Budgetisation De La Vigilance Des Essais Cliniques Dun Promoteur Academique

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Budgetisation de la vigilance des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique

Author : Augustin Fouilland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Budgetisation de la vigilance des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique by : Augustin Fouilland

Download or read book Budgetisation de la vigilance des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique written by Augustin Fouilland and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La recherche clinique en France permet des avancées majeures dans le traitement et la prophylaxie de nombreuses pathologies. Afin de garantir la sécurité des participants à cette recherche clinique, a été progressivement mise en place la vigilance des essais. Cette responsabilité incombe au promoteur de la recherche, ici les Hospices Civils de Lyon. En pratique, la budgétisation de la vigilance en amont d'un essai clinique est complexe. Il faut, avec un minimum d'informations, donner une estimation du temps de travail et du coût personnel de celui-ci. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de déterminer quels sont les critères en amont (présents dans un résumé) qui influencent la charge de travail variable de la vigilance dans un essai clinique. Nous avons mis en évidence certains critères pertinents pour classer les études selon la charge de travail qu'elles entrainent : le nombre de patients prévus dans la recherche sur la durée de l'étude ; la présence d'un critère de jugement "hospitalisation" ou "décès" ; le design de l'étude. Grâce à cette classification, nous avons pu recommander une nouvelle méthode de budgétisation de la vigilance des essais cliniques selon le risque lié aux études et non leur type (médicaments, Dispositifs Médicaux, Hors Produits de Santé). Il en résulte une classification des essais en deux types : Études à Surveillance Renforcée qui présentent un risque d'Évènements Indésirables Graves élevé, et Études à Risque Modérée qui présentent un risque d'Évènements Indésirables Graves plus faible. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle grille de tarification de la vigilance en fonction du risque. Les résultats sont encourageants, car les nouveaux devis se rapprochent le plus souvent du coût réel du travail effectué. Cela montre qu'une révision de la budgétisation serait bénéfique pour valoriser le travail de vigilance des essais cliniques.

Impact de la loi JARDE sur la gestion de la vigilance des essais cliniques

Author : Clémence Poncet
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact de la loi JARDE sur la gestion de la vigilance des essais cliniques by : Clémence Poncet

Download or read book Impact de la loi JARDE sur la gestion de la vigilance des essais cliniques written by Clémence Poncet and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La recherche clinique, indispensable au progrès médical et à l'évolution de la prise en charge des patients, bénéficie d'un cadre réglementaire strict qui n'a cessé d'évoluer au fil des années. À la suite de scandales sanitaires, la réglementation française des essais cliniques s'est densifiée avec la publication de la loi Jardé. La nécessité d'harmoniser les pratiques entre les différentes nations s'est imposée et les notions de transparence et de sécurité des sujets se prêtant à la recherche clinique ont alors été mises au premier plan. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire les modifications induites en France par la mise en application de la loi Jardé, son impact sur la gestion de la vigilance des essais cliniques et sur la sécurité des sujets se prêtant à la recherche. Dans un premier temps, l'historique et l'évolution du cadre législatif européen et français de la recherche clinique seront présentés, accompagnés d'une description des différentes étapes d'un essai clinique. Dans un second temps, les nouveautés induites par la loi Jardé seront développées, et notamment les activités de vigilance. Enfin, l'impact de la loi Jardé sur la gestion des données de sécurité et la conduite des recherches cliniques impliquant la personne humaine de catégorie 2 sera illustré à travers une application au service de vigilance des essais cliniques des Hospices Civils de Lyon. Cette étude pilote vise à identifier le type d'études de catégorie 2 qui pourraient nécessiter une vigilance des essais cliniques, malgré leur classification. Pour cela, une population d'essais cliniques autorisés avant l'application de la loi Jardé a été analysée. Les études de catégorie 2 identifiées au sein de cette population pour lesquelles des effets indésirables graves inattendus et/ou des faits nouveaux ont été recensés, ont été définies comme des « études risquées ». Parmi les 31 études de catégorie 2 identifiées, 26% ont été considérées comme étant des études risquées. Elles concernent en majorité des essais expérimentant des dispositifs médicaux de classe supérieure à la classe IIA et/ou des essais avec un monitoring élevé. Près d'un quart des études identifiées comme catégorie 2 et considérées comme risquées n'auraient donc pas bénéficié d'une vigilance des essais cliniques sous la loi Jardé. Il serait important que l'arrêté listant l'ensemble des interventions pratiquées dans le cadre d'une étude de catégorie 2 précise davantage les modalités d'utilisation des dispositifs médicaux et que le promoteur de l'essai clinique envisage de mettre en place une vigilance des essais lorsqu'il est responsable de ce type d'études. Cette étude pilote pourrait être élargie aux services de vigilance des essais cliniques d'autres centres hospitaliers de France afin d'évaluer l'impact national de cette nouvelle gestion de la vigilance des essais. Il serait également intéressant d'analyser les données issues des services de vigilance du soin afin d'avoir une vision globale des modifications induites par la loi Jardé

