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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book Electrostatically Tuned Self-assembly of Branched Amphiphilic Peptides written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sushanth Gudlur
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (779 download)
Download or read book Peptide Nanovesicles written by Sushanth Gudlur and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peptide-based delivery systems show great potential as safer drug delivery vehicles. They overcome problems associated with lipid-based or viral delivery systems, vis-a-vis stability, specificity, inflammation, antigenicity, and tune-ability. We have designed and synthesized a set of 15 and 23-residue branched, amphiphilic peptides that mimic phosphoglycerides in molecular architecture. They undergo supramolecular self-assembly and form solvent-filled, bilayer delineated spheres with 50-150 nm diameters (confirmed by TEM and DLS). Whereas weak hydrophobic forces drive and sustain lipid bilayer assemblies, these structures are further stabilized by [beta]-sheet hydrogen bonding and are stable at very low concentrations and even in the presence of SDS, urea and trypsin as confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Given sufficient time, they fuse together to form larger assemblies and trap compounds of different sizes within the enclosed space. They are prepared using a protocol that is similar to preparing lipid vesicles. We have shown that different concentrations of the fluorescent dye, 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein can be encapsulated in these assemblies and delivered into human lens epithelial cells and MCF-7 cells grown on coverslips. Besides fluorescent dyes, we have delivered the plasmid (EGFP-N3, 4.7kb) into N/N 1003A lens epithelial cells and observed expression of EGFP (in the presence and absence of a selection media). In the case of large molecules like DNA, these assemblies act as nanoparticles and offer some protection to DNA against certain nucleases. Linear peptides that lacked a branching point and other branched peptides with their sequences randomized did not show any of the lipid-like properties exhibited by the branched peptides. The peptides can be chemically decorated with target specific sequences for use as DDS for targeted delivery.
Author : Kayla E. Nutsch
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Oral and Transdermal Delivery of Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules in Vivo written by Kayla E. Nutsch and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocarriers have become a popular platform for delivering nucleic acid for therapeutic and pest control methods. The peptide-based nanocarriers, branched amphiphilic peptide capsules (BAPCs), have shown the ability to deliver plasmid DNA in vitro and in vivo. The mode of administration for nucleic acid, affects the efficiency of delivery and is dependent on the target tissue and environment advantages. Delivering dsRNA orally in insects can provide pest control in the field with minimal to no effect on surrounding species. However, this delivery method has proven to be highly variable. BAPCs facilitate the uptake of dsRNA in Tribolium castaneum when administered orally through their diet. The gene transcripts tested, BiP and Armet, are involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and successful knockdown results in lethality. Complexes of dsRNA-BAPCs were shown to cross the gut epithelium and enter the hemolymph, and further visualized in the midgut epithelial cells, fat bodies, and Malpighian tubules. Transdermal delivery of nucleic acids and compounds is challenging due to the layers of protective barriers of the skin. Magnetic nanobeads surrounded by a bilayer of branched amphiphilic peptides (BAP-MNBs) were tested for transdermal delivery in mice tails with various skin contact times (1 min, 5 min, 15 min, and 30 min) and post exposure incubation times (1 h, 8 h, and 24 h). BAP-MNBs were extracted from tissues using magnetic separation to look at biodistribution as a pilot study. BAP-MNBs suggest a preference for entering through the follicular pathway and accumulate in the spleen, indicating potential for transdermal delivery of DNA vaccines.
