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Author : Howard Newlon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (143 download)
Download or read book Bridge Deck Performance in Virginia written by Howard Newlon and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Soundar S.G. Balakumaran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)
Download or read book Performance of Bridge Deck Overlays in Virginia: Phase II: Service Life Performance written by Soundar S.G. Balakumaran and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overlaying bridge decks has remained one of the best rehabilitation methods to extend their service life, and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has been a leader in the use of bridge deck overlays. Although VDOT has extensive experience in overlays, the long-term performance of overlays has not been entirely understood. One of the biggest challenges for studying the performance of overlays is that only minimal information is available in bridge inventory and inspection records. This limits any scientific assessment of this system. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a strong framework for the understanding of the long-term performance of overlays and the factors affecting them. This Phase II report reports on an extensive data collection process that led to the development of a robust database of 133 overlaid bridge decks after verification of historical inspection reports, verification of as-built plans and communication with VDOT district bridge engineers. This helped in developing a model for understanding the amount of time it takes for bridge decks to require the first major rehabilitation and the major factors influencing the durability. A database of information about overlays that were replaced at the end of their functional service life was compiled. This helped develop a multiple regression model for understanding the factors that affected the durability of overlays. Survival analyses were conducted to estimate the service life of overlays and corresponding risk. As a preventive method, epoxy concrete (EC) overlays were predicted to serve an average of 20.9 years, with 18 to 22 years at a 95 percent confidence level. As a rehabilitative method, rigid concrete overlays were predicted to serve an average of 25.9 years, with 21 to 32 years at a 95 percent confidence level. The recent trend of preferred overlay types has been identified as EC and very-early- strength latex-modified concrete (VELMC) overlays. EC overlays have proven to be one of the better performing overlays through extensive VDOT experience. VELMC overlays are an improvement upon latex-modified concrete overlays by vastly reducing the time of construction and thus become more suitable for decreased construction time, reduced traffic disruption, and lessened worker exposure to the field environment. An important discovery was the identification of the influence of the degree of deck damage prior to overlaying on the service life of overlays. Preventive EC overlays should be used in a preventive sense, as the name suggests. If preventive EC overlays are installed on bridge decks with spalls, patches, or delaminations, irrespective of the amount of damage, an increased rate of deterioration in the overlays is likely to follow. The future performance of rehabilitative overlays such as latex-modified concrete, silica fume, and VELMC overlays will not be influenced by the presence of bridge deck damage prior to overlaying. This might be because of the removal of deteriorated concrete before these rigid overlays are constructed. This emphasizes the importance of proper removal of poor quality concrete from bridge decks before overlaying during rehabilitation.
Author : Soundar S. G. Balakumaran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)
Download or read book Performance of Bridge Deck Overlays in Virginia: Phase I: State of Overlays written by Soundar S. G. Balakumaran and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the existing transportation infrastructure is a major concern of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The increased user travel costs, safety concerns, and financial burdens involved in replacing deteriorating decks are reasons for finding appropriate rehabilitation actions that can safely extend the service life of structures. Virginia has been a leader in employing overlays as a rehabilitation method for bridge decks. VDOT's Manual of the Structure and Bridge Division contains guidance for the decision-making process related to maintenance and repair of structures. Yet there is a need to update the guidelines based on contemporary experience and the knowledge gained through technological advances. This report presents and discusses the preliminary findings of Phase I of a multi-phase study to determine the performance of bridge deck overlays in Virginia. Phase I focused on obtaining information regarding the experiences of VDOT's nine districts with regard to their use of different kinds of overlays and the factors that influence which overlays are used. In addition, VDOT's bridge inventory was analyzed to gain an understanding of the types of overlay systems used in Virginia. The overlay types identified to be the most commonly used by the nine VDOT districts were latex-modified concrete, epoxy concrete, silica fume concrete, very-early-strength latex-modified concrete, and hot-mix asphalt concrete with a water-resistant membrane. From interviews, wide ranges in service life, even for the same overlay type, were found in every VDOT district. The performance of overlays, irrespective of the type, was highly dependent on the construction workmanship and the attention paid to the crucial details. Another commonly observed influential factor was the degree of deck damage (i.e., deterioration) that existed when the overlay was installed; the higher the pre-overlay deck damage, the worse the performance of the overlay. The study recommends that a Phase II study be conducted that will involve an investigation of the overlays for bridges in VDOT's bridge inventory, including a review of inspection reports and a field survey of a selected number of bridge decks. The study further recommends that factors identified in the Phase I study, such as age of overlays, traffic volume, and salt usage, be taken into account when the bridges are selected. The results will support appropriate modifications to the bridge maintenance guidelines as they pertain to deck overlays in VDOT's Manual of the Structure and Bridge Division.
