing between explicitly and implicitly stated attitudes. In addition, many applications are described that promise to benefit from the ability to understand attitudes and affect, including indexing and retrieval of documents by opinion; automatic question answering about opinions; analysis of sentiment in the media and in discussion groups about consumer products, political issues, etc. ; brand and reputation management; discovering and predicting consumer and voting trends; analyzing client discourse in therapy and counseling; determining relations between scientific texts by finding reasons for citations; generating more appropriate texts and making agents more believable; and creating writers’ aids. The studies reported here are carried out on different languages such as English, French, Japanese, and Portuguese. Difficult challenges remain, however. It can be argued that analyzing attitude and affect in text is an “NLP”-complete problem.

Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080959695
Total Pages : 1103 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics by : Keith Allan

Download or read book Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics written by Keith Allan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-04-06 with total page 1103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics is a comprehensive new reference work aiming to systematically describe all aspects of the study of meaning in language. It synthesizes in one volume the latest scholarly positions on the construction, interpretation, clarification, obscurity, illustration, amplification, simplification, negotiation, contradiction, contraction and paraphrasing of meaning, and the various concepts, analyses, methodologies and technologies that underpin their study. It examines not only semantics but the impact of semantic study on related fields such as morphology, syntax, and typologically oriented studies such as ‘grammatical semantics’, where semantics has made a considerable contribution to our understanding of verbal categories like tense or aspect, nominal categories like case or possession, clausal categories like causatives, comparatives, or conditionals, and discourse phenomena like reference and anaphora. COSE also examines lexical semantics and its relation to syntax, pragmatics, and cognitive linguistics; and the study of how ‘logical semantics’ develops and thrives, often in interaction with computational linguistics. As a derivative volume from Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition, it comprises contributions from 150 of the foremost scholars of semantics in their various specializations and draws on 20+ years of development in the parent work in a compact and affordable format. Principally intended for tertiary level inquiry and research, this will be invaluable as a reference work for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as academics inquiring into the study of meaning and meaning relations within languages. As semantics is a centrally important and inherently cross-cutting area within linguistics it will therefore be relevant not just for semantics specialists, but for most linguistic audiences. The first encyclopedia ever published in this fascinating and diverse field Combines the talents of the world’s leading semantics specialists The latest trends in the field authoritatively reviewed and interpreted in context of related disciplines Drawn from the richest, most authoritative, comprehensive and internationally acclaimed reference resource in the linguistics area Compact and affordable single volume reference format

Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing III

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Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781588116185
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing III by : Nicolas Nicolov

Download or read book Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing III written by Nicolas Nicolov and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together revised versions of a selection of papers presented at the 2003 International Conference on "Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing". A wide range of topics is covered in the volume: semantics, dialog, summarization, anaphora resolution, shallow parsing, morphology, part-of-speech tagging, named entity, question answering, word sense disambiguation, information extraction. Various 'state-of-the-art' techniques are explored: finite state processing, machine learning (support vector machines, maximum entropy, decision trees, memory-based learning, inductive logic programming, transformation-based learning, perceptions), latent semantic analysis, constraint programming. The papers address different languages (Arabic, English, German, Slavic languages) and use different linguistic frameworks (HPSG, LFG, constraint-based DCG). This book will be of interest to those who work in computational linguistics, corpus linguistics, human language technology, translation studies, cognitive science, psycholinguistics, artificial intelligence, and informatics.

From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813292407
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct by : Qi Su

Download or read book From Minimal Contrast to Meaning Construct written by Qi Su and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-25 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers new perspectives on the study of Chinese lexical semantics, as well as discourse analysis and cognitive pragmatics based on lexical semantics. The first part focuses on fundamental issues in lexical semantic research, while the second features articles highlighting various aspects of the lexical category systems in Chinese. The third part discusses application-oriented research on lexical semantics. Presenting the latest research in the field, the book is a valuable resource for specialists in Chinese lexical semantics, as well as for researchers and students interested in grammar, theory of lexical semantics, and word/meaning processing.

Process

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110216140
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Process by : Sam Featherston

Download or read book Process written by Sam Featherston and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2009-06-02 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions to The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics. Volume 1: Process reveal why the data-driven approach makes for a research environment which is fast-moving and democratic: technological change has made the sources of linguistic data readily accessible. These contributions show the methods both professional and student linguists are using to gather more evidence more easily than before.

