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Bubbles Generation Under Turbulent Conditions At The Steel Making Ladle Shroud A Water Modeling And Cfd Study
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Book Synopsis Bubbles Generation Under Turbulent Conditions at the Steel Making Ladle Shroud. A Water Modeling and CFD Study by : Xinyu Ren
Download or read book Bubbles Generation Under Turbulent Conditions at the Steel Making Ladle Shroud. A Water Modeling and CFD Study written by Xinyu Ren and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The mechanism of bubble generation under turbulent conditions within a steelmaking ladle shroud was studied experimentally by water modelling, and mathematically by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The sizes of bubbles generated were quantitatively characterized through optical measurements. Based on the bubble size distributions, six potentially important experimental parameters were assessed. The optimal operating condition for the generation of small bubbles in the steelmaking ladle shroud was proposed, based on combining the experimental data and CFD results. To directly produce super clean steel, one key task for the steelmaking industry is to remove tiny inclusions less than 50[mu]m as far as possible. However, due to their low rising velocity, these tiny inclusions remain in the liquid steel entering into the casting processes. Small gas bubbles (0.25mm to 3.0mm) could enhance the removal efficiency of small inclusions from the liquid steel. Due to the high surface tension of liquid steel, and the non-wetting characteristics, traditional gas injection techniques, such as lances, porous plug, orifices can only produce gas bubbles in the range of 10-50mm diameters under conditions applying to liquid steel. Nonetheless, the technique of micro-bubble generation in the ladle shroud is now proposed. In the water modelling experiments, a new tundish model was built which provided the possibility to quantitatively characterize the sizes of bubbles generated. Six experimental factors were studied: the water speed in the ladle shroud model, the air injection rate, the slide gate opening ratio, the gas injection point distance from the slide gate, the air injection direction orientation and the orifice size. The experimental results showed that the water speed and the slide gate opening ratio determined the critical bubble size of the system. A high water speed and a low slide gate opening ratio lead to smaller critical bubble sizes. In general, the bubble size increased with any increase of the air injection rate and increase in the gas injection point distance from the slide gate. Therefore, the air injection rate must be kept low and the gas injection point should be located as close to the slide gate as possible, in order to generate very small bubbles. The direction of air injection and the orifice size did not show very strong correlations with the bubble sizes in the current experimental setups and conditions. The smallest bubbles generated from the experiments were about 0.5mm in diameter, which are predicted to be the optimum for removing mall inclusions (10-50[mu]m) from liquid steel. In the CFD simulation, the commercial code package Ansys Fluent (version 14.5.7) was used. The simulations were carried out using the high performance computer in the McGill Metals Processing Centre (MMPC) at Stinson laboratory. The simulation results, particularly the local turbulence dissipation rate values, were used to calculate the theoretical critical bubble size. The trajectories of bubbles with different sizes were studied using the so-called discrete phase modelling (DPM). The mathematical simulation results were found to match with the experimental results reasonably well.Finally, a physical model analysis was performed by combining the results from the water modelling experiments and the CFD simulations. The optimal condition to produce small bubbles by injecting gas into ladle shroud is proposed in the end of this research. " --
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 62nd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2023 by : Metallurgy & Materials Soc. of CIM
Download or read book Proceedings of the 62nd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2023 written by Metallurgy & Materials Soc. of CIM and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 1033 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These Proceedings represent the metallurgical engineering and materials science research presented at the 62nd Annual Conference of Metallurgists (COM 2023), held in Toronto, Canada, from 21 to 24 August 2023. The Annual Conference of Metallurgists is organized by the Metallurgy & Materials Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (MetSoc of CIM). The collection themed ‘Climate Change and Sustainability’ presents findings on a wide range of topics, including: Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Sustainability: Integration for Better Outcomes Light Metals for Transportation and Next Generation Vehicles Derek Kerfoot Memorial Pressure Hydrometallurgy Symposium Laplante-Laskowski Symposium on Mineral Processing Fundamentals Wasmund Memorial Symposium of Sustainability in Pyrometallurgy
Book Synopsis Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbles in Turbulent Flows with Heat Transfer by : Claudio Santarelli