Author : Pavithra Natarajan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)
Download or read book The Development and Study of Self-assembling Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Bilayer Coated Iron Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles written by Pavithra Natarajan and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The self-assembling branched amphiphilic peptides interdigitate to form water-filled bilayer delimited vesicles called BAPCs. The peptide bilayer is highly stable due to the inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and the hydrophobic interactions, between peptides of the same and opposite leaflets. We substituted the water-filled core of BAPCs with electron dense iron oxide (BAPc-MNBs) and gold nanoparticles (BAP-AuNPs) by coupling the peptides to their surface. The controlled assembly of the peptides on the nanoparticles, verified by Förster resonance energy transfer assay, further provided experimental evidence that the peptides assemble as a bilayer membrane. The peptide bilayer coated metallic nanoparticles were developed to serve as tools to investigate the surface properties of the branched amphiphilic peptides and as entities that find application in bioanalysis, bioimaging and delivery. Therefore, the newly developed nanoparticles expand the applications of branched amphiphilic peptides beyond their current use as delivery systems. The magnetic property of BAPc-MNBs facilitate sorting and isolation of cells that internalize them and the molecules that bind to their surface. Colorimetric quantification assay used to determine the cellular uptake of BAPc-MNBs revealed that epithelial cells utilized multiple endocytic routes to internalize the nanoparticles. However, the water-filled BAPCs were endocytosed mainly via clathrin mediated and macropinocytic pathways. Hence, we could identify the similarities and differences between the cellular interactions of BAPCs with different core compositions and obtain a fundamental understanding of their cellular uptake routes. In vivo studies further demonstrated that BAPc-MNBs are good quantitative tools. They were widely distributed to different organs in C57BL/6 mice and showed difference in biodistribution between melanoma tumor bearing mice and mice without tumors. BAPc-MNBs are also being explored as probes to quantify the binding of nucleic acids to the peptide bilayer. Thus, the newly developed peptide bilayer coated metallic nanoparticles show great potential as probes to study the surface binding properties of BAPCs and as entities that can be used for various applications.
Author : Pinakin Ramchandra Sukthankar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Biophysical Characterization of Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules and Their Potential Applications in Radiotherapy written by Pinakin Ramchandra Sukthankar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules (BAPCs) are peptide nano-spheres comprised of equimolar proportions of two branched peptide sequences bis(FLIVI)-K-KKKK and bis(FLIVIGSII)-K-KKKK that self-assemble in water to form bilayer delimited poly-cationic capsules capable of trapping solutes. We examined the lipid-like properties of this system including assembly, fusion, solute encapsulation, and resizing by membrane extrusion as well as their capability to be maintained at a specific size by storage at 4°C. These studies along with earlier work from the lab (Gudlur et al. (2012) PLOS ONE 7(9): e45374) demonstrated that the capsules, while sharing many properties with lipid vesicles, were much more robust. We next investigated the stability, size limitations of encapsulation, cellular localization, retention and, bio-distribution of the BAPCs. We demonstrated that the BAPCs are readily taken up by epithelial cells in culture, escape or evade the endocytotic pathway, and accumulate in the peri-nuclear region where they persist without any apparent degradation. The stability and persistence of the capsules suggested they might be useful in delivering radionuclides. The BAPCs encapsulated alpha particle emitting radionuclides without any apparent leakage, were taken up by cells and were retained for extended periods of time. Their potential in this clinical application is being currently pursued. Lastly we studied the temperature dependence of capsule formation by examining the biophysical characteristics of temperature induced conformational changes in BAPCs and examined the structural parameters within the sequences that contribute to their remarkable stability. A region in the nine-residue sequence was identified as the critical element in this process. The ability to prepare stable uniform nano-scale capsules of desired sizes makes BAPCs potentially attractive as delivery vehicles for various solutes/drugs.
Author : Luz Adriana Avila Flores
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (899 download)
Download or read book Branched Amphiphilic Peptides written by Luz Adriana Avila Flores and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Success for gene therapy clinical protocols depends on the design of safe and efficient gene carriers. Nature had already designed efficient DNA or RNA delivery devices, namely virus particles. However, the risk of insertional mutagenesis has limited their clinical use. Alternatively, safer approaches involving non-viral carriers have been and continue to be developed. While they have been reported to be less efficient than viral vectors, adding genome editing elements to pDNA makes the integration of corrective sequence site specific moving non-viral gene delivery systems closer to clinical applications. Over the last decade, peptides have emerged as a new family of potential carriers in gene therapy. Peptides are easy to synthesize, quite stable and expected to produce minimally immunogenic and inflammatory responses. We recently reported on a new class of Branched Amphiphilic Peptides Capsules (BAPCs) that self-assemble into extremely stable nano-spheres. BAPCs display a uniform size of ~20 nm if they are incubated at 4°C and they retain their size at elevated temperatures. In the presence of DNA, they can act as cationic nucleation centers around which DNA winds generating peptide-DNA complexes with a size ranging from 50nm to 100nm. However, if BACPs are not incubated at 4°C, the pattern of interaction with DNA differs. Depending of the peptide/DNA ratios, the peptides either coat the plasmid surface forming nano-fibers (0.5-1 [mu]M in length) or condense the plasmid into nano-sized structures (100-400nm). Different gene delivery efficiencies are observed for the three types of assemblies. The structure where the DNA wraps around BAPCs display much higher transfection efficiencies in HeLa cells in comparison to the other two morphologies and the commercial lipid reagent Lipofectin®. As a proof of concept, pDNA was delivered in vivo, as a vaccine DNA encoding E7 oncoprotein of HPV-16. It elicited an immune response activating CD8 T cells and provided anti-tumor protection in a murine model.