Organisation d'un promoteur institutionnel dans la réalisation d'un projet de recherche clinique de la conception à la publication des résultats

Download Organisation d'un promoteur institutionnel dans la réalisation d'un projet de recherche clinique de la conception à la publication des résultats PDF Online Free

Author : Delphine Monvoisin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Organisation d'un promoteur institutionnel dans la réalisation d'un projet de recherche clinique de la conception à la publication des résultats by : Delphine Monvoisin

Download or read book Organisation d'un promoteur institutionnel dans la réalisation d'un projet de recherche clinique de la conception à la publication des résultats written by Delphine Monvoisin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depuis la transposition de la directive européenne en droit français, le promoteur institutionnel s'est imposé comme un moteur indispensable au déroulement d'un essai clinique. Parallèlement à cette évolution, le CHU de Nantes s'est structuré, ainsi en 2001 il s'est doté d’une Cellule de Promotion à la Recherche Clinique (CPRC). Elle permet au CHU d'assumer pleinement son rôle de promoteur en menant à bien des projets de plus en plus lourds et complexes et de répondre aux obligations de qualité et de sécurité des essais. Sa principale mission est de soutenir les investigateurs qui souhaitent concrétiser des projets de recherche clinique dans toutes leurs phases, de la conception à la valorisation des résultats, pour une production scientifique de qualité. A son niveau, la CPRC participe à la mission de santé publique du CHU en évaluant le bénéfice/risque des traitements expérimentés. Cette cellule est propice à l’émergence de nouvelles idées : de nombreuses procédures faisant intervenir une équipe multidisciplinaire (attachés de recherche clinique, médecin chargé de pharmacovigilance, data managers et biostatisticiens) sont créées, rédigées et diffusées par le service qualité pour contribuer à l'efficacité et à l'évolution de la structure. La cellule fait l'objet d’une politique active de constante amélioration. Elle s’implique largement dans la formation des professionnels en son sein, au niveau universitaire et en accueillant des stagiaires qui leur apportent leur avis externe. Enfin elle aide les investigateurs à établir le budget des études et à se positionner sur des appels d'offres. Les projets de recherche ne pourraient aboutir sans l’aide de fonds extérieurs. Le financement le plus important est celui du Programme Hospitaliers de Recherche Clinique, dont l'obtention est désormais un indicateur important du dynamisme du CHU de Nantes.

Amélioration des modalités d'organisation des comités de surveillance indépendants des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique

Download Amélioration des modalités d'organisation des comités de surveillance indépendants des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique PDF Online Free

Author : Thi Huong Nguyen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Amélioration des modalités d'organisation des comités de surveillance indépendants des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique by : Thi Huong Nguyen