Download or read book Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbles in Turbulent Flows with Heat Transfer written by Claudio Santarelli and published by Tudpress Verlag Der Wissenschaften Gmbh. This book was released on 2015-08-12 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bubbly flows are essential in many industrial and environmental applications and several methodologies have been employed to investigate the complex phenomena involved. In the present book Direct Numerical Simulations of bubble swarms in channel flow configuration are reported and several cases are presented. The focus is on the mutual interaction between fluid turbulence and bubble dynamics and the impact on the heat transfer in the two-phase mixture. This analysis concerns flow visualizations and quantitative statistical data regarding the fluid as well as the bubbles which can now be used as reference data for model developing and validation.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721080311 Total Pages :158 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (83 download)
Book Synopsis Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work reports a study of bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations. Experiments were performed aboard the DC-9 Reduced Gravity Aircraft at NASA Glenn Research Center, using an air-water system. Three different flow tube diameters were used: 1.27, 1.9, and 2.54 cm. Two different ratios of air injection nozzle to tube diameters were considered: 0.1 and 0.2. Gas and liquid volumetric flow rates were varied from 10 to 200 ml/s. It was experimentally observed that with increasing superficial liquid velocity, the bubbles generated decreased in size. The bubble diameter was shown to increase with increasing air injection nozzle diameters. As the tube diameter was increased, the size of the detached bubbles increased. Likewise, as the superficial liquid velocity was increased, the frequency of bubble formation increased and thus the time to detach forming bubbles decreased. Independent of the flow configuration (for either single nozzle or multiple nozzle gas injection), void fraction and hence flow regime transition can be controlled in a somewhat precise manner by solely varying the gas and liquid volumetric flow rates. On the other hand, it is observed that uniformity of bubble size can be controlled more accurately by using single nozzle gas injection than by using multiple port injection, since this latter system gives rise to unpredictable coalescence of adjacent bubbles. A theoretical model, based on an overall force balance, is employed to study single bubble generation in the dynamic and bubbly flow regime. Under conditions of reduced gravity, the gas momentum flux enhances bubble detachment; however, the surface tension forces at the nozzle tip inhibits bubble detachment. Liquid drag and inertia can act either as attaching or detaching force, depending on the relative velocity of the bubble with respect to the surrounding liquid. Predictions of the theoretical model compare well with performed expe
Book Synopsis Modelling of the Liquid Slag Behaviour in the Continuous Casting Mould by : Zacharias Kountouriotis
Download or read book Modelling of the Liquid Slag Behaviour in the Continuous Casting Mould written by Zacharias Kountouriotis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents a fluid dynamics model of a continuous caster mould region, including the transient behaviour of the steel/slag interface. The research was carried out in collaboration with ArcelorMittal Research (AMR), based in Maizieres-les-Metz in France. The industrial objective of the thesis was to understand the factors affecting the transient behaviour of the liquid slag layer covering the steel and its interaction with the Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN) jet supplying the steel from the tundish to the Continuous Casting (CC) mould. The study includes the very complex phenomenon of argon bubble transport which also affects the behaviour of the slag layer and SEN jet. The model developed in this study is based on the finite volume method with the liquid regions (steel, slag) solved in an Eulerian scheme on a fixed unstructured mesh. The interface behaviour is modelled using a number of VOF type schemes, including the time-efficient Counter Diffusion Method (CDM). A coupled Lagrangian particle tracking scheme is used to represent the presence of argon bubbles and their influence on the flowfield (mainly due to buoyancy) in conjunction with the fluctuating surface dynamics. The bulk of the research concerns comparisons against flowfield and interface data obtained from an experimental water/oil study of the process. However, the model is extended to include predictions of heat transfer and phase change in the steel and flux powder regions in an industrial CC unit and validation against available data. The three-phase model is developed making use of the unstructured mesh multi-physics finite volume code PHYSICA [1]. As stated, the main goal of this particular work has to do with the study of the dynamic behaviour of the steel/slag interface, including the effects of casting speed and injected gas. Because of the great difficulty in physical experiments with a real caster, the research is supported with water model experiments and mathematical simulation. Comparisons of observed interface profiles, measured and predicted mean and fluctuating velocities, gave an insight to the degree of coupling between interface behaviour and the fluid dynamics within the mould region. In particular, a spectral analysis of the dominant fluctuation frequencies in the water/oil experiment