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080547842
Total Pages : 26924 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-24 with total page 26924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of ELL (1993, Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as "the field's standard reference work for a generation". Now the all-new second edition matches ELL's comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics. * The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field * An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles * The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics through the online edition * Ground-breaking and International in scope and approach * Alphabetically arranged with extensive cross-referencing * Available in print and online, priced separately. The online version will include updates as subjects develop ELL2 includes: * c. 7,500,000 words * c. 11,000 pages * c. 3,000 articles * c. 1,500 figures: 130 halftones and 150 colour * Supplementary audio, video and text files online * c. 3,500 glossary definitions * c. 39,000 references * Extensive list of commonly used abbreviations * List of languages of the world (including information on no. of speakers, language family, etc.) * Approximately 700 biographical entries (now includes contemporary linguists) * 200 language maps in print and online Also available online via ScienceDirect – featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics Ground-breaking in scope - wider than any predecessor An invaluable resource for researchers, academics, students and professionals in the fields of: linguistics, anthropology, education, psychology, language acquisition, language pathology, cognitive science, sociology, the law, the media, medicine & computer science. The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field

Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540005323
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing by : Alexander Gelbukh

Download or read book Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing written by Alexander Gelbukh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-01-31 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CICLing 2003 (www.CICLing.org) was the 4th annual Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics. It was intended to provide a balanced view of the cutting-edge developments in both the theoretical foundations of computational linguistics and the practice of natural language text processing with its numerous applications. A feature of CICLing conferences is their wide scope that covers nearly all areas of computational linguistics and all aspects of natural language processing applications. The conference is a forum for dialogue between the specialists working in these two areas. This year we were honored by the presence of our keynote speakers Eric Brill (Microsoft Research, USA), Aravind Joshi (U. Pennsylvania, USA), Adam Kilgarriff (Brighton U., UK), and Ted Pedersen (U. Minnesota, USA), who delivered excellent extended lectures and organized vivid discussions. Of 92 submissions received, after careful reviewing 67 were selected for presentation; 43 as full papers and 24 as short papers, by 150 authors from 23 countries: Spain (23 authors), China (20), USA (16), Mexico (13), Japan (12), UK (11), Czech Republic (8), Korea and Sweden (7 each), Canada and Ireland (5 each), Hungary (4), Brazil (3), Belgium, Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia and Tunisia (2 each), Cuba, Denmark, Finland and France (1 each).

Semantics. Volume 3

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110253380
Total Pages : 943 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Semantics. Volume 3 by : Claudia Maienborn

Download or read book Semantics. Volume 3 written by Claudia Maienborn and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-12-19 with total page 943 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No detailed description available for "SEMANTICS (MAIENBORN ET AL.) BD. 33.3 HSK E-BOOK".

Semantics - Typology, Diachrony and Processing

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110589826
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Semantics - Typology, Diachrony and Processing by : Klaus Heusinger

Download or read book Semantics - Typology, Diachrony and Processing written by Klaus Heusinger and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now available in paperback for the first time since its original publication, the material in this book provides a broad, accessible guide to semantic typology, crosslinguistic semantics and diachronic semantics. Coming from a world-leading team of authors, the book also deals with the concept of meaning in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics, and the understanding of semantics in computer science. It is packed with highly cited, expert guidance on the key topics in the field, making it a bookshelf essential for linguists, cognitive scientists, philosophers, and computer scientists working on natural language.

Computational Science – ICCS 2020

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030504204
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Science – ICCS 2020 by : Valeria V. Krzhizhanovskaya