Author : Howard Newlon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (359 download)
Download or read book Relationship Between Properties of Hardened Concrete and Bridge Deck Performance in Virginia written by Howard Newlon and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among Virginia's research efforts during the 1960's was the study of concrete placed in 17 randomly selected bridge decks during and subsequent to their construction in 1963, with the purpose of relating the properties of the concrete as placed to its subsequent performance. The project reported here examined these.decks and concrete samples removed from them after 14 years of service, again to relate performance to properties and, based upon this relationship, to suggest initial levels of concrete properties required for good performance, particularly where concrete as placed does not comply with specific requirements. Despite the relatively small number of decks and samples, as viewed in comparison to the variables involved, significant relationships among concrete properties and performance are evident from the data, in that resistance to scaling and chloride penetration has been maintained for 14 years by concrete that met the requirements established by American Concrete Institute Committee 201 on Durability. The importance of long established principles for producing durable concrete i.e., low water-cement ratio, consolidation, curing, and cover depths thus have been reconfirmed. A procedure for evaluating the potential durability of concrete using petrographic examinations combined with estimates of service and environmental conditions was developed, and the preliminary application of this procedure to the decks included in this study were encouraging.
Author : H. G. Russell
Publisher : Transportation Research Board
ISBN 13 : 0309070112
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Concrete Bridge Deck Performance written by H. G. Russell and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2004 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At head of title: National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
Author : Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (244 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Performance of Bridge Decks in Virginia written by Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed examination was made of 34 bridge decks, 11 to 30 years old, containing uncoated reinforcing steel. These bridges are located throughout Virginia. Cores were taken from each to evaluate the quality of the concrete with the objective of determining the relationship of concrete properties with the long-term performance of such bridge decks. It was shown that the greatest deterioration in these decks results from the ingress of chloride ions into the concrete, thus confirming the need for concretes with low permeabilities to be used in bridge decks. Low permeability is especially important where uncoated reinforcing steel is present. Some of the bridges examined in this study were constructed prior to 1966 when changes were made in the Virginia Department of Transportation's specifications. However, other than entrained air content, there is a relatively narrow range of measured quality parameters for these concretes, and most are considered to be of acceptable quality. Accordingly, specific numerical relationships between the concrete properties studied and the environmental and traffic conditions or the deterioration of the bridge decks were not established.
Author : W. Pyc
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (439 download)
Download or read book Field Performance of Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks written by W. Pyc and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Samuel S. Tyson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (782 download)
Download or read book Two-course Bonded Concrete Bridge Deck Construction written by Samuel S. Tyson and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the findings from a six-year study of two-course bonded concrete bridge decks constructed in Virginia. Each of three special portland cement concretes was applied as an overlay, or wearing course, on two experimental spans. The overlays were a latex-modified, a low-water/cement and a wire-fiber concrete. Two spans constructed by a conventional single-lift technique on nearby structures with ordinary concrete served as controls for the study. The report summarizes the evaluation of the construction, concrete properties, condition, and performance of the eight study spans through 1980. The condition and performance of the study spans warrant the use of two-course bonded bridge deck construction in four primary applications cited in the recommendations of the report. The latex-modified and low-w/c concretes exhibited improved resistance to chloride ion penetration as compared to ordinary concrete, but the wire-fiber concrete did not. Suggestions are made concerning a quality assurance program for the latex-modified concrete and a program for monitoring such installations to determine the particular conditions that may predispose them to cracking.
Author : Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (625 download)
Download or read book First Bridge Structure with Lightweight High-performance Concrete Beams and Deck in Virginia written by Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study involved the construction and early performance of the first bridge in Virginia constructed with lightweight high-performance concrete (LWHPC) having a density of 120 lb/ft3 in the beams and deck. The design strength and permeability were 8,000 psi and 1500 coulombs, respectively, for the beams and 4,000 psi and 2500 coulombs, respectively for the deck. The concretes were tested for slump, density, air content, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, elastic modulus, freeze-thaw durability, and shrinkage. The effectiveness of using fibers to control cracking over one of the two piers in the continuous deck was also investigated. The results indicate that LWHPC can be produced such that the material is workable, strong, volumetrically stable, and resistant to cycles of freezing and thawing, thus leading to a long service life with minimal maintenance. After 4 years of exposure, there was limited cracking in areas both with and without fibers. LWHPC is recommended for use in beams and decks for reduced weight. The volumetric method for measuring air content is time-consuming and can cause adverse delays when a continuous deck is placed. Density measurements to control the air content of the LWHPC are recommended after a relationship is established. The enhanced durability of LWHPC is expected to lead to extended service life with minimal maintenance costs. The lower initial cost due to the lighter weight concrete elements and the increase in the service life of the bridge because of the enhanced durability should result in significant savings.