suggests a strong link between the upper and lower recirculation loops generated by the SEN jet as it splits after contact with the narrow face for the mould. The presence of gas bubbles alters the spectral picture, since the buoyancy induced in the flow affects the behaviour of the jet, leading to the one/two loop behaviour known from experiments. Good qualitative and quantitative agreement was achieved between the numerical results and water-model experimental data. The main observations drawn from the water model simulation and experiment are as follows: - An increase in casting speed, which is equivalent to an increase in SEN velocity leads to an increase in the amplitude of interfacial fluctuations. - At the highest SEN velocities, the oil layer is pushed away from the narrow ends of the mould, exposing the water surface to air. - When there is no oil on top of the water surface, the surface remains for all practical purpose flat. - Air entering through the SEN influences the flowfield in the mould and also disturbs the oil/water interface when it passes through it. - The ratio of water to air flow rate seems to be the most important parameter, with high air/water flow ratios leading to a change in flowfield at the top of the mould as the gas buoyancy lifts the SEN jet towards the surface. To achieve a good correlation between the experiments and the simulations a number of factors in the numerics were found to be important. These are: - The quality of the mesh used, especially in the complex transition from the SEN geometry - essentially a cylinder with two outlets set at a specific angle of 20o to the vertical, to the thin rectangular geometry of the mould which is designed to cast flat products. - The turbulence model, which was initially found to suppress interface oscillations whenever an oil layer was introduced. Various approaches were followed to overcome this problem, (a)removing the turbulence model from the oil layer, (b) using a low frequency filter to remove resolved turbulence kinetic energy from the k-[epsilon] model, (c)opting for the high order SMART numerical scheme in preference to the default Hybrid. - The interface tracking algorithm used as a default in the code PHYSICA is essentially a VOF technique with options for a Van-Leer (TVD) scheme [2] or alternative the popular Donor Acceptor scheme [3,4], both options work well but they are explicit and therefore extremely expensive computationally. Due to the size of the mesh and the CFL limit for stability, timesteps as small as 10-3s become necessary, meaning a 600s simulation could take up to 8 weeks! To overcome this, the implicit CDM scheme [5] was used, which allows the interface to spread by diffusion but then pushed back against the gradient to re-sharpen at the end of each timestep. With this scheme, timesteps up to 2 orders of magnitude larger become possible, the limit then governed by the frequency range to be resolved. A non-standard approach to the Lagrangian particle tracking scheme was adopted in the simulation with the following characteristics: - The amount of gas entering was divided into packets of equal bubble diameter and then each packet was further divided into individual tracks. The transport of 1000 and more particles tracks was used to ensure a realistic dispersion. - Tracks were updated at regular time intervals (but not necessarily at each Eulerian timestep) and then followed until they exited the calculation domain. - The residence time of particles in each cell provided information for the gas content of the cell and therefore its density. With this approach, the Navier-Stokes equations then solve for mixture (gas and liquid) and lighter cells are influenced by buoyancy. - The bubble tracks are affected by the mean velocity of the surrounding fluid and also by a stochastic component derived from the turbulence model. However, there is no direct feedback to fluid turbulence from the bubbles. To extend simulations to a real caster, heat transfer and phase change were introduced in the model, in addition to the property changes (water to steel, oil to slag, air to argon). Of importance here was the development of a solidified skin of steel on the water-cooled mould walls and also the melting of flux powder into a liquid layer on the top surface. This last component of the research was introduced to enable comparisons against plant data obtained by AMR. Of particular interest in this study was the transition from a double to a single roll recirculation in the top section of the mould, as a function of the relative quality of argon entering the SEN. The model was able to reproduce this behaviour for the cases studied. Although much has been done in developing this model of the continuous casting process it is evident that much more research is needed, especially in the case of a real caster. For example, the thermophysical property variations in the slag due to temperature, composition and mass transfer were ignored. A very simple approach was used for the phase change in steel and flux powder, although since the PHYSICA framework is modular, more sophisticated alternatives can be easily introduced. The boundary conditions for heat transfer remain uncertain and the values used in this study were obtained from the industrial partner from earlier experiments. In spite the aforementioned limitations, the model is very useful, especially in understanding the dynamic interactions between the SEN jets, and the slag/steel interface and in this respect in advance of other models used by industry.