Download or read book Amélioration des modalités d'organisation des comités de surveillance indépendants des essais cliniques d'un promoteur académique written by Thi Huong Nguyen and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tout essai clinique doit avoir un plan de surveillance des données et de la sécurité des participants. La stratégie et la méthodologie peuvent varier en fonction de la nature de l'étude. Pour les études complexes où les évaluations intermédiaires des données sont nécessaires dans le but d'assurer la balance bénéfice/risque, les comités de surveillance indépendants ou CSI sont un outil indispensable afin d'assurer à la fois la sécurité des patients et l'intégrité des résultats. L'objectif de ce travail est d'améliorer l'organisation des CSI. Dans un premier temps, une synthèse bibliographique des connaissances sur les CSI a permis de soulever les problématiques actuels. Dans un second temps, une enquête a été réalisée auprès des experts de CSI sur l'organisation et le fonctionnement des CSI, ainsi que les modes de valorisation de leur travail. Cinq voies d'amélioration concluent ce travail : Sensibiliser davantage les promoteurs et les experts à l'importance de la charte de fonctionnement du CSI. Augmenter la visibilité et l'accessibilité aux formations sur les CSI. Décrire, expliquer et valoriser le rôle du président du CSI. Motiver les experts par une rémunération et/ou une place dans le remerciement de la publication. Etablir un rétro-planning pour l'organisation des réunions de CSI.

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

Author : Alan D. Lopez
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821362631
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors by : Alan D. Lopez

Download or read book Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors written by Alan D. Lopez and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategic health planning, the cornerstone of initiatives designed to achieve health improvement goals around the world, requires an understanding of the comparative burden of diseases and injuries, their corresponding risk factors and the likely effects of invervention options. The Global Burden of Disease framework, originally published in 1990, has been widely adopted as the preferred method for health accounting and has become the standard to guide the setting of health research priorities. This publication sets out an updated assessment of the situation, with an analysis of trends observed since 1990 and a chapter on the sensitivity of GBD estimates to various sources of uncertainty in methods and data.

A Frequency Dictionary of French

Author : Deryle Lonsdale
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135973504
Total Pages : 974 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis A Frequency Dictionary of French by : Deryle Lonsdale

Download or read book A Frequency Dictionary of French written by Deryle Lonsdale and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-03-25 with total page 974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Frequency Dictionary of French is an invaluable tool for all learners of French, providing a list of the 5000 most frequently used words in the language. Based on a 23-million-word corpus of French which includes written and spoken material both from France and overseas, this dictionary provides the user with detailed information for each of the 5000 entries, including English equivalents, a sample sentence, its English translation, usage statistics, and an indication of register variation. Users can access the top 5000 words either through the main frequency listing or through an alphabetical index. Throughout the frequency listing there are thematically-organized lists of the top words from a variety of key topics such as sports, weather, clothing, and family terms. An engaging and highly useful resource, the Frequency Dictionary of French will enable students of all levels to get the most out of their study of French vocabulary. Former CD content is now available to access at www.routledge.com/9780415775311 as support material. Designed for use by corpus and computational linguists it provides the full text in a format that researchers can process and turn into suitable lists for their own research work. Deryle Lonsdale is Associate Professor in the Linguistics and English Language Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah). Yvon Le Bras is Associate Professor of French and Department Chair of the French and Italian Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah).

Smart About Cities

Author : Netexplo (France)
Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231003763
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart About Cities by : Netexplo (France)

Download or read book Smart About Cities written by Netexplo (France) and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2020-09-23 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease

Author : R. C. A. Thompson
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease by : R. C. A. Thompson

Download or read book Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease written by R. C. A. Thompson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1995 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydatid disease (echinococcosis), caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus is a public health and economic problem of global proportions. Treatment of this zoonotic infection usually requires major surgery and the prognosis for some forms of the disease is poor. Control efforts have had little impact globally and new foci of infection and regions of endemicity have recently been recognized. However, in addition to its medical, veterinary and economic significance, Echinococcus is an intriguing biological phenomenon. This book presents a complete synthesis of all aspects of 'Echinococcus' and hydatid disease. It builds on the success of a previous volume (The Biology of Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease, Allen and Unwin, 1986), and details the major advances that have taken place since. In addition, the scope of the book has been broadened to include genetics, evolutionary biology, epidemiology and clinical features. The overriding theme of the book is that a comprehensive understanding of the biology of Echinococcus is essential for the effective treatment and control of hydatid disease. The links between laboratory knowledge and field applications are emphasized throughout the book. Consequently, research workers, teachers and students of parasitology, clinicians and field workers, will find this work an indispensable source of information, but it will also provide a model for the integration of basic and applied research in parasitology

Safer Childbirth?