Author : Thomas E. Cousins
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (547 download)
Download or read book Plate and Tube Bridge Deck Evaluation in the Deck Test Bed of the Troutville, Virginia, Weigh Station written by Thomas E. Cousins and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report addresses the laboratory and field performance of multi-cellular fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bridge deck systems. We focus specifically on FRP decks produced from adhesively bonded pultrusions where the core of the deck possesses a square geometry running transversely to traffic. In laboratory tests, two schemes of loading patches were designed: a steel patch dimensioned according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Bridge Design Specifications, and a simulated tire patch constructed from an actual truck tire reinforced with silicon rubber. The stiffness, strength, and failure characteristics of the cellular FRP decks were examined using both loading patches. Our research shows that the effects of the stiffness and contact conditions of loading patches are significant. The simulated tire loading develops greater deflections given the same static load. The failure mode is localized and dominated by transverse bending failure of the composites under the simulated tire loading as compared to punching shear for the AASHTO recommended patch load. A field testing facility was designed and constructed in which FRP decks were installed, tested, and monitored to study the decks' in-service field performance. No significant loss of deck capacity was observed after field service. However, the long-term field monitoring and testing results showed that the unsupported edges (or free edges) are undesirable
Author : Howard Newlon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (79 download)
Download or read book A Survey to Determine the Impact of Changes in Specifications and Construction Practices on the Performance of Concrete in Bridge Decks written by Howard Newlon and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to its own research and observations in the early 1960's the Virginia Department of Highways mounted an intensive and extensive effort to improve the performance of concrete in bridge decks. Major elements of this effort included (1) a training and certification program for Department and industry personnel and (2) improved and upgraded specifications for both materials and construction practices. In 1972 a survey was made of 129 randomly selected bridges constructed after 1966, when all the improvements had been formally instituted The performance of these bridges was compared with that of a similar sample that had been surveyed in 1961. In addition to the visual observation of performance measurements of electrical corrosion potentials and depth of concrete cover, were made in the 1972 survey. Based upon this survey the following conclusions and recommendations were drawn: (1) The frequency of early bridge deck scaling has been dramatically reduced by the upgrading of specification requirements and construction practices. Several specific changes such as increased air contents, use of linseed oil treatments as well as increased awareness of the problem all contribute to this improvement. Because concrete susceptible to scaling usually exhibits the defect at an early age this is an encouraging result The elimination of scaling was a major target of the specification upgrading effort. The success of this effort is evident. (2) Transverse and random cracking are indicated to be more frequent than before the upgrading. The reason for the increase in transverse cracking is not apparent and there is other evidence that the indicated increase in random cracking is related to closer observation and differences in classifications rather than to real causes. The severity of cracking does not seem serious enough to warrant attention. Real differences if any will become more apparent with time. (3) The frequency of all other defects is very low. Based upon previous studies this will undoubtedly increase with age, traffic, etc., but experience suggests that serious problems are indicated at comparatively early ages. (4) The measured average cover over reinforcement is fortunately significantly greater than that specified. For the two levels of cover specified, 8 and 16 percent of the measurements are less than required. This is believed to reflect an acceptable level of control. (5) Ninety-five percent of the spans have average corrosion potentials below 0.20 volt which indicates no active corrosion. On one percent of the spans the average values are above 0.40 volt which suggests the presence of active corrosion. The potential for corrosion will increase with age and exposure to deicing chemicals.