Book Synopsis A Study of Flow Pattern in a Water Model of a Steel Casting Tundish Including the Effects of Gas Bubbling by : Nizar Achmad
Download or read book A Study of Flow Pattern in a Water Model of a Steel Casting Tundish Including the Effects of Gas Bubbling written by Nizar Achmad and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tundish Technology for Clean Steel Production by : Yogeshwar Sahai (Ph. D.)
Download or read book Tundish Technology for Clean Steel Production written by Yogeshwar Sahai (Ph. D.) and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continuous casting of steel has become a widely used process and an important step in steel production. The worldwide share of continuously cast steel has increased significantly in the last 25 years or so. However, concurrent with this increase in production levels are stringent quality requirements that have become crucial in the face of progressively increasing machine throughputs and larger product dimensions. As a result, steel cleanliness and strict composition control are now the primary concern of steelmakers.The tundish is the last metallurgical vessel through which molten metal flows before solidifying in the continuous casting mold. During the transfer of metal through the tundish, molten steel interacts with refractories, slag, and the atmosphere. Thus, the proper design and operation of a tundish are important for delivering steel of strict composition and quality. This pioneering book is the first of its kind to cover all aspects of tundish technology, ranging from fundamental aspects and theory necessary for understanding the basic concepts of tundish operations to operational aspects of the tundish. Written by internationally recognized experts in continuous casting technology in general and tundish technology in particular, this book is sufficiently fundamental to serve as a graduate-level textbook on process metallurgy or as an important reference for metallurgical researchers; at the same time, it is comprehensive enough to contribute to the understanding of scientists and engineers engaged in research and development in the steel industry.
Book Synopsis Ironmaking and Steelmaking by : Zushu Li
Download or read book Ironmaking and Steelmaking written by Zushu Li and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.
Book Synopsis Secondary Steelmaking by : Ahindra Ghosh
Download or read book Secondary Steelmaking written by Ahindra Ghosh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-12-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The steelmaking industry and its customers have benefited enormously from the many significant technological advances of the last thirty years. As their customers become ever more quality conscious, however, steelmakers must continue their efforts to minimize harmful impurities, minimize as well as modify harmful nonmetallic inclusions and achieve
Book Synopsis Modeling of Steelmaking Processes by : Dipak Mazumdar
Download or read book Modeling of Steelmaking Processes written by Dipak Mazumdar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-08-11 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the prediction of complex weather patterns to the design of swimsuits, modeling has, over the years, quietly but steadily become an essential part of almost every field and industry-and steelmaking is no exception. Factors such as visual opacity, high operating temperature, and the relatively large size of industrial reactors often preclude di
Download or read book Tundish Metallurgy written by Alex McLean and published by Iron & Steel Society. This book was released on 1990 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Facing the Heat Barrier by : T. A. Heppenheimer
Download or read book Facing the Heat Barrier written by T. A. Heppenheimer and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2009-08 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypersonics is the study of flight at speeds where aerodynamic heating dominates the physics of the problem. It is an engineering science with close links to supersonics and engine design. Within this field, many of the most important results have been experimental. The principal facilities have been wind tunnels and related devices, which have produced flows with speeds up to orbital velocity. Why is this important? Hypersonics has had two major applications. The first has been to provide thermal protection during atmospheric reentry. Success in this enterprise has supported ballistic-missile nose cones, has returned strategic reconnaissance photos from orbit and astronauts from the Moon, and has even dropped an instrument package into the atmosphere of Jupiter. The second application has involved high-speed propulsion and has sought to develop the scramjet as an advanced airbreathing ramjet. Atmospheric entry today is fully mature as an engineering discipline, but work with its applications continues to reach for new achievements. Studies of scramjets still seek full success, in which such engines can accelerate a vehicle without the use of rockets. Hence, there is much to do in this area as well.