Author : Susan Kathrine Whitaker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Dynamics of Peptide Capsules in Saline Solutions written by Susan Kathrine Whitaker and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanocapsules have become more popular as potential therapeutic agents in recent years. Though liposomes are the most popular and well-studied, nanocapsules made of peptides have their distinct advantages as the research behind them intensifies. Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules (BAPCs) are a type of self-assembling nanocapsules that are made up of two similar branched, amphiphilic, chemically synthesized peptides. These peptides self-assemble into bilayer delimited capsules capable of encapsulating solutes and even small proteins in aqueous solution. Previous studies have shown that these nanocapsules are taken up by cells in culture without negative effects and can be given to an organism, distributed throughout the organism without cytotoxic effects, suggesting a possible future as a therapeutic nanoparticle. For use as a therapeutic system, the understanding of how these BAPCs behave in the presence of sodium and chloride, two very common biological ions, must be understood and characterized. Previously published work showed that the BAPC bilayer is semipermeable and excludes sodium and chloride ions. Current research has expanded on this. Besides being semipermeable, this bilayer is also a dynamic membrane that has the ability to expand and contract due to osmotic pressure from ions in solution. Eosin Y, an autoquenching dye, has been used for many of the studies to monitor the behavior and the amount of water within the BAPCs. Having insight into how the BAPCs change under physiological conditions is necessary if these nanoparticles are to be used in a clinical setting and may open doors to new uses.
Author : Thomas Schuster
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736937970
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)
Download or read book Purely Peptidic Amphiphiles: Understanding and Controlling their Self-Assembled Structures written by Thomas Schuster and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2011-07-05 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphiphilic molecules spontaneously self-assemble into a variety of structures in solution. The term amphiphilic indicates that one part of the molecule is attracted to the solvent, while the other is not. Interactions such as between solute-solvent and solute-solute thus determine the organization. Understanding the self-assembly means understanding those interactions and their driving forces. In the first chapter an overview of the self-organization of amphiphilic molecules into supermolecuar aggregates of different morphologies is provided, with a focus on purely peptidic amphiphiles, i.e. amphiphiles which consist solely of a different amino acid sequence. In the second chapter the self-assembly of amphiphilic peptides with a specific amino acid sequence into micelles and spherical peptide nanoparticles is described. The undecamer peptide that was used features a repetitive L-tryptophan and D-leucine [LW-DL] motif, representing the hydrophobic block – which is a truncated version of gramicidin A (gA), named gT. The N-terminally attached hydrophilic section was either lysine (K) or acetylated lysine (X) and was optionally terminated with cysteine for post-functionalization of the thiol-group. The uncharged peptide AcC-X3-gT was demonstrated to assemble into micelles and subsequently into peptide particles, termed ‘peptide beads’. We hypothesize that the peptide beads consisted of micelles – a structure described as multicompartment micelles. Peptide beads using AcC-X3-gT and its analogues – including Ac-X3-gT-C, a new peptide with the cysteine residue on the C instead of the N-terminus – are further investigated in Chapter Three. We succeeded in creating highly ordered Ac-X3-gT-C – Au-NP composites, which allowed us to visualize the inner structure of the nanoparticles. The presented composite materials are expected to exhibit exceptional electrical and optical properties. In Chapter Four these amphiphilic peptides are studied with regard to the interaction within a lipid layer but also in pure peptide layers at the air-water interface. Results indicate the formation of a unimolecular, flat film. Peptide layers were successfully transferred onto a solid support or self-assembled peptide monolayers (SAMs) were created equally well via immersion and spin-coating. Preliminary mineralization experiments confirmed the successful creation of calcium phosphate crystals. The topic of the following chapter focuses on a peptide library that has been synthesized to correlate the primary sequence, its secondary structure and the resulting self-assembly. The peptide design includes three parts: (a) a charged lysine part, (b) an acetylated lysine part and (c) a constant hydrophobic rod-like helix, based on gramicidin A (gA). By stepwise replacement of free lysine (K) with acetylated lysine (X) we generated a library of a total of ten peptides Ac-X8-gA and KmX8-m-gA (m ranging from 0 to 8). By using point mutations, we adjusted the degree of acetylation (DA) and thus the overall amphiphilicity of the peptides, which led to a change in the secondary structure in the aqueous environment from a ?