Download or read book Performance Evaluation of FRP Bridge Deck Under Shear Loads written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Samuel S. Tyson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (359 download)
Download or read book Two-course Bonded Concrete Bridge Deck Construction written by Samuel S. Tyson and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A two-course bonded technique that has evolved from the continuing national and local interest in bridge deck durability was used in June 1974 to construct six bridge decks in Virginia. During the construction, which was the first phase of a five-year study on the construction, condition and performance of two-course decks, detailed observations were made of the activities used to construct the six two-course decks and two conventional single-lift decks, and data concerning the several concretes utilized in the construction of the decks were recorded. Based on comparisons of two-course and single-lift construction techniques the following conclusions are made. An overlay should be placed not sooner than two days after a base layer is placed. Light sandblasting of the base layer removes laitance that might adversely affect the bond between the base layer and overlay. A bonding layer of cement slurry should be broomed onto the base layer not further than 10 feet (3 meters) nor longer than 15 minutes ahead of the overlay placements. The same depth of clear concrete cover above the top reinforcing steel resulted from the two-course construction as from the single-lift technique. Using conventional equipment selected by the contractor, the construction activities proceeded in an orderly and satisfactory manner and coefficients of variation for the time intervals required to install the base layers and the overlays are comparable to values representing excellent control for single-lift construction. Although a 7-yd 3 (5.4 m3) truckload of concrete was screeded over 3 1/2 times as much surface area for an overlay as for a conventional single-lift deck, the average duration per truckload between the initial depositing and the completion of the screeding activity on the wearing surface was approximately the same in both the two-course and single-lift techniques. Not including texturing and curing activities, the average man-hours required to install concrete in the separate layers of the two-course decks was 33% greater than for conventional single-lift decks, but in terms of project days required for construction the two-course and single-lift techniques are equivalent. The total additional cost of the two-course technique is approximately 5% of the cost of the bridge superstructure. Three overlay concretes were selected for use as wearing courses on the two-course concrete decks on the basis of their protective qualities. A broad range of handling characteristics is represented by these concretes, which included a latex modified concrete, a high quality PCC, and a wire fiber reinforced concrete. The differences in these wearing course concretes did not significantly affect the placement activities, other than the batching, during their respective installations. In general the decks constructed by the two-course technique are equivalent to those resulting from conventional single-lift construction, however these successfully installed special wearing course concretes offer improved potential for deck performance.
Author : Lola E. Hislop
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Field Performance of Timber Bridges written by Lola E. Hislop and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (424 download)
Download or read book High Performance Concrete in a Bridge in Richlands, Virginia written by Hamdi Celik Ozyildirim and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Virginia Department of Transportation built a high-performance concrete (HPC) bridge in Richlands. The beams had a minimum compressive strength of 69 MPa (10,000 psi) at 28 days and large strands, 15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter, placed 51 mm (2 in) apart. The deck concrete was designed to have a minimum compressive strength of 41 MPa (6,000 psi) and low permeability. This report describes the development of the HPC mixes, the material and structural testing, the construction of the bridge, and the condition assessment of the bridge after two winters. Structural testing was conducted on two full-scale 9.5-m (31-ft) AASHTO Type II beams with the large-diameter strands and composite slabs. Pullout tests were conducted on the same strands as used in the beams. Tests were also conducted to determine if there were any residual phosphates on the strands since the presence of phosphates has been suspected to affect the bond between the strand and the hardened concrete. The test program, field application, and in-service performance of the bridge indicated that HPC with high strength and low permeability can be produced using locally available material. The use of the large-diameter strands at a 51-mm (2 in) spacing also proved successful.
Author : Alfred G. Bishara
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (359 download)
Download or read book Latex Modified Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays-field Performance Analysis: Main report written by Alfred G. Bishara and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Marvin Henry Hilton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (359 download)
Download or read book Installation and Performance Evaluation of the Wabocrete FMV Joint System for Bridge Decks written by Marvin Henry Hilton and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Wabocrete FMV bridge deck expansion joint system was installed on the Alternate Rte. 58 bridge over the Clinch River in November 1986. The bridge was placed in service in mid-1987. The report concerns an installation and performance evaluation of the joint system. It was found that the Wabocrete FMV joint system offers some installation advantages over preformed joint systems. The blockout area of the bridge deck does not have to be as smooth or as precisely dimensioned since the joint's anchorage system can be leveled prior to placement of the bonding material. Installation and future maintenance problems involving anchor bolts are eliminated since the system relies on bond rather than mechanical anchorages. After over two years of service, the Vabocrete system has performed well. During this period, the joint has accommodated all thermal and structural movements, withstood traffic impacts and remained leak proof. The joint does tend to accumulate debris and should be routinely cleaned. The performance of the joint during the period of the study has not given any reason to suggest that it not be used on new bridge decks similar to the one studied. A longer term evaluation, however, would be necessary for a fullrecommendation. The use of the Wabocrete FMV, and similar systems, as retrofit on older bridges should be approached with caution. Furthermore, these systems shouldprobably not be used in retrofit situations in conjunction with adjacent asphaltic overlays.