Author : Marjorie Tew
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781853434266
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (342 download)

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Book Synopsis Safer Childbirth? by : Marjorie Tew

Download or read book Safer Childbirth? written by Marjorie Tew and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the text's first edition, Marjorie Tew showed through her painstaking statistical analysis of perinatal mortality rates for hospital and home, that for some women hospital birth might actually be more dangerous than home birth. These findings and further compelling evidence gathered by the House of Commons Health Committee in 1992 should have revolutionized the direction of maternity care. This third edition considers the evidence on which the recommended changes in policy were made and the implications of implementing them.

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia

Author : Anthony M. Townsend
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 039324153X
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia by : Anthony M. Townsend

Download or read book Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia written by Anthony M. Townsend and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2013-10-07 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An unflinching look at the aspiring city-builders of our smart, mobile, connected future. From Beijing to Boston, cities are deploying smart technology—sensors embedded in streets and subways, Wi-Fi broadcast airports and green spaces—to address the basic challenges faced by massive, interconnected metropolitan centers. In Smart Cities, Anthony M. Townsend documents this emerging futuristic landscape while considering the motivations, aspirations, and shortcomings of the key actors—entrepreneurs, mayors, philanthropists, and software developers—at work in shaping the new urban frontier.

Historical Dictionary of Iran

Author : John Henry Lorentz
Publisher : Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Iran by : John Henry Lorentz

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Iran written by John Henry Lorentz and published by Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. This book was released on 2007 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an overview of specific events, movements, people, political and social groups, places, trends, and chronology. Allows for considerable exploration of a number of historical and contemporary topics and issues. The modern period, defined as 1800-present, is covered extensively.

The Challenge for Africa

Author : Wangari Maathai
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0307378098
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis The Challenge for Africa by : Wangari Maathai

Download or read book The Challenge for Africa written by Wangari Maathai and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2009-04-07 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking work, the Nobel Peace Prize-winner and founder of the Green Belt Movement offers a new perspective on the troubles facing Africa today. Too often these challenges are portrayed by the media in extreme terms connoting poverty, dependence, and desperation. Wangari Maathai, the author of Unbowed, sees things differently, and here she argues for a moral revolution among Africans themselves. Illuminating the complex and dynamic nature of the continent, Maathai offers “hardheaded hope” and “realistic options” for change and improvement. She deftly describes what Africans can and need to do for themselves, stressing all the while responsibility and accountability. Impassioned and empathetic, The Challenge for Africa is a book of immense importance.

Risk

Author : Deborah Lupton
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 0415183340
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (151 download)

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Book Synopsis Risk by : Deborah Lupton

Download or read book Risk written by Deborah Lupton and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this lively and engaging introduction to one of today's major sociocultural concepts, Deborah Lupton examines why risk has come to such prominence recently.

The Truth About Burnout

Author : Christina Maslach
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470423560
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Truth About Burnout by : Christina Maslach

Download or read book The Truth About Burnout written by Christina Maslach and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-07-02 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's workforce is experiencing job burnout in epidemic proportions. Workers at all levels, both white- and blue-collar, feel stressed out, insecure, misunderstood, undervalued, and alienated at their workplace. This original and important book debunks the common myth that when workers suffer job burnout they are solely responsible for their fatigue, anger, and don't give a damn attitude. The book clearly shows where the accountability often belongs. . . .squarely on the shoulders of the organization.

Golden Holocaust

Author : Robert N. Proctor
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520950437
Total Pages : 779 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Golden Holocaust by : Robert N. Proctor

Download or read book Golden Holocaust written by Robert N. Proctor and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2012-02-28 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cigarette is the deadliest artifact in the history of human civilization. It is also one of the most beguiling, thanks to more than a century of manipulation at the hands of tobacco industry chemists. In Golden Holocaust, Robert N. Proctor draws on reams of formerly-secret industry documents to explore how the cigarette came to be the most widely-used drug on the planet, with six trillion sticks sold per year. He paints a harrowing picture of tobacco manufacturers conspiring to block the recognition of tobacco-cancer hazards, even as they ensnare legions of scientists and politicians in a web of denial. Proctor tells heretofore untold stories of fraud and subterfuge, and he makes the strongest case to date for a simple yet ambitious remedy: a ban on the manufacture and sale of cigarettes.