-sheet to an ? -helix. This transition generated a significant change in the morphology of the self-assembled structures from fibers to micelles. The study is important precisely because it presents a first step towards molecular switches based on acetylation of a peptide, inspired by the example of phosphorylation of proteins or enzymes, which converts them into the active or inactive state by structural changes. Chapter Seven focuses on essential parameters to successfully manage membrane formation from a purely peptidic system. A crucial step in the formation of peptide membranes appears to be dimerization, which originates from the introduction of intermolecular interactions, such as H-bonds or ??? stacking of aromatic rings. The formation of a stabilized membrane subunit, i.e. dimers in the lateral or perpendicular directions (relative to the membrane) produced stable, purely peptidic vesicles and may well apply to other peptidic systems. These novel peptidic systems offer hydrophilic and hydrophobic compartments to encapsulate and integrate different drugs or payloads and could be used for gene delivery, since the design includes charged moieties. In the last chapter, the achievements of the presented work are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, lines of research are suggested, which, from the present point of view, appear to be the most promising and should be the focus of subsequent experiments.
Download or read book Branched Peptide Amphiphiles, Related Epitope Compounds and Self Assembled Structures Thereof written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Branched peptide amphiphilic compounds incorporating one or residues providing a pendant amino group for coupling one or more epitope sequences thereto, such compounds and related compositions for enhanced epitope presentation.
Author : Gang Wei
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081028512
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Artificial Protein and Peptide Nanofibers written by Gang Wei and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-07-28 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial Protein and Peptide Nanofibers: Design, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications provides comprehensive knowledge of the preparation, modification and applications of protein and peptide nanofibers. The book reviews the synthesis and strategies necessary to create protein and peptide nanofibers, such as self-assembly (including supramolecular assembly), electrospinning, template synthesis, and enzymatic synthesis. Then, the key chemical modification and molecular design methods are highlighted that can be utilized to improve the bio-functions of these synthetic fibers. Finally, fabrication methods for key applications, such as sensing, drug delivery, imaging, tissue engineering and electronic devices are reviewed. This book will be an ideal resource for those working in materials science, polymer science, chemical engineering, nanotechnology and biomedicine. Reviews key chemical modification and molecular design methods to improve the bio-functions of synthetic peptide and protein nanofibers Discusses the most important synthesis strategies, including supramolecular assembly, electrospinning, template synthesis and enzymatic synthesis Provides information on fabrication of nanofibers for key applications such as sensing, imaging, drug delivery and tissue engineering
Author : Ben M. Dunn
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781489940049
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (4 download)
Download or read book Peptide Analysis Protocols written by Ben M. Dunn and published by Humana. This book was released on 2013-12-06 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the technology base for the preparation of increasingly c- plex peptides has improved, the methods for their purification and ana- sis have also been improved and supplemented. Peptide science routinely utilizes tools and techniques that are common to organic chemistry, p- tein chemistry, biophysical chemistry, enzymology, pharmacology, and molecular biology. A fundamental understanding of each of these areas is essential for interpreting all of the data that a peptide scientist may see. The purpose of Peptide Analysis Protocols is to provide the novice with sufficient practical information necessary to begin developing useful analysis and separation skills. Understanding and developing these skills will ultimately yield a scientist with broadened knowledge and good problem-solving abilities. Although numerous books that address d- ferent specialties, such as HPLC, FAB-MS, CE, and NMR, have been written, until now no single volume has reviewed all of these techniques with a focus on "getting started" in separation and analysis of peptides. This volume will also provide those who already possess practical knowledge of the more advanced aspects of peptide science with detailed applications for each of these protocols. Because the chapters have been written by researchers active in each of the fields that they discuss, a great deal of information on and insight into solution of real problems that they have encountered is presented. Examplary results are clearly demonstrated and discussed. For more advanced investi- tions, supplementary experiments are often suggested.