Download or read book Computational Science – ICCS 2020 written by Valeria V. Krzhizhanovskaya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-19 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The seven-volume set LNCS 12137, 12138, 12139, 12140, 12141, 12142, and 12143 constitutes the proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2020, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in June 2020.* The total of 101 papers and 248 workshop papers presented in this book set were carefully reviewed and selected from 719 submissions (230 submissions to the main track and 489 submissions to the workshops). The papers were organized in topical sections named: Part I: ICCS Main Track Part II: ICCS Main Track Part III: Advances in High-Performance Computational Earth Sciences: Applications and Frameworks; Agent-Based Simulations, Adaptive Algorithms and Solvers; Applications of Computational Methods in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; Biomedical and Bioinformatics Challenges for Computer Science Part IV: Classifier Learning from Difficult Data; Complex Social Systems through the Lens of Computational Science; Computational Health; Computational Methods for Emerging Problems in (Dis-)Information Analysis Part V: Computational Optimization, Modelling and Simulation; Computational Science in IoT and Smart Systems; Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence Part VI: Data Driven Computational Sciences; Machine Learning and Data Assimilation for Dynamical Systems; Meshfree Methods in Computational Sciences; Multiscale Modelling and Simulation; Quantum Computing Workshop Part VII: Simulations of Flow and Transport: Modeling, Algorithms and Computation; Smart Systems: Bringing Together Computer Vision, Sensor Networks and Machine Learning; Software Engineering for Computational Science; Solving Problems with Uncertainties; Teaching Computational Science; UNcErtainty QUantIficatiOn for ComputationAl modeLs *The conference was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Metaphor and Metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor

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Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027271178
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphor and Metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor by : Francisco Gonzálvez-García

Download or read book Metaphor and Metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor written by Francisco Gonzálvez-García and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this volume go beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor complementing it in a number of relevant ways. Some of the papers argue for a more dynamic, interdisciplinary approach to metaphor looking into it from semiotic, psychological and socio-cultural perspectives. Other contributions focus on the crucial role played by metaphor and metonymy in meaning construction at a discourse/textual level. Finally, the volume also includes proposals which revolve around the alleged universal nature of metaphorical mappings and their suitability to account for grammatical phenomena. The contributions in this volume display an ample gamut of theoretical approaches pointing to the viability of taking a functional-cognitive stance on the analysis of metaphor and metonymy in contrast to a purely cognitive one. This book is structured into three major sections: i) the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: revisions and recent developments; ii) metaphor and/or metonymy across different discourse/genre types; and iii) the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: current applications. Originally published in Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9:1 (2011).

Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642104886
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management by : Dimitris Karagiannis

Download or read book Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management written by Dimitris Karagiannis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-11-17 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following two successful events in Guilin, People’s Republic of China (KSEM 2006) and in Melbourne, Australia (KSEM 2007) the third event in this conference series was held for the first time in Europe, namely, in Vienna, Austria. KSEM 2009 aimed to be a communication platform and meeting ground for research on knowledge science, engineering and management, attracting high-quality, state-of-the-art publications from all over the world. It offers an exceptional opportunity for presenting original work, technological advances, practical problems and concerns of the research community. The importance of studying “knowledge” from different viewpoints such as science, engineering and management has been widely acknowledged. The accelerating pace of the "Internet age" challenges organizations to compress communication and innovation cycles to achieve a faster return on investment for knowledge. Thus, next-generation business solutions must be focused on supporting the creation of value by adding knowledge-rich components as an integral part to the work process. Therefore, an integrated approach is needed, which combines issues from a large array of knowledge fields such as science, engineering and management. Based on the reviews by the members of the Program Committee and the additional reviewers, 42 papers were selected for this year’s conference. Additionally, two discussion panels dealing with “Knowware: The Third Star after Hardware and Software” and “Required Knowledge for Delivering Services” took place under the auspices of the conference. The papers and the discussions covered a great variety of approaches of knowledge science, management and engineering, thus making KSEM a unique conference.

Linguistics for the Age of AI

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262362600
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Linguistics for the Age of AI by : Marjorie Mcshane

Download or read book Linguistics for the Age of AI written by Marjorie Mcshane and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems. One of the original goals of artificial intelligence research was to endow intelligent agents with human-level natural language capabilities. Recent AI research, however, has focused on applying statistical and machine learning approaches to big data rather than attempting to model what people do and how they do it. In this book, Marjorie McShane and Sergei Nirenburg return to the original goal of recreating human-level intelligence in a machine. They present a human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems that emphasizes meaning--the deep, context-sensitive meaning that a person derives from spoken or written language.

The Mental Corpus

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199290806
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mental Corpus by : John R. Taylor

Download or read book The Mental Corpus written by John R. Taylor and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-05-03 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Taylor argues that an individual's knowledge of a language is a repository of memories. Similarities between items lead to generalizations then used to generate new expressions. He makes a compelling contribution to understanding language and the operations of the mind. The book will appeal to linguists, philosophers, and cognitive scientists.