Intermittent Demand Forecasting

Author : John E. Boylan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119135303
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Intermittent Demand Forecasting by : John E. Boylan

Download or read book Intermittent Demand Forecasting written by John E. Boylan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTERMITTENT DEMAND FORECASTING The first text to focus on the methods and approaches of intermittent, rather than fast, demand forecasting Intermittent Demand Forecasting is for anyone who is interested in improving forecasts of intermittent demand products, and enhancing the management of inventories. Whether you are a practitioner, at the sharp end of demand planning, a software designer, a student, an academic teaching operational research or operations management courses, or a researcher in this field, we hope that the book will inspire you to rethink demand forecasting. If you do so, then you can contribute towards significant economic and environmental benefits. No prior knowledge of intermittent demand forecasting or inventory management is assumed in this book. The key formulae are accompanied by worked examples to show how they can be implemented in practice. For those wishing to understand the theory in more depth, technical notes are provided at the end of each chapter, as well as an extensive and up-to-date collection of references for further study. Software developments are reviewed, to give an appreciation of the current state of the art in commercial and open source software. “Intermittent demand forecasting may seem like a specialized area but actually is at the center of sustainability efforts to consume less and to waste less. Boylan and Syntetos have done a superb job in showing how improvements in inventory management are pivotal in achieving this. Their book covers both the theory and practice of intermittent demand forecasting and my prediction is that it will fast become the bible of the field.” —Spyros Makridakis, Professor, University of Nicosia, and Director, Institute for the Future and the Makridakis Open Forecasting Center (MOFC). “We have been able to support our clients by adopting many of the ideas discussed in this excellent book, and implementing them in our software. I am sure that these ideas will be equally helpful for other supply chain software vendors and for companies wanting to update and upgrade their capabilities in forecasting and inventory management.” —Suresh Acharya, VP, Research and Development, Blue Yonder. “As product variants proliferate and the pace of business quickens, more and more items have intermittent demand. Boylan and Syntetos have long been leaders in extending forecasting and inventory methods to accommodate this new reality. Their book gathers and clarifies decades of research in this area, and explains how practitioners can exploit this knowledge to make their operations more efficient and effective.” —Thomas R. Willemain, Professor Emeritus, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Haiti's Paper War

Author : Chelsea Stieber
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479802174
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Haiti's Paper War by : Chelsea Stieber

Download or read book Haiti's Paper War written by Chelsea Stieber and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2021 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice Magazine Turns to the written record to re-examine the building blocks of a nation Picking up where most historians conclude, Chelsea Stieber explores the critical internal challenge to Haiti’s post-independence sovereignty: a civil war between monarchy and republic. What transpired was a war of swords and of pens, waged in newspapers and periodicals, in literature, broadsheets, and fliers. In her analysis of Haitian writing that followed independence, Stieber composes a new literary history of Haiti, that challenges our interpretations of both freedom struggles and the postcolonial. By examining internal dissent during the revolution, Stieber reveals that the very concept of freedom was itself hotly contested in the public sphere, and it was this inherent tension that became the central battleground for the guerre de plume—the paper war—that vied to shape public sentiment and the very idea of Haiti. Stieber’s reading of post-independence Haitian writing reveals key insights into the nature of literature, its relation to freedom and politics, and how fraught and politically loaded the concepts of “literature” and “civilization” really are. The competing ideas of liberté, writing, and civilization at work within postcolonial Haiti have consequences for the way we think about Haiti’s role—as an idea and a discursive interlocutor—in the elaboration of black radicalism and black Atlantic, anticolonial, and decolonial thought. In so doing, Stieber reorders our previously homogeneous view of Haiti, teasing out warring conceptions of the new nation that continued to play out deep into the twentieth century.