Author : Mohamed A. Elsawy
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031293606
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)
Download or read book Peptide Bionanomaterials written by Mohamed A. Elsawy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular self-assembly has been exploited by nature for developing the higher functional macromolecular structures of both the genome and proteome. Inspired by nature, there has been a surge of research, in the last two decades, for the molecular engineering of peptide-based self-assembling nanostructures, adopting the bottom-up design approach. This book gives the reader an overview on the design rules for de novo self-assembling peptide and reviews the diverse range of bioinspired peptide nanostructures such as β-sheet and β-hairpin, α-helical and coiled coil, self-assembling short peptides and peptidomimetics, collagen-based and elastin-like peptides, silk peptides, peptide amphiphiles, peptides co-polymers and others. The book also covers the wide variety of responsive and functional biomaterials that have been innovated based on those nanostructures for various applications ranging from tissue engineering, therapeutics and drug delivery to antimicrobial nanomaterials and biosensors. Finally, the book also discusses the peptide bionanomaterials global market and the future of the emerging industry. Chapter “Characterization of Peptide-Based Nanomaterials” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Author : Junbai Li
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811060592
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)
Download or read book Supramolecular Chemistry of Biomimetic Systems written by Junbai Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the latest developments in supramolecular assembly systems for mimicking biological structures and functions. Consisting of 14 chapters, it covers various assembly systems, such as polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, biopolymers, natural materials and various hybrid systems. Further, it focuses on different types of supramolecular systems with particular functions or structures that are relevant to living systems. A number of modern techniques used to study the supramolecular systems, such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and two-photon confocal microscopy, are also introduced in detail. Unlike conventional books on supramolecular assemblies, this book highlights the functions of the assembly systems, particularly their biological applications. As such, it offers a valuable resource for experienced researchers, as well as graduate students working in the field of supramolecular chemistry and biomimetic systems.
Author : Mario Barbosa
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 008100852X
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair written by Mario Barbosa and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peptides and Proteins as Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Repair highlights the various important considerations that go into biomaterial development, both in terms of fundamentals and applications. After covering a general introduction to protein and cell interactions with biomaterials, the book discusses proteins in biomaterials that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). The properties, fabrication and application of peptide biomaterials and protein-based biomaterials are discussed in addition to in vivo and in vitro studies. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists and advanced students interested in biomaterials science, chemistry, molecular biology and nanotechnology. Presents an all-inclusive and authoritative coverage of the important role which protein and peptides play as biomaterials for tissue regeneration Explores protein and peptides from the fundamentals, to processing and applications Written by an international group of leading biomaterials researchers
Author : Bruce Alberts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780815332183
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (321 download)
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Waleed M. Hussein
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071602263
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (22 download)
Download or read book Peptide Synthesis written by Waleed M. Hussein and published by Humana. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a variety of procedures for synthetically producing peptides and their derivatives, ensuring the kind of precision that is of paramount importance for successful synthesis. Numerous techniques relevant to drugs and vaccines are explored, such as conjugation and condensation methodologies. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Peptide Synthesis: Methods and Protocols serves as an essential guide to the many crucial processes that will allow researchers to efficiently prepare, purify, characterize, and use peptides for chemical, biochemical, and biological studies.
Author : Ülo Langel
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811387478
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)
Download or read book CPP, Cell-Penetrating Peptides written by Ülo Langel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-03 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, a summary and update of the most important areas of CPP research are presented, whilst raising relevant questions for further development. The CPP sequences are presented and discussed throughout the book. The methods for testing CPP mechanisms are discussed in detail. Various approaches for the testing of endocytotic pathways of CPP uptake are also described. Different CPP uptake experiments are compared since it is becoming clear that it is often best to apply several methods in a complementary manner in order to most comprehensively evaluate CPP uptake mechanisms due to the complexity of these processes. A brief summary of functionality issues of CPPs, both in vitro and in vivo are discussed. Therapeutic potential of CPPs and commercial developments are discussed. The monograph is written for researchers and students in the field.