Book Synopsis Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction by : Ivanka Netinger Grubeša
Download or read book Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction written by Ivanka Netinger Grubeša and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction focuses predominantly on the utilization of ferrous slag (blast furnace and steel slag) in building construction. This extensive literature review discusses the worldwide utilization of ferrous slag and applications in all sectors of civil engineering, including structural engineering, road construction, and hydro-technical structures. It presents cutting-edge research on the characteristics and properties of ferrous slag, and its overall impact on the environment. Comprehensively reviews the literature on the use of blast furnace and steel slag in civil engineering Examines the environmental impact of slag production and its effect on human health Presents cutting-edge research from worldwide studies on the use of blast furnace and steel slag
Book Synopsis Light Metals 2017 by : Arne P. Ratvik
Download or read book Light Metals 2017 written by Arne P. Ratvik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-10 with total page 1385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Light Metals symposia at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition present the most recent developments, discoveries, and practices in primary aluminum science and technology. The annual Light Metals volume has become the definitive reference in the field of aluminum production and related light metal technologies. The 2017 collection includes papers from the following symposia:Alumina and BauxiteAluminum Alloys, Processing, and CharacterizationAluminum Reduction TechnologyCast Shop TechnologyCast Shop Technology: Recycling and Sustainability Joint SessionElectrode TechnologyThe Science of Melt Refining: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Christian Simensen and Thorvald Abel Engh
Book Synopsis 10th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing by : Tao Jiang
Download or read book 10th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing written by Tao Jiang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, global metallurgical industries have experienced fast and prosperous growth. High-temperature metallurgical technology is the backbone to support the technical, environmental, and economical needs for this growth. This collection features contributions covering the advancements and developments of new high-temperature metallurgical technologies and their applications to the areas of processing of minerals; extraction of metals; preparation of refractory and ceramic materials; sintering and synthesis of fine particles; treatment and recycling of slag and wastes; and saving of energy and protection of environment. The volume will have a broad impact on the academics and professionals serving the metallurgical industries around the world.
Book Synopsis Physico-chemical Elementary Processes in Flotation by : Hans Joachim Schulze
Download or read book Physico-chemical Elementary Processes in Flotation written by Hans Joachim Schulze and published by Elsevier Publishing Company. This book was released on 1984 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The characteristic feature of the flotation process is the interaction of gas bubbles with solid particles in a dispersion medium. This monograph reviews the state of the art from the point of view of colloid science, i.e. the heteroparticle interaction. A number of process engineering aspects and physically-based approaches to modelling the flotation process are also taken into account. Special emphasis is on: hydrodynamic interaction of bubble-particle flow; properties, stability and significance of thin liquid films formed as bubbles and particles collide; kinetics of three-phase contact mobility; balance of forces between adhering particles and gas bubbles under static and nonstatic conditions (stability of bubble-particle aggregates).Trends for new applications are discussed and concise descriptions given of new laboratory methods of use to workers in colloids and interfaces. All essential topics are described and derived mathematically in order to enable the reader to calculate the numerical values of interest to him.
Book Synopsis Vehicular Engine Design by : Kevin Hoag
Download or read book Vehicular Engine Design written by Kevin Hoag and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-05 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanical engineering curriculum in most universities includes at least one elective course on the subject of reciprocating piston engines. The majority of these courses today emphasize the application of thermodynamics to engine ef?ciency, performance, combustion, and emissions. There are several very good textbooks that support education in these aspects of engine development. However, in most companies engaged in engine development there are far more engineers working in the areas of design and mechanical development. University studies should include opportunities that prepare engineers desiring to work in these aspects of engine development as well. My colleagues and I have undertaken the development of a series of graduate courses in engine design and mechanical development. In doing so it becomes quickly apparent that no suitable te- book exists in support of such courses. This book was written in the hopes of beginning to address the need for an engineering-based introductory text in engine design and mechanical development. It is of necessity an overview. Its focus is limited to reciprocating-piston internal-combustion engines – both diesel and spa- ignition engines. Emphasis is speci?cally on automobile engines, although much of the discussion applies to larger and smaller engines as well. A further intent of this book is to provide a concise reference volume on engine design and mechanical development processes for engineers serving the engine industry. It is intended to provide basic information and most of the chapters include recent references to guide more in-depth study.
